Meaningful Values Research Articles

Assessing the robustness of muscle strength and physical performance measures in women older than 40 years: a test-retest reliability study.

This study investigated the test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of muscle strength and physical performance tests in women older than 40 years. A total of 113 women, aged 58 ± 11 years (82% postmenopausal women), with a body mass index of 28.5 ± 5.8 kg/m 2 , participated in this study. One-repetition maximum (1RM) tests were conducted for seven strength exercises: 45° leg press, bench press, leg extension, pec deck, wide-grip lateral pull-down, leg curl, and seated cable row, with a retest after 48 hours. Timed Up and Go (TUG), 6-minute walk, and 30-second sit-to-stand tests were performed on the same day and retested after 72 hours. The tests and retests were administered by the same evaluators. Relative reliability (consistency of participant rank between test-retest) was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient for consistency and agreement, and absolute reliability (precision of score) was assessed using the MDC based on the standard error of prediction. The 1RM and performance tests exhibited excellent reliability: 45° leg press (consistency, 0.99; agreement, 0.98), bench press (consistency, 0.96; agreement, 0.96), leg extension (consistency, 0.93; agreement, 0.91), pec deck (consistency, 0.90; agreement, 0.88), wide-grip lateral pull-down (consistency, 0.91; agreement, 0.89), leg curl (consistency, 0.84; agreement, 0.83), seated cable row (consistency, 0.92; agreement, 0.94), TUG (consistency, 0.87; agreement, 0.87), 6-minute walk (consistency, 0.96; agreement, 0.95), and 30-second sit to stand (consistency, 0.85; agreement, 0.80). These tests showed meaningful MDC values, particularly for the 1RM test performed on the machine and the 30-second sit-to-stand test: 45° leg press, 22.2 kg (15%); bench press, 4.9 kg (19%); leg extension, 9.2 kg (35%); pec deck, 8.8 kg (44%); wide-grip lateral pull-down, 9.4 kg (31%); leg curl, 9.2 kg (51%); seated cable row, 11.4 kg (29%); TUG, 1.4 seconds (20%); 6-minute walk, 50.9 m (10%); and 30-second sit to stand, 4.6 reps (30%). Although the muscle strength and physical performance tests demonstrate excellent relative reliability in women older than 40 years, they exhibit low absolute reliability, particularly the 1RM test performed on the machine and the 30-second sit-to-stand test. Therefore, although these tests show good consistency in the positioning of women within the group after repeated measures, their precision measure is relatively low (high fluctuation). Changes in these tests that are smaller than the MDC may not indicate real changes in women at middle age and older.

Applicability of the ATP assay in monitoring the cleanliness of hospital environments

BackgroundThe adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay is widely used for simple and rapid evaluation of the cleanliness of environmental surfaces. However, there remain concerns regarding the reliability of the ATP assay in hospital settings. This study aimed to assess whether the ATP assay could detect inadequate cleaning within hospital environments as well as monitor the effectiveness of routine cleaning. MethodsThe cleanliness of seven types of high-touch surfaces in operating rooms that were routinely cleaned was evaluated by testing the ATP assay and aerobic colony counts (ACC). For pressure redistribution mattresses (Soft-nurse®) that were found to be particularly at risk of infection, cleaning methods were improved, and the effectiveness of these improvements was monitored using the same two methods. ResultsThe ATP assay quantitatively detected contamination on seven high-touch surfaces but showed no correlation with ACC. However, a significant positive correlation between luminescence and ACC was found on one specific surface, allowing for determining a theoretical cutoff value. Additionally, the ATP assay effectively identified the risk of future infection, which the ACC test could not assess. ConclusionsThe ATP assay can monitor the effectiveness of routine cleaning by setting a theoretical cutoff value for each subject. The method provides quantitative and meaningful values when used with an understanding of its limitations.

Art and Philosophy: Harmony of Giring-Giring Dance, Manganjan Dance, Tambun Bungai Dance of Kalimantan Tengah

The possibility of tradition collaborating with dance, music and performance art is an amazing art. However, it becomes problematic if the space to perform one of the parts of tradition, namely dance as an art or work in certain regions or localities, is still minimal. Either from the history of dances from certain regions, for example Central Kalimantan, especially the Ma'anyan Dayak community, or the method of usage or meaningful values in the form of ribut rukun, togetherness, care and exploration space. This research method uses a literature review that examines the results of previous studies as secondary sources, online media, and accompanying photos of dances originating from Central Kalimantan. The findings show that the Dayak Giring-Giring dance, Manganjan Dance and Tambun Bungai Dance have a variety of cultural richness, the meaning of friendship, as well as a rich history that must get space from generation to generation to the global community as a cultured, dignified, valuable and communal dance.

