Negative Mean Research Articles

Self-guided imagery rescripting for worry images: A preliminary experimental investigation.

Mental images of feared events are overactive and intrusive in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Imagery rescripting involves integration of positive or neutral imagery and corrective information into images to facilitate emotional processing, reduce imagery intrusions, and re-structure underlying schema. Yet only one known study has applied the technique to treatment of worry. The present study aimed firstto examine the relationship between trait worry and properties of future-oriented worry images, and secondto examine the efficacy of a self-guided imagery rescripting intervention in improving individuals' response to their worries. Participants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 365) identified their major worry and wrote the script of a worst-case scenario mental image. Participants were randomized to three conditions: re-writing the same worry image script (exposure), or writing scripts of either one or three positive alternative future-oriented images (rescripting conditions). In preliminary analyses, trait worry negatively predicted participants' ratings of worry images, including valence and ability to cope, and positively predicted distress, anticipated cost, and belief in their negative meaning. In experimental analyses, linear mixed-effects models revealed anxious response and cognitive appraisal of the threat were significantly lower among participants allocated to rescripting relative to exposure. There was no effect of rescripting type. This investigation demonstrated the impact of a future-oriented imagery rescripting task on anxiety and cognitive biases associated with real worries in an unselected sample. Results may contribute to the development of imagery rescripting interventions for GAD.

The Law of Non-contradiction and Global Philosophy of Religion

AbstractThis article focuses on the applications of philosophical logic in the discipline of philosophy of religion of both ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ traditions, in which the problem of apparent ontological contradictions can be found. A number of philosophers have proposed using the work of those non-classical logicians who countenance the violation of the law of non-contradiction (LNC) to address this problem. I discuss (1) whether classical or non-classical account of logic is universal in applying to all true theories, and (2) whether there might be extra-logical considerations which affect what is the correct account of logic for the doctrines in question. With regard to Jc Beall’s application of non-classical (FDE) logic to the doctrine of the Incarnation, I argue using the evidence from the writings of church fathers that the meaning of negation found in the core claims of the doctrine of the Incarnation should not be interpreted in accordance with Beall’s FDE account, and that this extra-logical consideration refutes Beall’s project. Moreover, the FDE’s acceptance of the possibility of statements that are both true and false is contrary to what is allowed by the definition of negation in classical logic; therefore (contrary to Beall), Beall is in fact using a different definition of negation compared with the definition used by the classical account. I develop this point in interaction with contemporary philosophy of religion literature and explain its implications and significance for this discipline.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF HOPE WITH QUARTER LIFE CRISIS IN FINAL YEAR STUDENTS IN WEST SUMATRA

This research aims to determine the relationship between hope and quarter life crisis in final year students in West Sumatra. Hope is the ability possessed by an individual to create a strategy in achieving a goal with the overall motivation he has to recognize the strategy chosen in achieving a goal. Meanwhile, the quarter life crisis is a process of high instability, drastic changes, too many choices and feelings of panic and helplessness. This phase appears in individuals aged 18 to 29 years. This research uses quantitative methods with a quantitative correlational research design. The population in this study were final year students in West Sumatra with a total of 195 students as subjects. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data collection tool uses the quarter life hope and crisis scale. Data analysis uses the product moment correlation coefficient. The results of the research show that there is a negative relationship between hope and the quarter life crisis in final year students in West Sumatra (r=-0.514: p=0.00). A significant negative relationship means that if an individual has high hopes then the level of quarter life crisis for the individual will be low, and if the level of quarter life crisis is high then the level of hope experienced by the individual will tend to be low.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF HOPE WITH QUARTER LIFE CRISIS IN FINAL YEAR STUDENTS IN WEST SUMATRA

This research aims to determine the relationship between hope and quarter life crisis in final year students in West Sumatra. Hope is the ability possessed by an individual to create a strategy in achieving a goal with the overall motivation he has to recognize the strategy chosen in achieving a goal. Meanwhile, the quarter life crisis is a process of high instability, drastic changes, too many choices and feelings of panic and helplessness. This phase appears in individuals aged 18 to 29 years. This research uses quantitative methods with a quantitative correlational research design. The population in this study were final year students in West Sumatra with a total of 195 students as subjects. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data collection tool uses the quarter life hope and crisis scale. Data analysis uses the product moment correlation coefficient. The results of the research show that there is a negative relationship between hope and the quarter life crisis in final year students in West Sumatra (r=-0.514: p=0.00). A significant negative relationship means that if an individual has high hopes then the level of quarter life crisis for the individual will be low, and if the level of quarter life crisis is high then the level of hope experienced by the individual will tend to be low.

