Independent Means Research Articles

A comparative study on stress, anxiety, and depression amongst medical and nursing students in a Nigerian private university.

This study compared the stress, anxiety and depression level reported by medical and nursing students in the first two years of their clinical training (i.e medical students in 4th and 5th year; Nursing students in the 3rd and 4th year). Descriptive research design was employed and the sample size of 102 was calculated by G power 3.1 using the difference between two independent means (two groups).
 A total of 51 medical and 51 nursing students studying at Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso were randomly recruited. Depression, Anxiety and Stress questionnaire (DASS 21) was adopted for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out. Medical students reported higher mild depression (78.5%) and mild anxiety (82.4%) but lower mild stress (64.7%) compared with Nursing students viz. mild depression (68.6%), mild anxiety (76.5%) and mild stress (72.5%). Students older than 20 years experienced more depression (t=-3.51, p=0.001), anxiety (t=-3.625, p=0.000) and were more stressed (t=-7.86, p=0.000) compared to those less than 20 years. Also male students are more anxious (t=2.01, p=0.04) and more stressed (t=2.26, p=0.03) compared with female students. Students who had never repeat a course were more depressed (t=2.30, p=0.000), more anxious (t=-5.320, p= 0.000) and more stressed (t=4.904, p=0.000) than those who had repeated a course. Though not significant, medical students are more anxious and depressed than nursing students and nursing students are more stressed than medical students. Age and gender of the students affected the level of stress, depression and anxiety. Therefore, medical and nursing students should be taught on coping strategies to sustain their mental health.

Improving the Academic Performance and Attitude towards Mathematics Using Jig Saw Strategy in Remote Learning

This study aimed to find out the effectiveness of Jigsaw strategy on Students’ Attitude towards Mathematics. The Quasi Pretest- posttest design was used. The main research instruments used in the study were the Attitude Scale Inventory and a 75- item multiple choice having a reliability coefficient of 0.82. Data were statistically analyzed using mean, standard deviation and the t-test for independent means.
 Results revealed that a). There is an improvement in the attitude scores of the participants as manifested in the mean difference of 0.116 (posttest and pretest scores). Students became more homogeneous in their posttest as revealed in the standard deviation value; b). There is a significant difference between the attitude mean scores of the participants’ posttest and pretest; c). There is an improvement in the academic performance of the participants as revealed in the mean difference of 4.08. Also students became more homogeneous in their posttest as shown in the computed standard deviation; d). There is a significant difference between the academic performance of the participants’ posttest and pretest.
 From the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: Jigsaw strategy improves students attitude towards mathematics during remote learning; and Jigsaw strategy enhanced students’ academic achievement during remote learning classes in Mathematics.

The Dangers and Pleasures of Moviegoing: Black Girls in Harlem’s Movie Theaters before World War II

In the early twentieth century, Black families, journalists, and reformers positioned movie theaters as dangerous places with potential for crime and immorality. This article takes a look into the physical space of Harlem theaters to assess these fears, investigating the semiprivate public atmosphere of the movies and the various activities other than moviegoing that took place within them. It also considers the unique ways in which Black girls and women engaged in moviegoing in New York, often ignoring the concerns of families and caretakers about theaters, to embrace a means for pleasure and independence as they navigated the urban landscape.

Optimization landscape in the simplest constrained random least-square problem

We analyze statistical features of the ‘optimization landscape’ in a random version of one of the simplest constrained optimization problems of the least-square type: finding the best approximation for the solution of a system of M linear equations in N unknowns: ( a k , x ) = b k , k = 1, …, M on the N-sphere x 2 = N. We treat both the N-component vectors a k and parameters b k as independent mean zero real Gaussian random variables. First, we derive the exact expressions for the mean number of stationary points of the least-square loss function in the overcomplete case M > N in the framework of the Kac-Rice approach combined with the random matrix theory for Wishart ensemble. Then we perform its asymptotic analysis as N → ∞ at a fixed α = M/N > 1 in various regimes. In particular, this analysis allows to extract the large deviation function for the density of the smallest Lagrange multiplier λ min associated with the problem, and in this way to find its most probable value. This can be further used to predict the asymptotic mean minimal value of the loss function as N → ∞. Finally, we develop an alternative approach based on the replica trick to conjecture the form of the large deviation function for the density of at N ≫ 1 and any fixed ratio α = M/N > 0. As a by-product, we find the compatibility threshold α c < 1 which is the value of α beyond which a large random linear system on the N-sphere becomes typically incompatible.