Sustainable Reflexivities on Perennial Philosophy and Christian Education Management

The background of this research is the authors' anxiety in the midst of accelerating times in the education space as if to announce that the old educational values are outdated and irrelevant values. This thoughts are more to the prioritization of constructive philosophy, or something that is deconstructed. Meanwhile, the context of education cannot be universalized into one even though the regulations in education in a country cover the whole. Old values are meaningful and timeless values that are timeless. This kind of thinking is a thought that departs from the philosophy of perennialism. This is qualitative research with data search through data sourced from journals as previous research as a secondary source. Results show that the philosophy of perennialism here serves as an analytical and differentiating tool to look back at the philosophy of constructionism as a criticism as well as a realization for the world of education in the form of the importance of maintaining existing or embedded values so far.

Physical Equations Relating Extract and Relative Density

Equations for converting between relative density and percent by mass extract based upon physically meaningful values (rather than fitted parameters) are derived from physical principles. An exact equation and two approximate formulas using one and two physically meaningful parameters respectively are given based on the partial specific volumes of sucrose and water in solution, which are calculated for sucrose concentrations varying between 0 and 20% by mass fraction. The predictions of these equations are compared to the American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) tables and the accuracy of the predicted values is analyzed. The root mean squared error over the entire range of the ASBC tables of the approximate formula with two parameters is less than 0.016°P and that of the formula using only one parameter is less than 0.023°P. The approximate formula with one parameter provides a simple and easily remembered, but nevertheless highly exact means for any brewer to calculate extract without specialized analytical devices.

Influence of the Impact of Education in View of Economic Development Planning and Investment on the Contribution of Islamic Education Institutions

Islamic educational institutions have become a forum for developing meaningful educational values at present and in the future, following society and advances in science and technology. Muslim educational institutions engage in various aspects of life, such as economics, investment, and academic planning. To help improve education quality, education managers must continually enrich their knowledge and skills relevant to their work. Education growth will affect the economic development of a nation and vice versa; economic growth will affect education. Investment in education will significantly encourage sustainable economic development, which also requires organized planning to build solid Islamic educational institutions to produce competitive outputs.

Representation and Visualization Processes for a Sustainable Approach to Landscape/Heritage

This paper intends to focus on the modes and forms of representation for a novel and sustainable approach to landscape/heritage, to those “tangible and intangible landscapes”, which are also called “emerging landscapes of heritage”. The long tradition of landscape description is grounded in visibility/objectivity terms as well as on nature/history. Nowadays, a sustainable approach to landscape/heritage should also carefully describe the participatory processes in recognizing, enhancing, and sharing meaningful values for a community. Starting with the Icomos recommendations about heritage modes of representation, this paper extends the research question to landscape/heritage where there are required methodologies that take into consideration both visible and objective aspects for depicting the interactions of people and territory, and its “becoming”. This contribution will therefore outline the main forms adopted today for the visualization and communication of the landscape that can monitor human and physical processes in progress and that, while being in continuity with the idea of landscape rooted in the West on the intangible aspect of “visibility”, they also need to be increasingly performative in describing the territorial and tangible complexity of dynamics and phenomena on a large scale.

Middle childhood development in personal values.

We aimed to investigate value change and stability longitudinally in middle childhood. Values are the aspect of personality defining one's aspirations. Research identifies meaningful values in middle childhood, yet we know little about the process of their development within individual. Children (N = 298; 53.7% girls, Mage = 7 years and 3 months, SD = 7.70 months, at the first time point) four times, annually. Rank-order stability increased with age and decreased with time-span. We found value hierarchy consistency, with value hierarchy similar to adolescents in the priority given to openness to change versus conservation values, and to adults in the priority given to self-transcendence values. Latent growth curve analyses indicated linear increase in openness to change, and curvilinear increase in self-transcendence values, and linear decrease in conservation and self-enhancement values, with some differences across ages. Value structure was better differentiated with age. Compatible values changed in similar, and conflicting values in opposite directions. This paper suggests that in middle childhood, children can already report stable values. Moreover, middle childhood is characterized by coherent change patterns, of increase in the importance of growth, and decrease in the focus on conflicting protection values.