Abbott D-dimer assay: analytical performance and diagnostic accuracy in management of venous thromboembolism

This study aimed to assess analytical characteristics and diagnostic accuracy in management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the Emergency Department (ED) of the Abbott D-dimer assay applied on the Alinity c clinical chemistry analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) compared to the INNOVANCE D-dimer assay (Siemens Healthineers, Marburg, Germany). Precision was determined at three concentration levels following the CLSI EP15-A3 protocol. Method comparison and diagnostic accuracy were assessed using samples obtained from 85 patients who were referred for diagnostic imaging and D-dimer testing due to clinically suspected VTE. Within-run coefficients of variation (CVs) were 3.0%, 0.5% and 0.5% at D-dimer concentrations of 0.54, 1.42 and 2.68 mg/L FEU, while respective between-run CVs were 2.0%, 3.4% and 2.7%, hence fulfilling the desirable biological variation criteria for imprecision (<12.6%). Passing–Bablok regression analysis yielded a small proportional difference between the two compared assays (y = 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.18) x + 0.09 (95%CI: –0.09 to 0.16)), while Bland–Altman analysis showed significant negative absolute (–0.6 mg/L FEU, 95%CI: –0.9 to −0.3) and relative mean bias (–14.1%, 95%CI: –20.3 to −7.9). Spearman’s ρ was 0.979 (95%CI: 0.967–0.986). Inter-assay agreement relative to the cut-off was 92% (kappa coefficient = 0.547 (95%CI: 0.255–0.839)). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the Abbott assay were 100%, 9.2%, 25.3% and 100%, respectively, compared to the following data for the INNOVANCE assay: 95.0%, 15.4%, 25.7% and 90.9%. Abbott D-dimer assay has shown excellent analytical precision, high comparability with the INNOVANCE D-dimer and high NPV at manufacturer’s cut-off.

Attitudes and Concerns Towards the COVID-19 Vaccine: Nursing Students' Perspectives

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes and concerns of nursing students towards the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted online between April-September 2021 with 238 nursing students. In the study, three data collection tools were used: the Introductory Information Form, the COVID-19 Personal Information and Experience Form, and Attitudes Towards the COVID-19 Vaccine Scale (ATV-COVID-19). Results: In this study, 58.8% of the nursing students were aged 22 and under; 89.9% were women and 78.6% were undergraduate students, and 71.4% were willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Nursing students' ATV-COVID-19 positive attitude sub-dimension mean score was 3.90±0.94, and the negative attitude sub-dimension mean score was 3.45±0.73, and it was found that the attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccines were positive. A statistically significant difference was found between nursing students’ willingness to be vaccinated and vaccination according to the national immunization schedule, opinion on childhood vaccinations, and having sufficient and accurate information about vaccines against COVID-19 (p

Norwegian Outdoor Happiness: Residential Outdoor Spaces and Active Leisure Time Contributions to Subjective Well-being at the National Population Level at the Start of and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Accumulating research shows that residential nature reliably promotes residents’ subjective well-being (SWB) in complex ways. The present study investigates how self-reported proximity to different outdoor spaces relate to SWB in Norway. The effects of having proximity to recreation and hiking areas and the frequency of moderate-to-vigorous intensity leisure-time physical activity (MVLTPA) were estimated for five SWB measures (satisfaction with life, positive, and negative affect, mental well-being, and meaning in life). The study also estimated how outdoor spaces promote MVLTPA, and which of these relationships changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two Norwegian samples (collected in 2020 and 2021; N = 34,904) were explored using multiple linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Residential outdoor spaces predicted higher SWB across measures and MVLTPA frequency. Importantly, an inverted U-shaped relationship between MVLTPA and all SWB measures was found, with a tipping point coinciding with weekly MVLTPA. Last, during the pandemic, outdoor spaces became stronger predictors: hiking areas for mental well-being and meaning in life; and recreation areas for MVLTPA (p < .05). This study refines our understanding of these complex relations and contributes to setting these effects in perspective with other sociodemographic factors and SWB measures. Lastly, the importance of residential outdoor spaces upon the prospect of future pandemics is discussed.

