Means Of Public Transportation Research Articles

公共交通機関を考慮した歩行者の都市内アクセシビリティの定量的評価手法

In recent decades, many cities in the world has started to apply policies and development projects that aim to increase their citizens' convenience of life, which is considered one of the most basic criteria to a high quality living environment. The most obvious example is building subway, monorail, LRT (Light Rail Transit) as well as BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) systems to reduce inner city travel time, thus, enhance public transport convenience and quality of life. Especially, for an aging population country like Japan, the switch from using private transport to public transport is necessary in order to adapt to the current rapid change of its population's density and social structure. Actual urban public transport planning needs to select transport means that not only have appropriate speed and level of punctuality but also are compatible with the scale, structure and the demand of each city's population. Among the above requirements, everyday travel time is one of the most significant criteria to evaluate quality of life. Apart from travel speed and density of public transport terminals, walking time between home and stations crucially affects total travel time within urban areas. Because each person's commuting ability depends on age and physical ability, the sphere of walking should be carefully considered in public traffic transport network planning in order to enhance the living convenience. This research focuses on walkability and accessibility, aims to evaluate travel quality of each public transport in urban areas by using algorithmic models to analyze travelling time as well as physical and mental consumption index of public transport users. In addition, the study also conducts quantitative analysis on travelling quality in order to evaluate accessibility and applies the developed model to the central area of Utsunomiya City in order to verify the model. The algorithmic model analyzes three basic public transport means in the city, which are bus, BRT and subway systems. The model assumes that the researched urban area is 1200x1200m wide, public transport routes are arranged horizontally in the center of the area, and the walking routes are arranged horizontally and perpendicularly, which means the walking distances are measured by the Manhattan distance metric. The model will calculate total traveling time of pedestrians including walking time and public transports using time. The sphere of travelling is assumed to be among the three distances that are 1200m, 4800m, and 9600m. Using the total travelling time projected by the model, the study calculates total users' travel energy consumption by age. In addition, based on the algorithmic analysis of the central area of Utsunomiya City including JR Utsunomiya station as the centroid, the study analyzes the impact of walkability on people's travelling quality and research further on evaluating how convenient living environment in Utsunomiya city can be by the implementation of the three basic public transportation means. Based on the final result, the study elucidates the impact of station distribution in term of density and distance on users' travelling time. Especially, the study analyzes different levels of travelling quality by public transports between ages based on factors of walking speed, weight and resting metabolic rate. The study gives specific results in convenience level of each public transport means which can be used as a basis for establishing the assessments and selection of most suitable transports in urban planning.

Ensuring sustainability of the city transportation system: problems and solutions (ICSC)

Ways to increase sustainability of the city transportation system and, particularly, measures to promote safe public transport and non-motorized means of transport are considered in the article. Analysis of the existing positive experience shows that complex decisions for a sustainable development of the city transportation system are necessary. Technical and organizational ways to increase the transportation system’s sustainability and safety are studied. The results of solution of separate tasks, aimed at completing the goal, are presented: defining transport preferences of the citizens of Naberezhnye Chelny, perspective model of bus route network, a model of an adaptive smart-bicycle. It is shown that the proposed solutions for strategic and operational management will help to enhance efficiency and safety of transportation system.

INTERCITY RAIL COMMUNICATION IN KUBAN REGION IN THE LATE XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY: DESIGN AND EXECUTION

The article deals with construction projects of intercity rail communications inKubanregion in the late XIX early XX century and assesses the extent of their implementation. Appeal to the subject allows you to analyze the conditions of the beginning of the public transport system in the region, and to identify its place and role in the emerging urban infrastructure of the North-West Caucasus. We analyze the degree of efficiency in Ekaterinodar tram and suburban lines to the village Pashkovskaya. The article also highlights the unrealized projects of equestrian railways and tram in the towns and villages of theKubanregion in the early twentieth century. It noted the interest of the residents of certain localities in the appearance of the public means of transport, which was intended to resolve the problem of intra-urban mobility and accelerate the improvement of urban infrastructure. The author draws the attention to the changes of urban infrastructure and planning structure of the capital ofKubanregion caused by the laying of rail communications for electric tram with a companion set of technical installations for its operation and maintenance. The construction and expansion of the tram lines contributed to engineering transform city environment. The conditions of the Treaty of the municipal authorities and the Belgian anonymous society traction Company and electricity of building in Ekaterinodar, electric railway, the terms and conditions of its operation. Describes how to extend the network of tramway messages indicating the major and minor routes in the early twentieth century. Evaluates the degree of accessibility and facilities for Ekaterinodar citizens and guests of the city a new mode of transport. Cities and towns are indicated in theKubanregion, which in the early twentieth century, projects and applied a concession contract for the construction of inner city and suburban tram routes, but because of socio-economic and political conditions, these projects have not been fulfilled.

