Means Of Livelihood Research Articles

Oil, Conflicts, and Political Economy of Migration in Africa: The Nigeria’s Niger Delta Experience

In most African countries, especially Nigeria, migration is driven by economic hardship, unemployment, poverty, and the search for greener pastures overseas. In Niger Delta, in addition to the factors above, migration is driven by recurrent attacks and conflicts between militants and the Nigerian state over oil. Indeed, negative environmental externalities and violence resulting from long years of oil exploration in this region have made many, especially youths leave the region for safety and livelihood. This article thus examined the implications of oil pollution and other environmental stressors for migrants leaving the region. The paper hypothesized and sought to understand how oil politics and environmental deplorable conditions in this region exacerbate the engagement of illiterate young girls and women to migrate or be trafficked to urban centers as child laborers and sex workers within and outside Nigeria. The paper appraised how oil conflicts and environmental degradation could intensify migration risks among this group of people leaving the region. Utilizing empirical qualitative research design, the paper tested if the migration of youth in this region is partly related to manipulation and the negligence by the Nigerian state to commensurate spending from oil on the development of the region. The paper concluded that the recurrent oil conflicts and environmental conditions in the Niger Delta bring into focus the political economy of migration, globalization, and indigenous, and minority rights and struggles for sustainable means of livelihood. Keywords: Conflicts, Livelihood, Migration, Oil, Political economy

AGEISM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: PROFESSIONALS’ PERSPECTIVES

Abstract While ageism is increasing across the globe, older adults in Sub-Saharan Africa are more vulnerable to ageism and are often denied a stable means of livelihood leading to poor health and a decreased quality of life. Scholars report that ageism can be experienced in multiple forms including economic, employment, and healthcare, with the intersectionality of gender and other factors complicating ageism. As little is known about ageism in Sub-Saharan Africa, this study explored the perspectives of scholars and professionals about the levels of ageism and age discrimination against older Africans. A cross-sectional study was conducted with scholars and professionals from sub-Saharan Africa. The 78 respondents ranged in age from 24-75 and over half (55.2%) were female. Using descriptive analysis, our findings show that the perceived level of discrimination against older adults is moderate with over half of the respondents (55.7%) indicating that ageism is getting worse. Respondents indicated that older adults are most discriminated against and face barriers in the areas of economic advantages (72.1%), employment opportunities (60.3%), healthcare access (49.4%), and housing (35.3%). Social workers, practitioners, and policymakers should directly address the problem of ageism to promote the healthy living of older adults in sub-Saharan Africa. To turn the tide of ageism and age discrimination in Sub-Saharan Africa, governments need to provide basic social protection to older adults so that they can have a stable means of support in their later years and will be less likely to be perceived as a burden to families and societies.

Assessment of Environmental and Social Impact of Benin-delta Power Transmission line Expansion Project

This study examined the environmental and social impacts and household vulnerability of the 107 km Benin-Delta (Ughelli) 330 kV power transmission line (TL) expansion project right of way (ROW). Questionnaires were administered to 56 communities and 344 households to obtain information on their livelihood and the perceived environmental and social impacts of the TL expansion. Results revealed the TL on land use, community socio-cultural and health Status, employment and opportunities, community agitation and social economic status, they were found to be high, low, beneficial, medium and low in that order. Loss of land and economic trees were identified as the highest impacts of the project. All communities within the sphere of influence of the project had encroached on the existing ROW. The most vulnerable groups affected by the project are the non-indigenous elderly, widows and female-headed households, children, herdsmen, unemployed and those that have lost their lands and are now without means of livelihood. The valuation of assets and losses suffered suggests the need for resettlement and compensation. Specific mitigation measures which could help ameliorate suffering of the economically vulnerable households should be put in place.

Globalization: Does it have Effects on Nigeria’s Governance System?