Leonard Rockshelter Revisited: Evaluating a 70-Year-Old Claim of a Late Pleistocene Human Occupation in the Western Great Basin

Robert Heizer excavated Leonard Rockshelter (26Pe14) in western Nevada more than 70 years ago. He described stratified cultural deposits spanning the Holocene. He also reported obsidian flakes purportedly associated with late Pleistocene sediments, suggesting that human use extended even farther back in time. Because Heizer never produced a final report, Leonard Rockshelter faded into obscurity despite the possibility that it might contain a Clovis Era or older occupation. That possibility prompted our team of researchers from the University of Nevada, Reno and Desert Research Institute to return to the site in 2018 and 2019. We relocated the excavation block from which Heizer both recovered the flakes and obtained a late Pleistocene date on nearby sediments. We minimally excavated undisturbed deposits to rerecord and redate the strata. As an independent means of evaluating Heizer's findings, we also directly dated 12 organic artifacts housed at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Our work demonstrates that people did not visit Leonard Rockshelter during the late Pleistocene. Rather, they first visited the site immediately following the Younger Dryas (12,900–11,700 cal BP) and sporadically used the shelter, mostly to store gear, throughout the Holocene.

A qualitative study of sexual violence and attribution of responsibility in Georgian youth

Background: Sexual violence is a complex and pressing social issue that needs urgent solutions. Republic of Georgia is one of those countries where despite some advancements in law and practice, patriarchal beliefs and behaviour patterns still prevail in a daily life. So far, there has not been undertaken an in-depth study on how Georgians and particularly youth, define sexual violence and what are the justifications behind these views. The aim of the research is to understand how Georgian students understand sexual violence, who they think are responsible for sexual violence and what are the underlying reasons behind those views. Method: In total, 37 in-depth interviews have been conducted with Georgian students, from September of 2019 to March of 2021. The study participants were recruited from different universities, including the two biggest cities of Georgia - Tbilisi and Batumi. Results: The research revealed that understanding of sexual violence is far more complex than it was expected. Georgian students define sexual violence as a broad category where sexual harassment and sexual coercion have overlapping and at the same time independent meaning. Interpretation and attribution of responsibility in all three categories are dependent on situations and context that contain not only physical violence but also inappropriate touch, insistent gaze, comments about body parts, sexist insults and discrimination, messages of sexual content, psychological pressure and blackmailing. Attribution of responsibility was equally dependent on personal judgements as well as culturally determined stereotypes. Conclusion: Sexual violence is not a new phenomenon in Georgia, but its consideration as a social problem is. The research demonstrated that understanding and judgment on sexual violence, sexual harassment and sexual coercion is nuanced issue and still needs clear categories of definitions.

“Apakah kami anak-anak yang memberontak?” Studi fenomenologi makna kemandirian bagi remaja generasi Z

Generation Z adolescents as a group of individuals who know internet technology from an early age have a different autonomy from the previous generations. The autonomy experienced by generation Z adolescents is followed by behavior that is difficult to understand and sometimes misinterpreted as rebellion, for example disagreeing with their parents and doing things without the help of their parents anymore. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to analyze the meaning of autonomy for generation Z adolescents. This study uses a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and then analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) technique on four adolescents (19-21 years). Based on the results of the analysis obtained the meaning of independence for generation Z adolescents, namely: (1) efforts to reduce intervention / assistance from parents; (2) differing views with parents; (3) accept the opportunity of parents to make decisions; and (4) the initiative to build work experience.