Investigation into Impact of Train Speed for Behavior of Ballasted Railway Track Foundations

Traffic congestion of highways in many countries around the world has led railways to become the most popular means of public transportation, which increased the demand for faster and heavier trains. High- speed trains and heavy train loads are normally accompanied with strong vibrations in the track-ground system, which increases the risk of train derailment and track damages. Therefore, to allow for safer and reliable operation of high-speed trains, an investigation into the behavior of ballasted railway track foundations subjected to train moving loads at various speeds is a subject of prime importance in design of railway tracks. In the current study, sophisticated three dimensional (3D) finite elements (FE) numerical modelling was developed to investigate the impact of train speed on the dynamic response of track-ground system. In addition, some factors of the track-ground system affecting the critical speed including the modulus and thickness of track subgrade and ballast materials, and amplitude of train loading were investigated. The results were analyzed and presented, and their practical implications were discussed.

Injury patterns and mortality rates of motorcycle-related head injuries in Kenya

Background: Motorcycles are an emerging means of public transportation in many developing countries and has a poor safety record when compared to other road users. Subsequently, motorcycle injuries have been on the rise and head injuries are the leading cause of death, severe injury and disability globally. Objectives: T o determine the injury patterns and mortality rate of motorcycle-related head injuries. Design: A retrospective descriptive study. Setting: Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital Subjects: All motorcycle-related head injuries from the year 2010 to 2013. Results: One hundred and fourteen files were reviewed. The study sample was predominantly male (n=106; 93%) with a mean age of 30.2 years (SD=14.01). More than half of the patients sustained skull fractures and intra-cranial haemorrhage (n=68; 59.6%). About 9.6% (n=11) of the patients succumbed to their injuries out of which 63.6% (n=7) sustained severe head injuries. There was a significant association between helmet use and the mortality rate of patients (χ 2 =5.684; p=0.017). The use of helmets also had an influence on the type of injury sustained (p=0.004) as patients not wearing helmets sustained more serious injuries such as skull fractures, intra-cranial bleeding, cerebral oedema and diffuse axonal injuries. Conclusion: There is a relationship between helmet use, the type of injury sustained and the mortality rate of the patients. Hence, the need for public education programmes on motorcycle safety and helmet use to curb the negative impact of motorcycle-related injuries on the society and economy.

La política europea de transportes y su importancia en el mercado interior de la UE: impacto en la política europea de transportes en Andalucía

El presente artículo se centrará en la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza y se expondrá, por un lado, el Plan de Infraestructuras para la Sostenibilidad del Transporte en Andalucía (PISTA), instrumento estratégico y de coordinación de las políticas sectoriales en materia de infraestructuras, con el fin de obtener una mejora sustancial en la eficacia y la sostenibilidad ambiental de los sistemas de transporte en Andalucía. Por otro lado, también se comentará el Anteproyecto de Ley Andaluza de Movilidad Sostenible que está actualmente en tramitación parlamentaria y que tiene como objetivos fundamentales incrementar la cuota del transporte público y de los medios no motorizados en el desplazamiento de personas, y del ferrocarril en el transporte de mercancías.

Tracking the association between metro-railway construction works and PM levels in an urban Mediterranean environment

Metro-railways are considered to be a sustainable means of public transportation, as they contribute substantially to the reduction of air pollutant emissions through the decrease in the number of cars and heavy vehicles circulating in the road network. However, the works related to their construction may pose an extra burden in air quality status and consequently in public health. In the present study, we studied the possible effects of the metro-railway construction works in Thessaloniki, Greece, on public health through 2 well-established air quality indices, namely the PI and DAQI. The analysis suggested that there were excess high levels of PM10 measured in the close vicinity of the construction-sites during the period studied (2008–2014). These concentrations are likely to have originated from local construction sources rather than transport or continental secondary dust sources and might have an adverse health impact, as according to the PI index, the majority of days in the construction sites were grouped as “low pollution” or “moderate pollution”, while a small percentage of days (1.84%) were suggested to be unhealthy for the most vulnerable groups of the population. Similarly, the DAQI index revealed that the vast majority of days were grouped as “poor” air quality, while 5.50% of the days reflected the most oppressive conditions for public health, as they were characterized as “very poor” air quality. Given the need of reaching a compromise between future transportation sustainability and public health during the construction works, the feasibility of appropriate measures in the area should be examined.