Even though globalization has made countries across the world more connected than ever, there are still controversies over its benefits regarding socio-economic development and good governance in developing countries. Against this backdrop, the study investigates the link between globalization and governance in Nigeria. This is with a view to determining the implications of globalization on the governance of Nigeria. The study, which relies heavily on secondary data, shows that the country’s political authority has been depleted in order to conform to global trends. Globalization has affected the quality of bureaucratic governance, puts pressure on governance on whether to open up or restrict the economy, and exacerbated the unequal distribution of incomes because of the relative differences in the mobility of labor and capital. The study further revealed that globalization triggered the unregulated use of the internet and exposed people to illicit activities. It also contributed to the transmission of diseases, including HIV/AIDS, the Ebola virus and COVID-19. Globalization also encouraged multinationals to access Nigeria, thereby adding to environmental pollution, climate change, food insecurity, and health-related challenges, especially, as a result of oil exploration. These activities have continued to disrupt the people’s means of livelihood, and consequently provoked political and social agitation and engendered secessionist groups, threatening the unity and existence of the country. The study, therefore, concludes that globalization has caused more damage than good to Nigeria’s political and socio-economic activities.

Socioeconomic differentiation among food delivery workers in China: The case of Nanjing

In China, the booming platform economy has reshaped the urban labor market, offering entry-level opportunities to urban residents, particularly rural migrant workers. Unlike traditional sectors characterized by occupational segregation between rural migrants and urban locals, platform-based gig jobs, such as food delivery and ride-hailing, have attracted both groups, creating a diverse labor force. This paper utilizes data from a recent questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews with food delivery workers in Nanjing to investigate socioeconomic disparities among urban locals, urban migrants, and rural migrants all engaged in the same occupation. Among these groups, rural migrant workers have the lowest socioeconomic status and worst living conditions, often perceiving food delivery as a last-resort means of livelihood. Conversely, most urban locals and urban migrants turn to food delivery to supplement their family incomes or as a temporary job while pursuing other career opportunities. Furthermore, both rural and urban migrant workers experience a higher degree of job insecurity compared to urban locals. These disparities in socioeconomic status and subjective well-being among the three groups within the food delivery labor force influence their divergent life prospects in terms of career paths and settlement intentions.

Before and after closed season for beach seine fishing in Ghana: Impact on benthic macroinvertebrates species diversity indices

AbstractBeach seine fishery provides a means of livelihood to many households in Africa and it is widely practiced in the coastal communities of Ghana due to the relatively cheaper operational cost. However, the small mesh sizes of beach seine nets and fishing activities that involve dragging a net through the nearshore seabed tend to destroy fish breeding grounds and capture juvenile fish and non‐target benthic macroinvertebrates, which get discarded. This study investigated the impact that before and after closed season for beach seine fishing had on macroinvertebrates species diversity indices at two Ghanaian beaches with different fishing pressures. The study was carried out at OLA and Sisimbo Beaches located in the Central Region of Ghana, taking advantage of the statutory 1‐month national fishing closed season in July 2022. Six (6) replicate sediment samples were taken at each beach after landing by beach seine fishers every month for 6 months, from April to June, and August to October, representing before and after closed season, respectively. Benthic macroinvertebrates were retrieved from the samples using appropriate protocols and subjected to indirect (Shannon, Simpson, Rényi) and direct (species abundance models, species accumulation models, multivariate statistics) measures of species diversity analyses. The indirect species diversity indices increased monotonically the following 2 months after closed season but reduced in the third month after closed season at both beaches. Conversely, the direct measures of diversity indices revealed that closed season for beach seine fishing improved species numbers and richness at both study beaches. This is the first report on the impact of a closed season on macroinvertebrates in any African country.

Evaluation of total effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk associated with tin mining activities in Nigeria using generic and resrad simulation methods

Soil excavation in search of mineral ores serves as one of means of livelihood to many families in Nigeria. Even though the process was found to be associated with many concerns pertaining to radiological health, which many of the mining workers and dwellers around the sites are unaware of. In an effort to bridges this gap and provide a handful of information, the activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th from typically well-known tin mining areas in Nigeria were evaluated using the higher purity germanium detector. The state-of-the-art software RESRAD-ONSITE and generic approaches were employed to evaluate the dose and cancer risk attributable to radiation exposure due to the measured radionuclides in soil. Depending on the thickness of contamination, the results obtained show dose and cancer risk value greater than the acceptable limit of 1 mSv/yr for members of the public as set by the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the International Committee on Radiological Protection's cancer risk threshold of 4.3 × 10−3. Therefore, sustainable mining practices should be implemented across the tin mining areas in Nigeria to avert the perceived radiation related effects.