Wave motion in a narrow gap coupling with the roll motion of a vessel next to an offshore terminal

Concerning the scenario of a vessel operating alongside an offshore terminal, the vessel being the floating body and the offshore terminal bottom-mounted. The closeness of the two bodies leads to the formation of a long narrow gap, within which the large amplification of the water-surface elevation could occur. The coupling effect between the roll motion of the vessel and the water-surface motion within the gap is primarily concerned. Under the assumption that the quay wall of the terminal is infinitely long and fully reflective, the imaging principle and a modified Green's function have been developed to investigate such an effect. Numerical models are developed based on the two proposed approaches, respectively, in conjunction with a higher-order boundary element method. For a small gap width, the p = 1 resonant mode of water-surface motion in the gap can apparently enhance the roll motion of the vessel. The radiation wave owing to the enhanced roll motion can in turn disturb the water-surface motion, increasing the frequency of the dominant peak while decreasing its amplitude. As the gap width increases, the water-surface elevation around the resonant frequency of roll motion gets more and more noticeable, gradually becoming the dominant peak. The effect of the mooring stiffness is also discussed, revealing the existence of a ꞌnon-resonance regionꞌ where no resonance occurs in this specific frequency region. It is also noted that the resonant water-surface motion of p = 1 mode can cause a remarkable amplification of the negative horizontal mean wave drift force, pushing the vessel away from the terminal.

A Questionnaire of Physiotherapeutic Specific Exercises of Scoliosis-QPSSE.

Creating and psychometric testing of a new QoL Questionnaire about Physiotherapeutic Specific Exercises of Scoliosis (Questionnaire of Physiotherapeutic Specific Exercises of Scoliosis-QPSSE). The purpose of this study is to create a reliable and valid questionnaire for patients suffering from mild and moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who have been treated with Physiotherapeutic Specific Exercises of Scoliosis (PSSE) in order to evaluate their quality of life. The developed questionnaire was based on a thorough literature review as well as on authors' experience. It consists of 53 questions, of which 37 have a positive meaning, 15 have a negative meaning, and 1 is a multiple choice question; additionally, there are 6 "open" questions. Except for the multiple choice question, all other questions are answered on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 points. Five represents a positive meaning or very positive one, whereas one stands for a negative meaning or none at all. Questions were developed by the authors who subsequently categorized the 53 questions into the following eight domains: physical functioning, self-image, Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises (PSSEs), psychosocial functioning, cognitive functioning, compliance, motivation, and pain. A pilot study was conducted so that we could calculate Cronbach's Alpha based on the outcome. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors worked through the Zoom online platform to structure the questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for all correlations evaluated. P values of less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach's Alpha. Although there were very few missing values, accounting for 0.78% of the total values of the questionnaire, the expectation maximization likelihood algorithm was used to impute data. IBM® SPSS® Statistics Software v.25 was used for the analysis. Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for the overall score were 0.84. This original QPSSE was found to be a reliable and valid tool for AIS treated conservatively with PSSE and for the patients' clinicians.

Structural equation models to infer relationships between energy-related blood metabolites and milk daily energy output in Holstein cows.

During lactation, high-yielding cows experience metabolic disturbances due to milk production. Metabolic monitoring offers valuable insights into how cows manage these challenges throughout the lactation period, making it a topic of considerable interest to breeders. In this study, we used Bayesian networks to uncover potential dependencies among various energy-related blood metabolites, i.e., glucose, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol (CHOL), and daily milk energy output (dMEO) in 1,254 Holstein cows. The inferred causal structure was then incorporated into structural equation models (SEM) to estimate heritabilities and additive genetic correlations among these phenotypes using both pedigree and genotypes from a 100k chip. Dependencies among traits were determined using the Hill-Climbing algorithm, implemented with the posterior distribution of the residuals obtained from the standard multiple-trait model. These identified relationships were then used to construct the SEM, considering both direct and indirect relationships. The relevant dependencies and path coefficients obtained, expressed in units of measurement variation of 1σ, were as follows: dMEO → CHOL (0.181), dMEO → BHB (-0.149), dMEO → urea (0.038), glucose → BHB (-0.55), glucose → urea (-0.194), CHOL → urea (0.175), BHB → urea (-0.049), and NEFA → urea (-0.097). Heritabilities for traits of concern obtained with SEM ranged from 0.09 to 0.2. Genetic correlations with a minimum 95% probability (P) of the posterior mean being >0 for positive means or <0 for negative means include those between dMEO and glucose (-0.583, P = 100), dMEO and BHB (0.349, P = 99), glucose and CHOL (0.325, P = 100), glucose and NEFA (-0.388, P = 100), and NEFA and BHB (0.759, P = 100). The results of this analysis revealed the existence of recursive relationships among the energy-related blood metabolites and dMEO. Understanding these connections is paramount for establishing effective genetic selection strategies, enhancing production and animal welfare.