Vibration Aspects on Local Light Rail Transportation

With the ongoing pace of city development and urban population growth, public transportation is the solution for traffic decongestion. The extensive use of cars causing traffic jams, and more serious pollution, more and more people should travel by public transportation means. In this article, we tested and analysed the vibration characteristics of local tramway transportation by using vibration measurement and analysis system.In spite of increasing exposure to vibrations, transportation supervisors do not concern themselves to the health effects of whole-body vibration or hand transmitted vibrations. Exposure to whole-body vibration is a growing concern in industry, traffic and in other branches of the economy. This harmful physical factor endangers human health not only at work but also in everyday life: in public transportation.The paper concerns with the vulnerability of the human body to vibrations transmitted from trams. The accelerations of the vibrations were measured on the axes (x-, y- and z-axes), and these values were compared to the ones from standards for acceptable human exposure to whole-body vibration.

Once, in the streets of a Spanish town: On Rogelio López Cuenca and his Calle Cavafis

Abstract Ever since it first appeared in the Catalan and Castilian sections of the Spanish literary field, the poetry of C. P. Cavafy has been significantly bound up with the visual arts. The very first Spanish edition (Barcelona, 1962) of his poetry in book form, translated brilliantly into Catalan by Carles Riba, included a number of illustrations, by the recently deceased artist Josep Maria Subirachs, which attracted considerable critical attention. Even though it undoubtedly belongs to the tradition fostered by these editions, the work of artist Rogelio López Cuenca entitled Calle Cavafis (1998) represents a rather different poetics and a different political discourse. Fifteen years before the outbreak of the controversy regarding the use of Cavafy’s image and verses on Athenian means of public transport, passengers on urban buses in Malaga (Spain) saw a series of gigantic posters stuck on bus stop shelters every day for two weeks during the autumn of 1998. Combining letters, colours and illustrations, these posters reproduced poems or fragments of poems by Cavafy in Catalan or Castilian and, occasionally, even in the original Greek. Also, during the same period of time, thousands of postcards which also reproduced Cavafy’s verses were distributed and displayed in different bars and pubs all over Malaga city centre. A total number of sixteen poems found their way to these posters and postcards visually and aesthetically – and we might even say politically – (re)elaborated by Rogelio López Cuenca. Starting from this selection of poems and translations, the article proposed here aims to place Rogelio López Cuenca’s artistic intervention in the reception (different readings and uses) of Cavafy’s poetry in Spain and Latin America, and at the same time to inquire into the aesthetic and political presuppositions that inform it.

Modelling spillover effects of public transportation means: An intra-modal GVAR approach for Athens

In this work, we employ the GVAR model in order to analyze demand aspects of a multimodal public transportation system. The methodology is applied to the Athens region, Greece. GVAR provides a relevant econometric modelling framework for assessing relationships between economic entities, such as transportation modes, by analyzing the relative shocks and channels of transmission mechanisms among them. According to our findings, which are consistent with the existing literature, the system of all public transportation modes in the wider Athens region, is relatively flexible to unexpected – intramodal or macroeconomic – shocks.

FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS’ READINESS FOR OUTSOURCING THEIR LOGISTICS

The purpose of the present paper is to contribute to better knowledge of consumer logistics and consumer preferences. This aspect of logistics is to our mind rather unexplored, but seems to be very important for the development of logistics companies. The paper is confined to the logistics executed by the younger population. The main goal of the research was to identify the factors influencing students’ readiness for outsourcing their logistics. Further, the survey aims at developing an instrument for measuring the scope and structure of the students’ logistics and the share of their mobility which they would be ready to have executed by the suppliers of logistic services. Two segments were statistically analysed: social-demographic data and the diary of travel behaviour. Among twenty-two independent variables, the results highlighted ‘length of journey’, ‘time necessary for the execution of logistics’ for the purpose of: ‘giving a ride to neighbours’, ‘shopping for consumer goods’, ‘change of residence’ and ‘entertainment’. Interestingly, it was ascertained that the more time the students travel by car, the more logistics they were prepared to outsource. Finally, the survey methodology applied might serve as the basis for further research into the market of logistic services as well as other aspects of consumers’ preferences referring to their logistics. Based on this, new means of public transportation might be designed and offered by various localities.