Household Income Diversification Strategies, Welfare and Child Nutrition in Uganda: A Dynamic Panel Analysis 2005–2020

Many of the studies on households and people’s welfare dynamics in Uganda have been preoccupied with poverty lines and welfare indices estimation, particularly at the macro level. Little attention has been paid to the impact of livelihood diversification strategies on household welfare and health outcomes (i.e. child nutrition) for both rural and urban dwellers. Thus, this study examines the impact of livelihood (i.e. income) diversification strategies on household welfare and child nutrition. Eight waves of the Uganda National Panel Survey (2005/06–2019/20) dataset collected by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) with the support of the World Bank are utilised for this purpose. An instrumental variable approach implemented through a two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) technique is applied in which alternative correlated random effects (CRE) and fixed effects models are estimated, these two techniques enabled us to address the endogeneity problem associated with livelihood diversification by including a generalised residual among the regressors and also including appropriate list of instruments in the latter. The findings from the study show that indeed diversified households enjoy higher levels of consumption and thus livelihood diversification strategies are welfare-improving. Second, livelihood diversification is also found to improve child nutrition status. By and large, the results point to the fact that households should at least run a diversified means of livelihood since this offers a feasible way of shielding households against risks and also coping and adapting to shocks among rural and urban poor households.

The Short Life of a Statutory Label: War Mobilization and Underclass Migration in Eighteenth-Century Sichuan

Abstract: During the Qianlong period, both Qing state documents and the local sources in Sichuan preserved increased records of "guolu," a label referring to a type of crime-prone, male, underclass migrants in Sichuan. Amid active policy discussions of the guolu problem, the Qing state first added a guolu substatute to the Qing Code in 1758 and later tried to eliminate guolu as a statutory category after a large incident in 1781. This article traces the trajectory of the statutory category of guolu and analyzes how the Qing state's strategy of managing underclass migrants in Sichuan transformed during the eighteenth century. In particular, this article contextualizes the legislative and policy turns within the socioeconomic impacts of the two Jinchuan Wars (1747<en>1749; 1771<en>1776), which significantly reshaped the scale of underclass mobility in Sichuan and scholar-officials' perceptions of underclass migrants. Influenced by the labor-intensive military supply and the socioeconomic impacts of warfare, the Qing state's policies on guolu criminality and underclass mobility transformed from the exclusion of targeted groups to the accommodation of nonagrarian means of livelihood and networks. The case of guolu suggests that the eighteenth-century Qing state was also developing policies of cooption and mobilization, in addition to statutory vilification, to tackle the quickly expanding scale of underclass mobility. Through this case, this article calls attention to the military perspective as a key to understanding the interactions among underclass criminality, judicial discourse, and bureaucratic process in Qing China.

Crystallization of the Concept MONEY in R. Bach's Novel The bridge across forever: a lovestory

The article is devoted to the study of the axiological dominants crystallization in fictional discourse, the consideration of the formation of the semantic content of the concept MONEY. The analysis of the contexts in their sequence and interaction in R. Bach's novel The Bridge across forever: a lovestory allows us to understand the formation of the fictional concept MONEY and show the influence of crystallization processes on the formation of the text and the axiological system. As a result, MONEY appears as a means of livelihood, acting as a counterbalance to hunger, giving peace of mind and confidence in the future. At the same time, money is a source of problems, including those on the way to finding a soulmate. Money, on the one hand, is the object of human desires within the framework of earthly existence, a part of glory and reward for work, power, and on the other hand, the cause of the violation of the law and all the disasters on earth, the source of numerous worries and disorders. The author comes to the conclusion that the specificity of the processes of concept crystallization determines the features of the functioning of fictional discourse.

Environmental Fiction and Concept of Nature in From Heaven Lake

Environmental fiction is one that deals with men’s social conditions, environment and nature. It is a study of relationship between man and nature. Man is always dependent on nature. He cannot live without it. Nature provides the means of livelihood to the human beings. Nature is mighty and powerful to man. Man has always tried to make a victory over nature, but it is very temporary or momentary. Nature always makes a balance, but if there is any kind of nature created by man, there is every time a natural imbalance between man and nature. For removing this imbalance, man always makes a compromise with nature. Nature is cruel and so, it is necessary to compromise with nature. Otherwise, nature will destroy all those things which concern man.