Effects of Mean Normal Stress on Strain-Hardening, Strain-Induced Martensite Transformation, and Void-Formation Behaviors in High-Strength TRIP-Aided Steels

To analyze various types of cold formability in TRIP-aided polygonal ferrite (TPF), annealed martensite (TAM), and bainitic ferrite (TBF) steels, the effects of the mean normal stress on the strain-hardening, strain-induced martensite transformation, and void-formation behaviors were investigated. The strain-hardening behavior was influenced by positive mean normal stress and was hardly influenced by zero and negative mean normal stresses in all steels. Positive mean normal stress promoted the strain-induced martensitic transformation behavior, especially in TBF steel due to the high mechanical stability of the retained austenite. The void-formation behavior was also promoted by positive mean normal stress, especially in TPF steel. These behaviors were also related to the microstructural properties, such as the matrix structure, retained austenite characteristics, and second phase.

Naming and Describing Disability in Law and Medicine.

This article explores the effects of naming and describing disability in law and medicine. Instead of focusing on substantive issues like medical treatment or legal rights, it will address questions which arise in relation to the use of language itself. When a label which is attached to a disability is associated with a negative meaning, this can have a profound effect on the individual concerned and can create stigma. Overly negative descriptions of disabilities can be misleading, not only for the individual, but also more broadly in society, if there are inaccurate perceptions about disability in the social context. This article will examine some relevant examples of terminology, where these issues arise. It will also suggest that the role of medicine and the law in naming and describing disability is particularly important because in these areas there is, perhaps more than anywhere else, a recognized source of authority for the choice of terminology. Labels and descriptions used in the medical and legal contexts can not only perpetuate existing stigmatization of disabled people, but can also contribute to creating stigma at its source, given that the words used in these contexts can constitute an exercise of power.

Experiencing pregnancy in the context of lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome: a grounded theory.

To understand the meanings attributed to pregnancy in the context of Lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome by women and healthcare professionals. Qualitative research, using Symbolic Interactionism as a theoretical framework and Grounded Theory, a constructivist perspective. Data were collected between January and August 2022, through online interviews with 27 women with Lupus located on the social network Facebook and in-person or remote interviews with 12 healthcare professionals. The theoretical model constructed has two categories: "Equal conditions, distinct experiences: experiencing the gestational process" shows that obstetric complications and lack of connection with healthcare professionals trigger negative meanings to the experience; and "Therapeutic management interfering in the attribution of meanings to the experience", demonstrates that the way women interact with healthcare professionals and how they manage treatment favors a positive reframing. The meanings attributed to pregnancy are elaborated and modified according to the interpretation of previous and current experiences, healthcare trajectory and interactions with healthcare professionals. Previous guidance, planning, bonding and trust in healthcare professionals enable positive meanings, while obstetric complications, unqualified assistance and lack of bonding with professionals provide negative meanings.

Асоціативно-смислове поле слова-стимулу росія під час російсько-української війни

The article traces the peculiarities of the images of the linguistic picture of the world and the value orientations of Ukrainian society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the associative field of the word-stimulus russia in the conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian war, based on the directed associative experiment method. Achieving the specified goal involves the following tasks: to identify associations for the designation of the stimulus word russia that were used by the survey participants; determine the structure of the associative-semantic field of the russia stimulus word; outline the main thematic groups of the stimulus word russia; to determine quantitative indicators of reactions within the associative field. As a result of the survey conducted among the students of the Lviv Polytechnic National University, 685 word-reactions to the russia stimulus word were found and the frequency of the associates use in the core (49%), near (30%) and distant periphery (21%) was determined. The core of the associative field contains the most relevant and stereotyped concepts of the mental lexicon: enemy 78, aggressor 54, swamp 51, bottom 32, rasha (rashka) 18, murderer 16, occupier 14, parasha (parashka) 13, invader 12, moskoviia 12, evil 11, mordor 11, hatred 11. Most of the detected associates have negative meaning, which is the evidence of the disdainful attitude of the informants towards the aggressor country. We can consider only the reactions country, brothers, neighbor, silence to be neutral in meaning. Among the associates, a significant number of expressively marked names was recorded, which indicates the dominance of the emotional level of images of consciousness over the mental one, as well as the maintenance of a certain balance between the objective (logical-conceptual) and subjective (value-motivational) images of consciousness of the speakers. The presence of a significant amount of invective vocabulary among the associates is caused, in our opinion, firstly, by the opportunity to freely express themselves because the questionnaire was anonymous, and, secondly, by negative feelings caused by the word-stimulus. The experimental material confirmed that the generalized perception of Russia after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine shifted from neutral to threatening, and the specific perception made it possible to perceive russia as a real enemy participating in hostilities against our country.

