Mean Residual Values Research Articles

Pharmacokinetic profiles of metamizole (dipyrone) active metabolites in goats and its residues in milk.

Metamizole (dipyrone, MET) is a nonopioid analgesic drug commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to assess two major active metabolites of MET, 4-methylaminoantipyrin (MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrin (AA), in goat plasma after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration. In addition, metabolite concentration in milk was monitored after IM injection. Six healthy female goats received MET at a dose of 25mg/kg by IV and IM routes in a crossover design study. The blood and milk samples were analyzed using HPLC coupled with ultraviolet detector and the plasma vs concentration curves analyzed by a noncompartmental model. In the goat, the MET rapidly converted into MAA and the mean maximum concentration was 183.97μg/ml (at 0.08hr) and 51.94μg/ml (at 0.70hr) after IV and IM administration, respectively. The area under the curve and mean residual time values were higher in the IM than the IV administered goats. The average concentration of AA was lower than MAA in both groups. Over 1μg/ml of MAA was found in the milk (at 48hr) after MET IM administration. In conclusion, IM is considered to be a better administration route in terms of its complete absorption with long persistence in the plasma. However, this therapeutic option should be considered in light of the likelihood of there being milk residue.

Development of Site Index Curves and Height-DBH Growth Model of Larix kaempferi for Deogyu Mountain in South Korea

In this study, we aimed to develop site index curves and a height growth model using forest data with the measured height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and age targeting a Larix kaempferi stand located on Mt. Deogyu in Muju, Jeollabuk-do. The site index estimation was calculated using Chapman-Richards equation. The coefficients were found to be α = 20.7837, β = 0.0566, γ = 1.6607, and MSE = 1.2034. The height growth model of the dominant trees depending on the DBH was determined to be α = 0.4872, β = 0.3687, and MSE = 1.8212 using the Petterson growth model. The Mean residual values for above two models were analyzed as 0.00004 and −0.00007, respectively. When comparing the skewness and kurtosis of the residual, the skewness values were 0.1659 and −0.1272, and the kurtosis values were −0.2310 and −0.5543. Therefore, the fitness was considered to be good because they were close to the normal distribution. The results of Shapiro-Wilk test showed P-values (0.77 for the height growth model and 0.62 for the height-DBH model) significantly higher than the alpha level of 0.05, and the residual form of the estimated values for the measured values showed uniform distribution indicating that the fitness of the two models was excellent.

An alternative conception of PM10 concentration changes after short-term precipitation in urban environment

In the article, a linear model is presented which describes a reduction of PM10 mass concentration in relation to the type of precipitation and water vapour content in the air. The model was built using covariance analysis. In studies of PM10 concentration changes, the results of 247 observations were used, which were carried out in the urban area. Concentration changes were archived during short-term (30 min) convection and large-scale rainfalls. For the determination of PM10 mass concentration, the reference method was used.To describe changes in PM10 concentration in the air after precipitation, a series of linear models were created, in which the explanatory variables were: the level of PM10 before precipitation, absolute humidity of the air and the precipitation type. The criteria for the best model selection were its linearity, zero mean residual value and high coefficient of determination. Additionally, normality and homoscedasticity of the model residuals were tested.The formulated linear model is a useful tool for predicting changes in the concentration of particulate matter following short-term precipitation in urban areas. There is a need to check the utility of models for other fractions of suspended particles.

Optimal Skorokhod embedding given full marginals and Azéma–Yor peacocks

We consider the optimal Skorokhod embedding problem (SEP) given full marginals over the time interval $[0,1]$. The problem is related to the study of extremal martingales associated with a peacock (“process increasing in convex order,” by Hirsch, Profeta, Roynette and Yor [Peacocks and Associated Martingales, with Explicit Constructions (2011), Springer, Milan]). A general duality result is obtained by convergence techniques. We then study the case where the reward function depends on the maximum of the embedding process, which is the limit of the martingale transport problem studied in Henry-Labordère, Obłój, Spoida and Touzi [Ann. Appl. Probab. 26 (2016) 1–44]. Under technical conditions, we then characterize the optimal value and the solution to the dual problem. In particular, the optimal embedding corresponds to the Madan and Yor [Bernoulli 8 (2002) 509–536] peacock under their “increasing mean residual value” condition. We also discuss the associated martingale inequality.