Impact Assessment of Socio-economic Factors on the Progress of Agriclinics and Agribusiness Centres (ACABC’s) Scheme in Rajasthan

"A subsidy-based credit linked training programme “agriclinics and agribusiness centres scheme” was launched by government of India on 9th April, 2002 to strengthen the transfer of technology, extension services and also provide self-employment opportunities to technically trained agricultural graduates. The specific objectives of study are to study the relationship between socio-economic factors and progress and to assess the impact of socio-economic factors on progress of scheme in the state. In analysis of relationship, it was found that except sex and family size, all the socio-economic variables were significant at 5 per cent level. The logistic regression analysis found that the age coefficient was positive and significant at the 1 per cent level and the Exp (β) value associated with age was 1.519. This implies that there is positive relation between age and progress of agripreneurs. Similarly, the family size and income coefficient were also found significant at the 1 per cent level and Exp (β) value associated with family size and income were .085 and 2.607. Social group (1) was found significant at 5 per cent level Exp (β) value was .004 but social group (2) and social group (3) were did not significantly contribute to the progress of agripreneurs. Similarly, means of livelihood (1) and means of livelihood (2) were found non-significant, while means of livelihood (3) was found statistically significant at 5 per cent level along with .002 Exp (β) value. Land holding variable was also found positive significant at 5 per cent level along with 2.735 Exp (β) value."

Konflik Dalam Penerapan Hukum Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Pertambangan Mineral Dan Batubara Tanpa Izin Pada Skala Kecil

Currently, illegal use of natural resources is rampant, especially among middle to lower class people, many of whom carry out mining activities without permits as a means of livelihood. Of course, carrying out mining activities without a permit/illegally is a criminal act in accordance with the provisions in Article 158 and Article 160 of the Mineral and Coal Law. However, efforts to enforce the law against illegal mining are a complex challenge for law enforcement agencies because the existence of illegal mining is related to social and economic issues faced by poor communities living around mining locations. In fact, many illegal miners report an improvement in their welfare as a result of illegal mining activities. This journal will conduct an analysis of the factors that cause the emergence of illegal mining, the impacts it causes, and policy solutions in dealing with illegal mining. Regarding the problems mentioned above, first, the factors driving illegal mining will be discussed, including regulatory issues, bureaucratic capacity in granting permits, lack of appropriate supervision, obstacles in law enforcement, and socio-economic aspects. The impacts of illegal mining will also be discussed, such as the impact on environmental damage, state revenues, and social conflicts that may arise. In the context of law enforcement, the application of utilitarianism policies and the use of punishment as a last resort will be reviewed. This journal will conclude by providing recommendations for law enforcement agencies to consider a persuasive approach to illegal miners, while the government carries out stricter guidance and supervision to turn illegal mining activities into legitimate activities.

Constraints to Livestock Production among Rural Households in Southwest Nigeria

The potential of livestock production as a veritable means of livelihood especially in rural areas is constrained by the array of challenges. This study ascertained constraints limiting livestock production potentials among rural households in southwest Nigeria. Simple random sampling was used to select 131 and 116 rural households from Ondo and Osun, respectively. Data were analysed using mean, percentages, Pearson product-moment correlation and t-test. Respondents reared goats and sheep, poultry, and pig purposely for household use (91.9%) and sales (85.0%). Management system mostly practised was semi-intensive (71.7%). Radio ranked highest among information sources. Inadequate capital ( =2.01) limits goat/sheep production, poultry production was constrained by predators ( =1.98), while the high cost of livestock input ( =1.93) limits pig production. Poultry production constraints were significantly higher in Ondo (26.77±9.11) relative to Osun (22.72±11.38). Information sources significantly influenced constraints on livestock production (r=0.309). Household size (r=0.170) and years of experience (r=0.179) significantly relate to constraints to livestock production. The study recommends community and rural banking to facilitate easy access to loans and credit facilities; improved veterinary services and an increase in livestock extension personnel.