THE RUSSIAN FOLK “EGYPTOLOGY”

The paper deals with Russian folk legends about “pharaohs” - mythical creatures with a human torso and a fish tail, who inhabited the water element. The legends reflected the oldest layer of folk knowledge about the ancient Egyptian history. These ideas go back to the biblical story about Pharaoh's army that drowned in the Red Sea during the exodus of the Jews from Egypt. In Old Russia, the title “Pharaoh” became a symbol of a proud and wicked ruler. The legend about the mythical water people was first recorded by Vasily Poznyakov, who travelled to Egypt in 1558. At the end of the 16th century, his story was used by Trifon Korobeynikov, who was on a pilgrimage to the East. Thanks to this work, “pharaohs” and “pharaonic women” were formed as negative characters of the Christian legend and in the 18th - 19th centuries were firmly incorporated into Russian folklore, while the image of the mythical people itself received an eschatological sound. Images of these creatures became one of the motifs of folk decorative art in Nizhny Novgorod province and neighboring counties of Kostroma province. It had a negative meaning, which derived from the “negativity” of the Old Testament character of the same name and was projected onto one of the repulsive features of the local character.

Exploring the Flux of Cherry Blossom Imagery in Japanese Literature and Culture by Combining Social Network Analysis Methods

Abstract This paper combines the LDA theme mining model with social network algorithms to construct an objective evaluation model for the imagery of cherry blossoms in Japanese literature and culture. To determine the number of topics, one needs to observe the change in perplexity degree for various numbers of topics. The degree of influence of surrounding nodes on this node is measured using in-degree and out-degree, and the degree of closeness between users in social networks is measured using the clustering coefficient. Based on the network data, we analyzed Japanese literary works related to cherry blossoms and readers’ comments on related literary review websites, followed by analyzing the rate of microblog retweets when a hot literary work was published to determine the theme density. In the beginning, Topic 1, which represents positivity, has the highest theme intensity of 0.2581, indicating that the imagery of cherry blossoms is skewed toward the positive in the minds of readers and netizens. Following the emergence of hot literature, the spread of Topic2, which is associated with negativity, reached its peak, with a density that reached as high as 2235721 times. At this time, the highest high-frequency words are death 5827 times, and poignant 5748 times, all of which are negative meanings, and the theme intensity of Topic 2 is 0.2992. The impression of people can be negatively impacted by cherry blossoms. By constructing a model for literary analysis of imagery, this paper serves as a reference and presents a new direction for textual research.

Seaxes and skalms: Single-edged weapon in the Old Icelandic texts

The article examines the problem of the use in combat conditions and classification of single-edged short-bladed weapons of the Germanic and neighboring peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages — combat knives seaxes. The authors consider the numerous existing archaeological finds in the context of terms used in modern Scandinavian languages, and also turn to the analysis of options for using the terms “seax” and “skalm” in archaic texts. A contextual analysis of the use of these terms in the poetic texts of songs from the Elder Edda and the prose of Icelandic sagas belonging to various subtypes is presented. According to the authors, the term “skalm” had a very specific purpose and fell out of everyday use — as a designation for a real type of weapon — long before the Viking Age. In the texts describing the Viking Age, it is not people who are consistently armed with skalms, but the dark and negative characters opposing them — trolls, jotuns, etc. However, in the heroic epic tradition, skalms, on the contrary, are used by heroes; It was the skalms that became part of the poetic formulas describing the equipment of the heroes of the epic. There is reason to believe that this term comes from ancient times and by the Viking Age it became an anachronism, acquiring new connotations and negative meaning.