Modelling long-term evolution of chitotriosidase in non-neuronopathic Gaucher disease

Chitotriosidase, an enzyme secreted by activated macrophages, is widely used as a biomarker for therapeutic monitoring and patient follow-up in Gaucher disease (GD), a lysosomal disorder caused by an inherited deficiency of glucocerebrosidase. We analyzed the long-term evolution of chitotriosidase aiming to establish an accurate model that describes the influence of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and the impact of several covariates. A total of 55 patients with non-neuronopathic (type 1) GD were followed for almost 17 years (during a maximum of 7.57 and 8.96 years, before and after the onset of ERT, respectively). Plasma chitotriosidase activity, measured yearly before the onset of ERT and at 6-month intervals after the initiation of ERT, was analyzed as a function of several covariates (age at diagnosis and at ERT initiation, nature of the most frequent genotypes, spleen status and the occurrence of bone complications). The evolution of chitotriosidase was approximated by a sigmoidal function, which allows the calculation of predicted values, based on several parameters inferred from our data. Splenectomy and the occurrence of bone complications significantly delayed the decline in chitotriosidase activity and induced higher mean residual values after long-term (4–9 years) ERT. Likewise, patients who started ERT infusions under 15 years of age had significantly higher mean residual chitotriosidase activities. The influence of other covariates did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, we propose a novel model describing the evolution of chitotriosidase, allowing more accurate treatment adjustments, according to the variations of this biomarker.

Analysis of mutual events of Galilean satellites observed from VBO during 2014–2015

Results of analysis of 23 events of the 2014-2015 mutual event series from the Vainu Bappu Observatory are presented. Our intensity distribution model for the eclipsed/occulted satellite is based on the criterion that it simulates a rotational light curve that matches the ground based light curve. Dichotomy in the scattering characteristics of the leading and trailing sides explain the basic shape of the rotational light curves of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. In case of Io the albedo map from USGS along with global values of scattering parameters work well. Mean values of residuals in $(O-C)$ along and perpendicular to the track are found to be -3.3 and -3.4 mas respectively compared to "L2" theory for the seven 2E1/2O1 events. The corresponding R.M.S values are 8.7 and 7.8 mas respectively. For the five 1E3/1O3 events, the along and perpendicular to the track mean residuals are 5.6 and 3.2 mas respectively. The corresponding R.M.S. residuals are 6.8 and 10.5 mas respectively. We compare the results using the chosen model (Model 1) with a uniform but limb darkened disk (Model 2). The residuals with Model 2 of the 2E1/2O1 and 1E3/1O3 events indicate a bias along the satellite track. The extent and direction of bias is consistent with the shift of the light center from the geometric center. Results using Model 1, which intrinsically takes into account the intensity distribution show no such bias.

Optimal (Under-)Pricing and Allocation of Publicly Provided Goods

This paper exploits the links between a private value distribution’s hazard rate, mean residual value, and eta functions in order to characterize posted-price rules for a public agency to allocate scarce units of an indivisible good under the utilitarian distributional objective of maximizing expected consumer surplus. Sufficient conditions on the monotonic and non-monotonic classes of the functions are established that identify either market assignment at the clearing price or lottery assignment with partial or complete under-pricing as the optimal allocation mechanism. The results are summarized across a wide range of parametric value distributions, and selected non-monotonic cases are evaluated numerically to determine the relative scarcity or abundance of the good necessary for market or non-market assignment to dominate.

A Novel Energy Efficient Clustering Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Network

The area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the emerging and fast growing fields in the scientific world. This has brought about developing low cost, low-power and multi-function sensor nodes. However, the major fact that sensor nodes run out of energy quickly has been an issue and many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed to solve this problem and preserve the longevity of the network. This is the reason why routing techniques in wireless sensor network focus mainly on the accomplishment of power conservation. Most of the recent publications have shown so many protocols mainly designed to minimize energy consumption in sensor networks. This paper proposes a hierarchical routing technique which shows energy efficiency. Our technique selects cluster head with highest residual energy in each communication round of transmission and also takes into account, the shortest distance to the base station from the cluster heads. Simulation results show that hierarchical routing technique with different level of hierarchy prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to other clustering scheme and the energy residual mean value after some communication rounds of simulation increases significantly.