Commuting and communication: An investigation of taxi drivers' experiences, attitudes and beliefs about passengers with communication disorders.

BackgroundOne of the most popular means of public transport within South Africa is mini-bus taxis.ObjectivesAs South Africa is made up of diverse cultures, religions and beliefs, the aim of this study was to explore Johannesburg based taxi drivers’ experiences of beliefs about, and attitudes towards passengers who have a communication disability.MethodSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 mini-bus taxi drivers.ResultsInterviews revealed that almost all the taxi drivers had encountered passengers with a communication disability, and had an awareness of passengers with a hearing disability as opposed to a speech disability. Furthermore mini-bus taxi drivers generally held a positive view of their passengers with a communication disability.ConclusionStudy findings contribute to existing literature within the fields of speech pathology and audiology, advocacy groups and policy makers, particularly research studies on participation experiences of persons with communication disabilities related to transportation access. The results of the study should also provide a foundation for disability policy development initiatives with the aim of increasing levels of public awareness.

Working Conditions of Bus Drivers in a Large Brazilian Metropolis

The bus is the major means of public transport in the city of Salvador in the northeast of Brazil. One of the causes of this may be the bus drivers. The aim of this research project is to understand the working conditions of bus drivers in the city and how this influences their activity. A questionnaire to identify drivers’ perceptions about their working conditions was constructed. 357 bus drivers answered the questionnaire. 97% of the bus drivers were worried about urban violence during their work; 91% complained that the traffic in Salvador was stressful; 93% confessed they had been insulted while doing their jobs; 81% affirmed that they had already felt fatigued, exhausted, or stressed either during or after working day; and 84% had already felt pain due to their working activities. This data reveals that bus drivers consider their working conditions stressful and exhausting.

Introduction to Ceramizable Polymer Composites

Abstract. In this paper ceramization (ceramification) of polymer composites is presentedas a promising method for gaining flame retardancy of the materials. Because of its passivefire protecting character, ceramization effect can be applied in polymer composites, which arededicated for work in public places like shopping centers, sport halls, galleries and museums,office buildings, theatres or cinemas and public means of transport. In case of fire, ceramizablepolymer composites turn into barrier ceramic materials, ensuring integrity of objects like electricalcables, window frames, doors, ceilings, etc., exposed on flames and heat, preventing fromcollapsing of materials and making electricity working, enabling effective evacuation. Moreover,ceramization process decreases emission of toxic or harmful gaseous products of polymermatrix degradation as well as its smoke intensity. The paper describes the mechanisms ofceramization for various polymer composites, especially focusing on silicone rubber-basedones, basic characteristics of the materials and ways of their testing.Key words: polymer composites, ceramization, ceramification, flame retardancy,effective chemical compounds.

By Using Model Shift and Improving The Walking Facilities: A Case Study In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The recent increase in privately owned vehicles has caused numerous problems: traffic congestions, unnecessary fuel lost and global warming are only few of these problems. This study will try to understand people’s behavior and modal choice and try to sway them to means of public transportation. A survey of mode choice between cars users in a neighborhood in Kuala Lumpur was conducted. A total of 25 surveys were collected over the course of a month. Among data collected were demographic details such as age, gender, educational level and travel behavior. The data was processed by SPSS software to determine which factors encourages and discourages using private, public transportation or walking. The study highlighted four models travel time reduction, travel cost reduction, and increase the parking charges and improves the walking facility. The sensitivity analysis results show that the main attraction that might switch private car users is travel time and improving the walking facility. The consequences of these would be less traffic on the roads contributing to less pollution and greater safety.

The Research on Urban Rail Transit Ticket Pricing Based on System Dynamics

Urban rail transit is occupying assume an increasingly important role in urban traffic areas as a means of urban public transport. This paper will analyze the various factors impacting the subway fares, and research the relationship between all the factors based on system dynamics, ultimately some suggestions formulated.