Effect of Educational Games on the Level of Motivation in Science of Grade IV Students in Angel Villarica Central School

The concern of this study is to determine The Effect of Educational Games on the Level of Motivation of Grade 4 Students in Angel Villarica Central Elementary School. A quantitative research design employing an experimental method was used in the study. The essential data were gathered from a total number of seventy-three (73) respondents, 36 students from the control group and 37 students from the experimental group, with the aid of a questionnaire validated by a panel of experts. The statistical tools used in this study were Average Weighted Mean and t-test for Independent Sample Means. The study proved that there was no significant difference between the mean gain scores of the experimental and control groups. It means that the use of educational games has no significant effect on the level of motivation in science. However, educational games can be considered as an alternative method in delivering the Science lesson. It was being recommended in the study to conduct a similar study in the future to confirm that educational games have no effect on the level of motivation and involve a wider scope in the conduct of the study

The right to secrecy of telephone conversations in the information society (private law aspects)

The article examines the issues of civil law protection of the secrecy of telephone conversations. It was found that at the level of civil law, as well as legislation governing relations in the field of electronic communications, the right to secrecy of telephone conversations is insufficiently protected. In the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the right to secrecy of telephone conversations is erroneously considered as an integral part of the right to secrecy of correspondence and is not mentioned as an independent civil right. The norms of special legislation do not directly enshrine the right to secrecy of telephone conversations; in some cases, the protection of this right is brought to the secondary level, which reduces the level of guarantees of this right. An important deviation of the legislator from the idea of constitutional and legal protection of the right to secrecy of telephone conversations is revealed. Which is manifested in the fact that in special legislation (both at the level of laws and at the level of bylaws) this constitutional right is not related to secrecy and is protected by the protection of confidential information about the subscriber and the services he received or ordered. It is proved that the current civil legislation needs to be improved with the direct consolidation of the right to secrecy of telephone conversations as an independent civil right and appropriate means of its protection. It is proposed to define the content of a person's subjective civil right to secrecy of telephone conversations as a set of powers: the right to keep the content of telephone conversations secret: the right to maintain secrecy regarding other information about the subscriber and his telephone conversations; the right to demand that the necessary measures be taken to ensure the secrecy of telephone conversations; the right to claim the passive conduct of third parties for not violating the secrecy of telephone conversations; the right to protection of the violated secrecy of telephone conversations.

Attentive Hierarchical ANFIS with interpretability for cancer diagnostic

Prediction of clinical outcomes using the patient’s medical data enhances clinical decision making and improves prognostic accuracy. Deep learning (DL) for medical decision support systems has particularly shown expert-level accuracy in predicting clinical outcomes. However, most of these machine learning and Artificial Intelligent (AI) models lack interpretability which causes major trust-related problems in healthcare. This necessitates the need for interpretable AI systems that can explain their decisions. This paper is designed to address the problem of how clinical decision support systems can be designed to be transparent, interpretable and therefore comprehensible for humans. In this view, this paper proposes an attentive hierarchical adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (AH-ANFIS), that combines fuzzy inference in a hierarchical architecture with attention for selecting the important rules. The proposed model benefits from the rule-based structure of ANFIS that enables the user to interpret the abstractions of hidden layers. The hierarchical structure in fuzzy modeling helps to overcome the rule explosion problem that arises with large medical data and improve interpretability. To ensure the improvement of interpretability with hierarchical architecture, an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is used to decompose the input space into an optimal permutation of input subsets which results in subsystems with independent meaning. The attention-based rule selector identifies the most activated rule to select important patient-specific features for predicting the clinical outcome. To verify the performance of the proposed AH-ANFIS and analyze the important features for classification, we perform experiments with two cancer diagnostic datasets. By pruning fuzzy if-then rules using recursive rule elimination (RRE), the complexity of the model is largely reduced while maintaining the performance of the system making it more interpretable.

Situation Analysis of Digital Literacy of Public-School Teachers in Punjab

The current study aimed at investigating the situation of digital literacy of public school teachers in Punjab. A self-prepared questionnaire was developed to examine the digital literacy of teachers in Punjab. The study focused on situation analysis of digital literacy of teachers that is helpful; to improving digital skills of teachers and analyzing the importance of digitalization and it's raising perspectives during COVID-19. The research study was carried out in 36 districts of Punjab, with 1000 teachers from the school education department participating as respondents. This was quantitative research. The results were analyzed using SPSS by independent sample t-test, ANOVA test, frequencies, percentage, means,and standard deviation. The opinion of respondents shows significant results regarding the importance of digital literacy for teachers and its rising perspectives. Through this situation analysis, the outcomes have also indicated that teachers should have good digital abilities, as the present situation of COVID-19 has changed the whole scenario of the world and digitalized education. So, it is a dire need to polish teachers' digital literacy skills in order to get effective outcomes in the realm of education.