Managing uphill cultivation under climate change – An assessment of adaptation decisions among tribal farmers in Nagaland state of India

Tribal farmers in the Himalayas are vulnerable to climatic changes, as their rain-fed cultivation systems, practiced on steep, sloping terrain, are susceptible to changes in rainfall while at the same time being the primary means of livelihood. Soil and water conservation practices (SWCP) can improve the resilience of these cultivation systems to adverse climatic conditions. However, little is known about adaptation within these tribal farming communities. This is the first empirical study on the adaptation decisions of tribal farmers in the Himalayan uplands of Northeast India. Starting from the analysis of future climate risks, we surveyed 372 tribal farmers in Nagaland state to analyze perceived climate and environmental changes in relation to socio-demographic factors. We estimate current adoption rates of SWCP together with farmers’ goals and values and employ a binary logit model (BLM) to quantify the influence of diverse factors on adaptation decisions. Our results show that increases in temperatures and crop diseases were the most perceived changes by tribal farmers. Climate projections indicate that precipitation amount and intensity, along with temperatures, will increase towards the end of the century, underlining the importance of SWCP. However, all considered SWCP were employed by less than half of the tribal farmers. Adoption probabilities for all practices were significantly increased when farmers participated in agricultural training. After that, participation in a civil society organization, livestock ownership, high-altitude locations, and perceived increases in droughts were found to increase adoption probabilities significantly, while socio-demographic factors were of only minor importance. If the most effective factor was employed to all farmers, average adoption rates of SWCP could at least double. Adoption decisions were mainly motivated by improving livelihoods, sustaining natural resources, reducing workload, and preserving cultural aspects of cultivation. This research contributes to understanding adaptation decisions of tribal farmers and quantifies the untapped potential for climate change adaptation of marginalized and climate-vulnerable farming communities in mountain regions.

Transforming food insecure farmers from climate variability and land degradation susceptibility to resilient livelihoods

This study sought to evaluate the food security status of climate variability and land degradation-susceptible farmers, and measures used to transform to resilient livelihood. A Mixed approach was used to sample respondents and discussants. In the study, 342 household heads were interviewed for quantitative data whereas 12 focused group discussions and 20 key informant interviewees were made to collect qualitative data. While semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, guiding questions were employed to gather qualitative data. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the binary logit model, whereas qualitative data were presented using thematic procedures. The results show that farmers have demonstrated experience with the changing patterns of climate change-persuaded episodes and its impacts on their food production. In the study area, according to the respondents, low yield (98 %), land degradation (97 %), food shortage (96 %), reduced income (95 %), food insecurity (95 %), and prevalence of disease and pest (85 %) were the major direct and indirect impacts posed by climate change. Besides, based on the calorie intake, 73 % of the households were found food insecure with an average of 1,790 kca, which is below from country and global minimum average that is 2200 and 2100, respectively. To improve food security and the impacts of climatic extremes and increase the ability to either cope or adapt to climate-related problems, farmers were employing strategies including sowing time adjustment, and soil and water conservation. The results of the binary logit regression model showed that repeated drought, farmland size, credit access, the unpredictability of rain, fertilizers usage, amount of rainfall, and social assistance significantly (P < 0.05) affect the food security status of the households. Strengthening integrated land rehabilitation to improve yield could transform the food insecure and land degradation-susceptible households to climate-resilient means of livelihood in semi-arid northern Ethiopia. Policymakers and development planners should emphasis on how to widen the practice of organic and inorganic fertilizers, soil and water conservation, tree planting, income diversification, access to credit services, and water harvesting to transform and sustain the livelihood of food insecure and vulnerable farmers towards resilient status.

Evaluation of effects of wastewater on socio-economic activities of residents in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

The paper assessed the effects of wastewater on socio-economic activities of residents in Kano metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. High population, poor drainage channels and lack of central wastewater sewerage and functional treatment plants have necessitated indiscriminate discharge of wastewater into the environment. Using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table for determining sample size, a total of 384 population size was sampled and purposefully, systematically and randomly administered questionnaires in Likert Scale Format. Interviews were also conducted with stakeholders and community elders and direct filed observation for elucidation of the socioeconomic effects of wastewater. Results were presented in tables and charts and further expressed in strength of associations using Spearman rho statistics analysis. Findings show that 89.75% of respondents are of the view that wastewater from households and commercial areas is let loose into the environment and affects land-use as well as domestic activities. It also shows that 88.5% reported that wastewater affects the means of livelihood of residents and 92.19% opined that economic cost of construction of drainage channels, embankment and sandbags while 92.5% strongly and agreed that wastewater affects the health of the residents and causes different kinds of diseases. The study further shows that wastewater has effect on businesses and recreations while making some places inaccesible and affectng their economic activities. The study therefore recommends public enlightenment, strong legislations and enforcement of principle of polluter pays, attitudinal change and population decongestion, centralized sewerages system should be implemented among others should strictly be adhered to harness to encourage socio-economic activities.