Zn-Al layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for efficient removal of food dyes from wastewater

The ability of layered double hydroxides clay (LDH) produced from ZnAl-NO3 to remove Sunset Yellow FCF (E110), Azorubine (E122), Tartrazine (E102), and Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) from an aqueous solution was studied. The effects of various variables on adsorption were studied. The obtained results show that the adsorption of various food dyes depends on the initial concentration, dose, pH, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption capacities at an equilibrium time of 40 min for E133, E122, E110, and E102 were 18.21, 21.46, 13.19, and 20.58 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data for aqueous solutions were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and a thermodynamic study. Adsorption kinetics data for aqueous solutions was studied using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The morphology for Zn-Al LDH was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET (pore size = 0.004 cc/g). Equilibrium data were studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms. As for thermodynamics, the value of ∆H° is negative, which means that the adsorption method is exothermic at a temperature range of 288–338 K. ∆S ° is a negative value indicating that the randomness is low, ∆G° is also negative means that the reaction is spontaneous. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of LDH before and after the adsorption also confirms that the adsorption of food dyes was smooth and spontaneous on Zn-Al LDH providing an excellent and easy-to-use adsorption method for industrial application of wastewater treatment.

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНЫХ ИМЕН В ЗАГОЛОВКАХ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ НОВОСТНЫХ СТАТЕЙ

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the interpretive potential of precedent names derived from personal names in the English language. Previous studies in the theory of precedence have proved a precedent name to convey a complex of cultural and background information that allows it to be used as a common name occasionally in a specific context. We describe this complex of information as an anthroponymic matrix which includes several suggested cognitive contexts. In the process of our work, we have used the modern methods of cognitive linguistics to outline the multifaceted knowledge structure represented by a precedent name and discovered that it is nothing but a concept with its cognitive characteristics. The paper focuses on the crucial role of cognitive mechanisms in the process of a precedent name developing its occasional sense. This newly-formed sense has a certain effect on the perception of the text, in which the name performs its specific functions. The empirical data for this study has been gathered from online newspapers and Internet resources where a precedent name is used as a part of a headline. The authors of the paper have found out that in most cases a precedent name is able to convey both positive and negative evaluative meanings aimed at the formation of the reader’s opinion about the problem under discussion.

Disease-modifying drugs, multiple sclerosis and infection-related healthcare use in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study

Much remains unknown surrounding the disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) used to treat multiple sclerosis and infection-related healthcare use in the 'real-world' setting. We examined if DMD exposure was associated with altered infection-related healthcare use. We assessed if DMD (versus no) exposure was associated with altered infection-related hospitalizations, physician claims, and prescriptions filled in British Columbia, Canada (1996-2017). Healthcare use was assessed using negative binomial and proportional means regression models, reported as sex-/age-/comorbidity-/calendar year-/socioeconomic-adjusted rate and hazard ratios [aRR, aHR], with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]). We identified 19,360 multiple sclerosis cases (13,940/19,360; 72.0% women; mean age at study start=44.5 standard deviation, SD=13.3; mean follow-up=11.7 [SD=7.3] years). Relative to unexposed periods, exposure to any DMD was associated with a lower infection-related rate of physician claims (aRR=0.88; 95% CI:0.85-0.92) and hazard of hospitalization (aHR=0.64; 95% CI:0.56-0.73), and a higher rate of infection-related prescriptions (aRR=1.14; 95% CI:1.08-1.20). Exposure to any injectable or oral DMD was associated with a lower infection-related rate of physician claims (injectable aRR=0.88; 95% CI:0.84-0.92, oral aRR=0.83; 95% CI:0.77-0.90) and hazard of hospitalization (injectable aHR=0.65; 95% CI:0.56-0.75, oral aHR=0.54; 95% CI:0.38-0.77), whereas intravenous DMD exposure was not (aRR=0.99; 95% CI:0.86-1.14, aHR=0.73; 95% CI:0.49-1.09). Exposure to any injectable or intravenous DMD was associated with a higher rate of infection-related prescriptions (injectable aRR=1.15; 95% CI:1.08-1.22, intravenous=1.34; 95% CI:1.15-1.56), whereas oral DMDs were not (aRR=0.98; 95% CI:0.91-1.05). DMD exposure for the treatment of MS was associated with differences in infection-related healthcare use. While infection-related hospitalizations and physician visits were lower, prescription fills were higher. How these differences in infection-related healthcare use affect outcomes in persons with multiple sclerosis warrants consideration. Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); German Research Foundation (DFG).