Estimation of the leaf area index from Sentinel images in Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill plantations

Eucalyptus grandis plantations are of great importance, from a social point of view due to their great commercial value, and from an ecological point of view because they are capable of harboring a certain biodiversity of species. The leaf area index (LAI) is an important indicator to measure the health of these plantations related to productivity. The objective of this research is to estimate the LAI from Sentinel images in Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Sentinel satellite images were used to estimate the LAI in the plantations, later the statistical analyzes were carried out by means of a comparison of independent means. Values ​​were obtained as the mean that was 2.0 of the leaf area index in the plantations, these results were very similar to those obtained in other investigations carried out in the field. Therefore, it is recommended to use this methodology in other types of plantations, since it can be used to be applied in other equations to calculate the potential yield of crops.

High Value Care Cost conscious: practicing habits and awareness among the doctors during clerkship

Aim: To evaluate the high value care cost conscious awareness among post administrative staff and doctors clinical. Study design: Cross sectional Survey. Place and duration of study: Shahida Islam Medical and Dental College and Hospital. From Jan 2021 to Dec 2021 Methodology: 50 doctors were recruited for conducting the proposed study and asked them to fill the questionnaire i.e., Maastricht HVCC Attitude Questionnaire (MHAQ) which was divided into three subscales such as high-value care, cost incorporation and perceived drawbacks. Moreover, job demands, and resources related questions were asked to resident respondents followed by the assessment of other stakeholders’ HVCCC attitudes. Data was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Following results have been noted during the research: HVCCC attitudes of faculty and administrators have been more positive than residents (p ≤ 0.05) whereas patients showed less positive behavior (p ≤ 0.05) than residents. Moreover, residents’ understanding for the HVCCC attitudes of faculty and patients was underestimated (p &lt; 0.001) and overestimated (p &lt; 0.001) respectively. It was observed that the increasing age was directly proportional to the positive attitudes towards HVCCC in both residents and faculty (p ≤ 0.05). While in patients’ lesser positive attitudes towards HVCCC was significantly associated (p &lt; 0.001) with lower perceived health quality. Direct relationship of the autonomy of residents perceived with their attitudes towards the HVCCC was also observed i.e., more independence means more positive attitudes. Conclusions: Attitudes towards HVCCC of the residents during course of residency vary due to their behavior and learning environment. Residents might misinterpret the faculty’s attitudes and patients attitudes as well. Faculty and administrators must be more supportive towards residents to enhance their capabilities through their experiences and knowledge of HVCCC and by giving them freedom in clinical practice. Keywords: HVCCC, residents, cost conscious care, clinical learning environment

Abuse of law as a form of opposition to the implementation of the law in the context of modern scientific discourse and law enforcement practice

The subject of the article is the abuse of law as a phenomenon of legal reality, its definition, the patterns of its arising and developing in legal relations, the consequences of abuse of law established in the prescribed manner.The purpose of the research is to confirm or refute the theoretical hypothesis about the nature, as well as of the role and the functional load of abuse of law, to obtain the conformation of the theoretical judgment of praxeological nature and the conclusions.Methodology. In achieving the purpose and the corresponding research tasks the dialectical method's instruments were used, which made it possible to establish the relationships between the formally expressed normative uncertainties and the difficulties of their practical implementation, to find structural and functional conclusions in legal behavior and its consequences. The opportunities provided by comparative legal, formal legal, historical and legal methods of the cognition were widely used.The main results and the scope. The analysis of the given problems showed that despite of the prevalence in relations regulated by various law branches and the frequent reference to it among scholars, it was not possible to develop the unanimous approach to understanding of the abuse of law. This is partly due to the two main factors: (a) the uncertainty and evaluativeness of this phenomenon; (b) the desire to develop a unique interpretation of the right's abuse by an individual researcher.Thus, the unique and extraordinary options of understanding of abuse of law have been developed. Often they do not correspond to the practice of its application and not fit the legal science system's categories and its knowledge. The current situation leads to the confusion in the research and ideas blurring of established legal constructions. In addition, theoretical knowledge that has no outlet to practice loses their importance and does not contribute the simplification of practical activities to implementing the law. The main conclusions of the research are expressed in the provisions that the abuse of law plays the role of legal fact, associated with the onset of harmful consequences or the threat of their occurrence. It demonstrates the desire of the abuser to obtain benefits of different nature by leveling legal requirements, in their complex misconduct. The abuse of law either acts as a way of committing an offense and constitutes the objective side of the act, or has an independent meaning, causes the application of legal responsibility, if it acts as a method of committing an offense, and measures of legal protection, if it has an independent meaning, the legal structure of law abuse does not include a duty and looks like this: subjective law – the exercise of subjective right – the limits of the exercise of subjective right – illegal act – the onset of harmful consequences or the threat of their occurrence – measures of responsibility or protection measures.