Стійкість економік ЄС та України в умовах російської агресії

The brutal and inexplicable military aggres­sion of Russia against Ukraine has caused the disruption of macroeconomic stability in our country. The war has led to immense human casualties and the loss of means of livelihood, placing a heavy burden on the economy and forcing millions of people to leave their homes. The longer the armed conflict is persisting, the more severe the consequences are becoming, not only for Ukraine but also for its partners, with the European Union being a key one. The functioning of the economy during wartime exacerbates the question of ensuring its resilience. The aim of this article is to identify macroeconomic shocks in the context of war, analyse the level of economic resilience in the EU and Ukraine, and justify directions for supporting the Ukrainian eco­nomy. General scientific methods were used, including theoretical generalization, comparative systemic analysis, systematization, statistical analysis, grouping, and scientific abstraction. In this research, the properties of economic resilience are described, specifically its capacity to avoid, withstand, and recover from the impact of shocks. Existing macroeconomic shocks of the war are identified, which have determined the trajectory of economic development for both Ukraine and the EU and influenced the level of resilience in their economies. Using approaches from the European Commission and the international company FM Global, the current level of economic resilience in the EU and Ukraine was determined. The war exhausts the resources of the national economy, making Ukraine incapable of independently and sufficiently mobilizing financial resources to counteract shock impacts. Conversely, the EU possesses significant resources, allowing it not only to maintain a sufficient level of economic resilience but also to assist Ukraine. Financial assistance from the EU remains a key source of ensuring the resilience of Ukraineʼs eco­nomy, enabling the implementation of measures to counter the current crisis and the shock impacts associated with it.

Shrinking labour geographies: Transport access for paid work in later ages

Background and objectivesIn developing countries, a substantial share of the older population is employed (WHO, 2007), which is anticipated to triple between 2020 and 2050, bolstered by the rise of bridge employment in later life. Bridge jobs are part-time, informal work arrangements that serve as a transitional phase between full-time employment and retirement. While transport access for older adults is a primary policy concern in the age-friendly cities framework, their experiences of encountering and negotiating labour geographies, particularly transport systems to access bridge employment, are understudied. Research design and methodsThis paper used a qualitative and interpretative approach to analyse how older adults engage in nonlinear work patterns and commute to workspaces. We use a combination of visual mapping, observations, and in-depth interviews with older adults in Bengaluru, an urban metropolis in southern India. ResultsOlder workers engage in regular mobility routines to access informal bridge jobs. Our results suggest that the precarity of their bridge jobs permeates into their mobilities. Class, gender, and spatialities create additional layers of barriers to their already constrained transport resources. Economically disadvantaged older individuals encountered shrinking labour geographies due to unaffordable public transportation and first-and-last-mile journeys. For reasons of safety, older women were forced to depend on shared and public transport options, which were often unreliable. Lastly, older workers residing in geographically marginalised areas find more difficulty in organising transport to bridge jobs. Discussion and implicationsBridge jobs in informal arrangements are important means of livelihood for older persons in countries like India. Apart from the already precarious working conditions, the weak systemic transport support induces strain on the working conditions of older workers. From the purview of labour geography, adding to the natural limits of ageing, induced limits such as ageism and precarity at workplaces and non-age-friendly transport infrastructure create situations of vulnerable employment among older adults in the cities of the Global South.

The Socio-Economic Impact of Displacement in Nigeria: A Reflection of the Internal Displace Persons (IDPs) Camp in Northern Nigeria

The study examine the growing wave of insecurity in the country and it advert effect on the citizens in the country as it displaced them from their homes which is affecting their means of livelihood. Displacement occurred in the form of violence, armed conflicts/banditry and violation of human rights. The study focus on the remote causes of the displacement with the purpose of proffering measures in curtailing the menace. The role played by government in handling the various causes of displacement and creating an avenue for their returning back to their place of habitation. This study remmends that government at all levels has to ensure peaceful co-existence of its citizen with a high level of patriotism, respects for belief, culture and tradition, fundamental human rights.