QUANTIFICATION OF RESIDUAL CLOVE OIL, BENZOCAINE AND TRICAINE IN FISH FILLETS USING SPE AND UPLC-DAD

Residual quantification of the anesthetics clove oil (CO) – isoeugenol (ISO), eugenol (EUG) and methyleugenol (MET) –,benzocaine (BZN) and tricaine (MS-222) was made in fillets of two fish species: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and acatfish hybrid, cachadia (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus). Samples (n=4) of each fish wereevaluated after submitted to anesthesia in five dosages defined based on the induction time of each species afterdepuration times (0h, 12h, 24h and 48h). Different methodologies of sample preparation were tested and selectedaccording to the better recovery. The quantification of anesthetics was performed by UPLC-DAD. The variance of residualmeans among anesthetics, dosages and fish species was compared. After anesthesia (0h) both species, tilapia andcachadia, presented residual anesthetics. Fishes depurated during 12h, 24h and 48h did not present detectable values, itmeans, values were below the limits of detection. BZN presented the highest mean residual concentration for tilapia andcachadia (p=0.01), while MS-222 presented the lowest residual amounts in tilapias and EUG in cachadias, what may berelated to the metabolism and carcass composition of each fish species. There were no significant differences among thefive dosages, except the lowest MS-222 concentration in tilapias that resulted in higher residual concentrations becauselow dosages increase the induction time and consequently the permanence of the fish in anesthesia. Ultimately, meanvalues of residues in cachadia were higher than in tilapia, and MS-222 and EUG presented the lowest residual values fortilapia and cachadia, respectively.

Investigation of position estimation accuracy of celestial objects on the CCD frames

High position estimat ion accuracy of objects is needed for better detection of celestial objects with nonzero apparent motion, and further clarif ication of the motion parameters of objects by a small number of measurements. However, the studies of the accuracy of currently used methods for position estimati on of objects at the moment ha ve not been carried out. The estimation accuracy of equatorial coordinates of thirty most productive observatories in the world was investigated in the paper. The analysis was conducted by comparing the estimates with their predicted values, obtained on the Minor Planet Center website. Mean values of residuals by right ascension and declination, estimates of the standard deviations of the position estimates of objects, the average module of the measurement residual were calculated for each observatory. The study has shown a significant advantage of observatories, which use CoLiTec software for processing the observation results. According to the average module of residuals and standard deviation in pixels, CoLiTec observatories-partners have taken a leading position among the small aperture telescopes. High measurement accuracy indexes were obtained using sub-pixel Gaussian model.

Numerical Analysis of Residual Stresses in Quenched High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Ultra-Thick Plates and their Reduction through Single-Side Cold Compression Method

Residual stresses developed after quenching of high-strength aluminum alloy ultra-thick plates have an important effect on the quality and reliability of parts, and should be reduction to meet the requirement. In this investigation, numerical techniques of SIMUFACT software are used to simulate residual stresses in quenched 340mm×127mm×124mm Al-Zn-Mg-Cu high-strength aluminum alloy ultra-thick plate, and the results have been verified. On the basis of verified simulation parameters, residual stresses in quenched 4000mm×720mm×285mm ultra-thick plate and their reduction through single-side cold compression method were simulated by SIMUFACT software. After quenching, the value of maximum tension stress located at the interior center of the plate is 200MPa, and the value of maximum compression stress located on the surface of the plate is-169MPa. Through analysis of single-side cold compression processes, it can be concluded that more than 90% quenching residual stresses can be reduced by 1% upsetting ratio and 75% feed of the top die. Residual stresses after compression can be reduced down to the range of-25~9MPa. Mean residual stress values of simulation after compression are identical to the XRD testing data.

Research on Early Fault Diagnostic Method of Wind Turbines

Challenging environmental factors combined with high and turbulent winds make serious demands on wind turbines and result in significant component fault rates. In this paper, an early fault diagnostic research is conducted upon wind turbines. Firstly, the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system is used to analyze the units’ long-hour operating data, preparing for the further modeling work. Then the MSET (Multivariate State Estimation Technique) is adopted to estimate the temperature of the gear box and to obtain a result of high accuracy; with the Moving Window Calculation (MWC), the residual value between the estimated value and the real value is studied to get the dynamic trend of its average value; according to this trend in training, we define the threshold region of the residual mean value. Considering a man-made deviation in the observation vectors, faults of the gear box are simulated and studied. When the residual mean value curve exceeds the setting thresholds, an alert will be given to remind the operators of hidden problems in the unit. Research shows that this early diagnostic method is quite effective in detecting the abnormal performance of wind turbines in a real-time manner. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i5.2457

Wind Turbine Generator Condition-Monitoring Using Temperature Trend Analysis

Condition monitoring can greatly reduce the maintenance cost for a wind turbine. In this paper, a new condition-monitoring method based on the nonlinear state estimate technique for a wind turbine generator is proposed. The technique is used to construct the normal behavior model of the electrical generator temperature. A new and improved memory matrix construction method is adopted to achieve better coverage of the generator's normal operational space. Generator incipient failure is indicated when the residuals between model estimates and the measured generator temperature become significant. Moving window averaging is used to detect statistically significant changes of the residual mean value and standard deviation in an effective manner; when these parameters exceed predefined thresholds, an incipient failure is flagged. Examples based on data from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system at a wind farm located at Zhangjiakou in northern China have been used to validate the approach and examine its sensitivity to key factors that influence the performance of the approach. It is demonstrated that the technique can identify dangerous generator over temperature before damage has occurred that results in complete shutdown of the turbine.