The principle of VAT neutrality: content and relationship with tax legislation

The subject. The principle of VAT neutrality is actual for Russia as VAT is one of the taxes levied in Russia. The principle of VAT neutrality has been upheld by the Russian Supreme Court. Therefore, the subject of the research is the definition of this principle as well as the problems of its relationship with the Russian tax law.Purpose of the study. The article considers the principle of value added tax neutrality as an independent principle of tax law, analyzes its content and regulatory role as independent means of legal regulation. Dealing with foreign doctrine regarding to the referred principle, the article shows the problems of its implementation in Russia and includes suggestions re its harmonization with the Russian tax legislation.Methodology. The author uses the formally legal interpretation of the legal provisions, comparative analysis of Russian and European literature as regards the nature and neutrality principle of VAT as well as the systemic analysis.The main results. The author has formulated the definition of the principle of VAT neutrality and determined the elements of the referred principle. Each element of the principle has been described. The author divided the content of the referred principle on property, legal, economic and competitive elements. However, all these elements should be considered systemically as VAT is supposed to be neutral for businesses in terms of each sphere of their business activity. The author concluded that VAT is the tax on consumption and the burden of this tax should be transferred on final consumers. Taxable persons are only public agents to collect VAT after taxable transactions with final consumers. Therefore, there should be no obstacles as regards the right to deduct input VAT as well as any rules distinguishing the tax burden for similar taxable transactions. Also, due to the deduction mechanism the burden of VAT in the same price of goods (services, work) should be equal and does not depend on the quantity of transactions to be previous to the sale to any final consumer. As regards the Russian tax legislation, the author identified the rules infringing the principle of VAT neutrality. Thus, the author has concluded that the Russian tax rules establishing strict documentary requirements to the right to deduct input VAT and limiting this right for foreign businesses contradict the principle of VAT neutrality. Also, the rules of the Russian Tax Code which stipulate the exemptions for the transactions between taxable persons and the different tax rates for the similar transactions as well as exclude the persons of the special tax schemes from VAT regime are not in line with referred principle.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the author has formulated the suggestions regarding to the amendments to the tax legislation in order to correct the revealed mismatches between the provisions of the chapter 21 of the Russian Tax Code and the principle of VAT neutrality. It is proposed to reduce the requirements to the right to deduct as well as exclude the current limitation of this right for foreign businesses, the different tax rates for the similar transactions and the exemptions for the transactions between taxable persons. In addition, the author has suggested to entitle the persons of the special tax schemes to refuse their excluding from VAT regime.

Interval estimation for the difference of two correlated gamma means: a generalized inference method and hybrid methods

Gamma distribution plays an important role in applied fields due to its flexibility of accommodating right-skewed data. Although inference methods for single gamma mean and for difference of two independent gamma means have been well studied, inference methods for difference of two correlated gamma means are sparse. This paper considers the problem of interval estimation for the difference of two correlated gamma means. We propose several inference methods including a method based on the concepts of generalized inference and two hybrid methods based on the method of variance estimates recovery. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to assess the performance of the proposed methods in terms of coverage probabilities and average lengths of the estimated intervals. Two real data examples from medical and engineering studies are analyzed using the proposed methods.