스마트폰을 이용한 공용 자전거 시스템

현재 에너지 절약과 환경 보호 차원에서 자전거를 이용하는 사용자 수가 늘어나고 있다. 이에 따라 자전거는 대중들에게 교통 및 운동을 위한 수단으로 자리 잡았다. 점점 고급화 되고 있는 자전거와 더불어 사용자들의 자전거에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 스마트폰으로 자전거의 각각의 부품들을 제어하여 사용자에게 편리함을 주는 자전거를 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 스마트폰을 이용한 자전거와 공용자전거의 시장동향과 향후 전망에 대해 분석한다. 분석된 내용을 토대로 문제점과 개선방향을 검토한 후 기존의 스마트폰을 이용한 공용 자전거 시스템을 구현한다. 이 제안하는 시스템을 통해 자전거 보급 확대와 더불어 사용자들의 욕구를 충족시켜 국내 자전거 산업에 이바지하는 효과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 보인다. Nowadays, most people have been using a bicycle as a transportation or exercise. The bicycle is so indispensable to the public means of transportation. The demand of the bicycle is increasing since one is becoming advancement more and more. We propose a smart bicycle that can controls the individual parts of the bicycle by smart phone. This paper verifies and validates the problem and the advanced direction after confirming the smart phone's public bicycle to learn about market trends and the analysis of future prospects. Based on the analyzed contents of the problem and improving the direction, we implement public bicycle system with smart bicycle. The implementation of the proposed method shows the available and the effective system with the promote public health by cycling and contributing to the domestic bicycle industry.

Purchasing a general ticket for public transport – A means end approach

Switzerland offers a dense network of public transport means. The Swiss General Ticket (GT) is a popular travel pass, which allows the use of most of the public transport facilities in Switzerland. The buying behavior for public transport general tickets underlies a complex decision process. Public transport customers can deal with the complexity in two ways: either one decides on choice heuristics according to ones rather emotional beliefs or decides systematically based on a rational price comparison. Judgment and decision theory creates the basis for the discussion of heuristic versus systematic decision-making in this paper.The goal of the study is the explanation of the two consumer typologies when buying a GT along the continuum from more heuristically to systematically made decisions. Drivers for a more heuristically based as opposed to a systematically based decision process, taking into consideration endogenous and exogenous factors, are evaluated.Literature provides some relevant heuristic and systematic decision factors. Primary research with railway customers in Switzerland (research panel) was conducted using an exploratory, semi-standardized approach using the laddering technique, which helps to identify relevant factors involved in the buying decision process. Functional attributes, which were put into context of higher-level personal values using the means-end approach, were detected. These functional attributes are the ones influencing a buying decision.Results show that convenience factors have a high influence when it comes to purchasing a season ticket, but price is the crucial factor behind the final purchase decision.

A Radical Rethink on Soot Containment from Auto-Rickshaw Exhausts

The auto-rickshaw has become a predictable part of the everyday lives of Indian city-dwellers. Although this popular means of public transport provides relatively discounted and efficient transportation, the auto-rickshaw is a key source of soot that causes particulate air pollution. These soot emissions infringe the natural cycles of the atmosphere other than their more overt effects on human health. Consequently, their entrapment becomes vital. Though most particulate filters provide a rather good efficiency, once clogged an undesired back pressure may lead to engine and/ or filter failure. Through this study a method is proposed to overcome such impenetrability. Once the particles are confined to narrower streams, smaller filters may be used which even if clogged will allow the easy passage of the exhaust gases out of the exhaust pipe. The most immediate outcome of this research is that the CFD simulations suggest inexpensive design alterations in the diesel particulate filter which can be fabricated easily. With government subsidies this component can be mass manufactured for use in India and other Asian countries where auto-rickshaws are widely used.

The Characteristics of Rail-Integrated Urban Regeneration focused on Japan’s Local Cities

This research is to analyze the method and features of urban regeneration and understand small and medium-sized local city’s urban regeneration strategy in Japan, especially in regard to its six local cities, which are recently planning railway station redevelopment and urban regeneration. The objective of this research is to examine the city planning methods that can be applicable to the development of station influence area in small and medium-sized local cities, which are being excluded from the domestic urban regeneration business. The locations of the following six railway stations are the most representing local cities in Japan that are actively participating in the urban regeneration business regarding the station influence area: Hakata station, Kumamoto station, Kagoshima central station, Oita station, Toyama station, and Iwamijawa station. It was verified that the area’s restructuring was being pushed ahead based on the railway, which is internally Japan’s core means of public transportation. Such restructuring was to overcome the decline of cities caused by the recent movement of the local city population to the suburb area. The characteristics of a railway integrated urban regeneration in each area can be shown as the construction of transfer system central to the railway station, active connection with the tourist attractions within the area, and high density and complex commercialization of the railway station.