Wind Turbine Gearbox Condition Monitoring with AAKR and Moving Window Statistic Methods

Condition Monitoring (CM) of wind turbines can greatly reduce the maintenance costs for wind farms, especially for offshore wind farms. A new condition monitoring method for a wind turbine gearbox using temperature trend analysis is proposed. Autoassociative Kernel Regression (AAKR) is used to construct the normal behavior model of the gearbox temperature. With a proper construction of the memory matrix, the AAKR model can cover the normal working space for the gearbox. When the gearbox has an incipient failure, the residuals between AAKR model estimates and the measurement temperature will become significant. A moving window statistical method is used to detect the changes of the residual mean value and standard deviation in a timely manner. When one of these parameters exceeds predefined thresholds, an incipient failure is flagged. In order to simulate the gearbox fault, manual temperature drift is added to the initial Supervisory Control and Data Acquisitions (SCADA) data. Analysis of simulated gearbox failures shows that the new condition monitoring method is effective.

A quantitative method for evaluating inferior glenohumeral joint stiffness using ultrasonography

Subluxation of the affected shoulder in post-stroke patients is associated with nerve disorders and muscle fatigue. Clinicians must be able to accurately and reliably measure inferior glenohumeral subluxation in patients to provide appropriate treatment. However, quantitative methods for evaluating the laxity and stiffness of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) are still being developed. The aim of this study was to develop a new protocol for evaluating the laxity and stiffness of the inferior GHJ using ultrasonography under optimal testing conditions and to investigate changes in the GHJ from a commercially available humerus brace and shoulder brace. Multistage inferior displacement forces were applied to create a glide between the most cephalad point on the visible anterosuperior surface of the humeral head and coracoid process in seven healthy volunteers. GHJ stiffness was defined as the slope of the linear regression line between the glides and different testing loads. The testing conditions were defined by different test loading mechanisms (n=2), shoulder constraining conditions (n=2), and loading modes (n=4). The optimal testing condition was defined as the condition with the least residual variance of measured laxity to the calculated stiffness under different testing loads. A paired t-test was used to compare the laxity and stiffness of the inferior GHJ using different braces. No significant difference was identified between the two test loading mechanisms (t=0.218, p=0.831) and two shoulder constraining conditions (t=−0.235, p=0.818). We concluded that ultrasonographic laxity measurements performed using a pulley set loading mechanism was as reliable as direct loading. Additionally, constraining the unloaded shoulder was proposed due to the lower mean residual variance value. Moreover, pulling the elbow downward with loading on the upper arm was suggested, as pulling the elbow downward with the elbow flexed and loading on the forearm may overestimate stiffness and pain in the inferior GHJ at the loading point due to friction between the wide belt and skin. Furthermore, subjects wearing a humerus brace with a belt, which creates the effect of lifting the humerus toward the acromion, had greater GHJ stiffness compared to subjects wearing a shoulder brace without a belt to lift the humerus under the proposed testing conditions. This study provides experimental evidence that shoulder braces may reduce GHJ laxity under an external load, implying that the use of a humeral brace can prevent subluxation in post-stroke patients. The resulting optimal testing conditions for measuring the laxity and stiffness of the GHJ is to constrain the unloaded shoulder and bend the loaded arm at the elbow with loading on the upper arm using a pulley system.

Physical disability in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with cartilage damage rather than bone destruction

BackgroundJoint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis is comprised of cartilage and bone damage, which can be evaluated radiographically separately by the joint space narrowing (JSN) and erosion (ERO) scores. It is...

Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in canines: Cameriere's method assessed in an Indian sample using radiovisiography

Age estimation of an individual whether living or dead is an intimidating task in forensic investigations. Since teeth are more resistant to most peri- and post-mortem changes, they are frequently used for identification and age estimation when skeletal remains are in poor condition. However, most methods are destructive and warrant extraction of teeth which is not feasible in living individuals. Cameriere's et al. put forth a radiographic method of age estimation by pulp to tooth area ratio (AR) in canines and revealed a linear regression between age and the AR. In the present study, we estimated the AR in 456 canines (upper, lower and both) in an Indian sample (114 males and 114 females) using radiovisiography technique. Linear regression equations were derived for upper canine, lower canine and both using the AR to estimate chronological age. Additionally, the efficacy of these equations was also evaluated in younger age group (<45 years). The formulas derived, i.e., age = 96.795 − 513.561 x 1 (Eq. (1)) for upper canine, age = 88.308 − 458.137 x 2 (Eq. (2)) for lower canine and age = 99.190 − 283.537 x 1 − 306.902 x 2 + 400.873 x 1 x 2 (Eq. (3)) for both the canines were applied to predict the chronological age. The mean value of residuals using these regression equations ranged from 4.28 to 6.39 years with upper canine equation generally giving a precise result. When these equations were applied for younger ages (<45 years), the regression equation derived from both canines gave a better result (mean residual 2.70 years). Overall these equations were better able to predict the age in younger ages, i.e., up to 45 years.

Inadequate glucose control in type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired lung function and systemic inflammation: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundInadequate glucose control may be simultaneously associated with inflammation and decreased lung function in type 2 diabetes. We evaluated if lung function is worse in patients with inadequate glucose control, and if inflammatory markers are simultaneously increased in these subjects.MethodsSubjects were selected at the Colombian Diabetes Association Center in Bogotá. Pulmonary function tests were performed and mean residual values were obtained for forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC, with predicted values based on those derived by Hankinson et al. for Mexican-Americans. Multiple least-squares regression was used to adjust for differences in known determinants of lung function. We measured blood levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), fibrinogen, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (C-RP).Results495 diabetic patients were studied, out of which 352 had inadequate control (HBA1c > 7%). After adjusting for known determinants of lung function, those with inadequate control had lower FEV1 (-75.4 mL, IC95%: -92, -59; P < 0.0001) and FVC (-121 mL, IC95%: -134, -108; P < 0,0001) mean residuals, and higher FEV1/FVC (0.013%, IC95%: 0.009, 0.018, P < 0.0001) residuals than those with adequate control, as well as increased levels of all inflammatory markers (P < 0.05), with the exception of IL-6.ConclusionsSubjects with type 2 diabetes and inadequate control had lower FVC and FEV1 than predicted and than those of subjects with adequate control. It is postulated that poorer pulmonary function may be associated with increased levels of inflammatory mediators.

New Models for Predicting Diameter at Breast Height from Stump Dimensions

Abstract Models to predict dbh from stump dimensions are presented for 18 species groups. Data used to fit the models were collected across thirteen states in the northeastern United States. Primarily because of the presence of multiple measurements from each tree, a mixed-effects modeling approach was used to account for the lack of independence among observations. The heterogeneous error variance was described as a function of stump diameter, which allowed for more accurate representation of prediction intervals. Application of the mean response model (fixed-effects parameters only) to independent data indicated an average absolute error between 0.2 and 0.7 in. for most groups. An additional advantage is that random-effect parameters allow the model to be calibrated to local conditions if some additional data are available. An example is provided that indicates the local calibration results in a mean residual value that is closer to zero compared with the mean response model. Efforts in other locales to use stump information to inform dbh predictions can obtain the same advancements by adopting a similar modeling methodology.

Efectos de los extremos térmicos sobre la mortalidad diaria en Castilla-La Mancha: evolución temporal 1975–2003

Objectives To determine time trends and the geographical distribution of mortality trigger temperature thresholds due to extreme temperatures in Castile-La Mancha (central Spain) between 1975 and 2003. Methods The analysis was divided into three periods (1975–1984, 1985–1994 and 1995–2003) for each province of the region. Daily mortality due to organic causes (dependent variable) was modelled using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) procedures. The resulting residual series was related to the maximum temperature series grouped in 2 °C intervals to obtain a threshold temperature for cold or heat when the residuals rose significantly (p<0,05) above the mean residual mortality value of the corresponding study period. Results Mortality trigger temperature thresholds decreased over time in Castile- La Mancha. In Toledo, the trigger temperature diminished from 40 °C to 38 °C. In Cuenca and Guadalajara, threshold temperatures for heat events were obtained in the last few decades but not in the first. These thresholds varied from the 92nd percentile in Cuenca to the 98th percentile in Albacete in the last decade. No threshold temperatures for cold spells were observed in any province or period. Conclusions Castile-La Mancha registered an upward trend in the relationship between high temperatures and mortality, probably due to population aging. This trend could have been influenced by the increased frequency of extremely hot days. Prevention plans should be periodically reviewed.