696 UNDERSTANDING INDEPENDENCE—OLDER PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVES

Abstract Introduction Independence is an important personal goal for many older people. Achieving this goal in practice requires a shared-understanding of independence between older people and those supporting them, but a consensus of understanding remains elusive. This study aims to provide a basis for a person-centred understanding of independence by identifying which factors are important to the meaning, and experience, of independence for older people. Method In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the understandings of community-dwelling older people. Participants were purposively sampled from the Community Ageing Research 75+ cohort study. Analysis was guided by the Framework approach. Themes were identified through deductive and inductive exploration of the transcripts. Results Fourteen older people were interviewed ranging from 76–98 years old, six were male. Five themes were identified. The first three themes: participation, autonomy and control, underpinned participants’ understandings of independence. Engaging in meaningful activities, making decisions, and having control over help received were fundamental to participants’ understandings of independence. These three themes provided the common building blocks for unique configurations of independence. The importance of psychological qualities to the facilitation of independence, as they enabled participants to navigate environmental and social set-backs, presented a fourth theme, ‘Mind over Matter’. The final theme, ‘Participation reinforces psychological qualities’ represented the virtuous circle through which participation in meaningful activities reinforced the psychological attributes necessary to maintain independence. Conclusion Meanings of independence are as diverse as the people who develop them, whatever the age group. For the older participants of this study, despite differences, the meaning and facilitation of independence comprised several common themes. Achieving independence was a case of ‘Mind over Matter’ requiring personal effort, irrespective of environmental supports. Participation in meaningful activities was both a goal of independence and a means to reinforce the psychological qualities and energy needed to maintain it.

PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM MEMBENTUK SIKAP MANDIRI ANAK USIA DINI PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The formation of independence is a process of inculcating a personality for a better future better especially the generation that is in its golden age. Independence means as a character that can make early childhood able to stand alone, not dependent others, especially parents. Parents, especially mothers, have an important role in the process formation of children's independence. This type of research is analyzed using research methods qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. As for The purpose of this study is to find out how big the role of working mothers is in shaping independent attitude of early childhood, parenting and supporting and inhibiting factors. From the results of the study, it was found that the role of working mothers in forming children's independent attitudes, namely: as a motivator, role as supervisor, role as educator &amp; mentor, role as a role model. As for the most appropriate parenting pattern applied by parents in form a child's independent attitude that is democratic parenting. While the factors that become supporters of the formation of independence, namely: the environment, a sense of love and affection, as well as patterns of foster. inhibiting factors, namely: the child's mood, inappropriate parenting, peers or playmates, time and opportunity.

ANALISIS KOMPARASI KINERJA SAHAM YANG TERDAFTAR DI JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEKS SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID 19

This research aims to test and empirically analyze industrial performance as reflected in the performance of stocks listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index using the risk adjusted return ratio, Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen alpha.Analysis for hypothesis testing using purposive sampling method. The population in this research is all sharia indexes listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) in Indonesia. The period of research information that is the object of this research is the weekly return index from April 2019 to December 2020, totaling 44 information, the information is differentiated between the time before and during the Covid 19 pandemic. Hypothesis testing uses two different tests of independent sample means use Risk adjusted return, Sharpe, treynor and Jensen alpha. The results showed that the ratio of risk adjusted return, Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen alpha, there was no significant difference in performance between before and during the Covid 19 pandemic.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, can an anatomic femoral tunnel be achieved with the trans-tibial technique? Cadaveric study

PurposeTo evaluate the possibility to access the anatomic femoral insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) through trans-tibial (TT) and trans-portal technique, for ACL reconstruction in an independent way. To register anatomical characteristics of the TT tunnels.MethodsTen formaldehyde preserved knee anatomic articular specimens were dissected. Femoral tunnels were confectioned reproducing the original topography of the ACL. First, the femoral tunnel was made with the independent trans-portal technique. Then, utilizing the tibial stump of the ACL and tibial guides at 45°, the TT tunnels were confectioned trying to match the previously made femoral tunnel by trans-portal technique.ResultsIn all specimens, match between the TT tunnel with the independent trans-portal tunnel was achieved. Mean values for TT coronal angle was 53,0°, for transversal angle 43,3° and for distance from tunnel to joint line 2,55 cm. A horizontalization and medialization of the TT tunnels had to be made to adequately match with the femoral tunnel made by the independent trans-portal technique.ConclusionsBy macroscopic anatomic and independent means, an anatomic femoral tunnel was confectioned with the TT technique matching with the anatomic femoral tunnel made in an independent way. As clinical relevance, the present study allows to anatomically assess the possibility to perform an anatomic femoral tunnel through the TT technique.Level of evidenceV