A study of a spatiotemporal delayed predator–prey model with prey harvesting: Constant and periodic diffusion

This study investigates the emergence of Turing patterns in a predator–prey system with time delay at variable carrying capacity and prey harvesting in the presence of cross-diffusion. The impact of time delay and periodic diffusion on the stability of the equilibrium point and corresponding Turing pattern is primarily explored. Theoretical implications of Turing instability conditions caused by time delay and periodic diffusion are examined, followed by numerical simulations for ecologically meaningful control parameter values. The effects of carrying capacity specification parameters, time delay, and prey-harvesting effort on the emerging pattern are reported. Cross-diffusion results in a wide range of spatiotemporal pattern creation, including spot and stripe patterns, as well as both coexist under the zero flux border condition in unharvested or harvested dynamics. Furthermore, an intertwined pattern emerges under certain parameters, including time delay. The final comparison highlights the significant roles played by periodic diffusion, time delay, and harvesting effort in the evolution of the Turing pattern.

Technology-Based Intervention for Building Healthy Campus: Health Promoting Lifestyle in the Universities

In the last few decades, "Health Promoting Universities" have become attractive and have their place in various education sectors, especially universities. Therefore, higher education institutions must be concerned about promoting health for their academic community. A health promotion-based approach has the potential to enhance a university's contribution to improving health and to deliver meaningful values to populations by protecting the health and enhancing the well-being of students, staff, and the broader community through university policies; enhancing health promotion through teaching and research; developing health promotion by doing community service. This study aims to promote a healthy lifestyle by conducting a cross-sectional study to assess the relationship between the learner use of technology with health-related behavior and physical activity of the community at the University, which consists of students, lecturers, and education staff with technology-based interventions for building healthy campus: health-promoting lifestyle in the universities. The data analysis shows a significant correlation between the use of digital and information technology and health-related behavior (In addition, the data also shows a significant correlation between the use of digital and information technology and physical activity. This study concludes that using digital and information technology as a medium for interventions for building a healthy campus has a high correlation with health-related behavior and physical activity. Thus, technology-based intervention for building a healthy campus will improve university health-promoting lifestyles.

Algorithms for Efficiently Computing Structural Anonymity in Complex Networks

This article proposes methods for efficiently computing the anonymity of entities in networks. We do so by partitioning nodes into equivalence classes where a node is k -anonymous if it is equivalent to k -1 other nodes. This assessment of anonymity is crucial when one wants to share data and must ensure the anonymity of entities represented is compliant with privacy laws. Additionally, in such an assessment, it is necessary to account for a realistic amount of information in the hands of a possible attacker that attempts to de-anonymize entities in the network. However, measures introduced in earlier work often assume a fixed amount of attacker knowledge. Therefore, in this work, we use a new parameterized measure for anonymity called d - k -anonymity. This measure can be used to model the scenario where an attacker has perfect knowledge of a node’s surroundings up to a given distance d . This poses nontrivial computational challenges, as naive approaches would employ large numbers of possibly computationally expensive graph isomorphism checks. This article proposes novel algorithms that severely reduce this computational burden. In particular, we present an iterative approach, assisted by techniques for preprocessing nodes that are trivially automorphic and heuristics that exploit graph invariants. We evaluate our algorithms on three well-known graph models and a wide range of empirical network datasets. Results show that our approaches significantly speed up the computation by multiple orders of magnitude, which allows one to compute d - k -anonymity for a range of meaningful values of d on large empirical networks with tens of thousands of nodes and over a million edges.

‘I might have cried in the changing room, but I still went to work’. Maternity staff balancing roles, responsibilities, and emotions of work and home during COVID-19: An appreciative inquiry

ProblemKnowing how to help staff thrive and remain in practice in maternity services. BackgroundA chronic shortage of staff in maternity services in the United Kingdom and high levels of stress and burnout in midwifery and medical staff. PurposeTo understand how to support and enhance the wellbeing of staff in a small UK maternity service. MethodsAn appreciative inquiry using interviews with n = 39 maternity staff and n = 4 group discussions exploring meaningful experiences, values and factors that helped their wellbeing. ResultsStaff members were highly motivated, managing a complex melee of emotions and responsibilities including challenges to professional confidence, mental health, family situation, and conflict between work-life roles. Despite staff shortages, a demanding workload, professional and personal turmoil, and the pandemic participants still found meaning in their work and relationships. DiscussionA ‘whole person’ approach provided insight into the multiple stressors and emotional demands staff faced. It also revealed staff resourcefulness in managing their professional and personal roles. They invested in relationships with women but were also aware of their limits - the need to be self-caring, employ strategies to switch-off, set boundaries or keep a protective distance. ConclusionStaff wellbeing initiatives, and research into wellbeing, would benefit from adopting a holistic approach that incorporates home and family with work. Research on emotion regulation strategies could provide insights into managing roles, responsibilities, and the emotional demands of working in maternity services. Emotion regulation strategies could be included in midwifery and obstetric training.

Intraprocedural assessment of ablation margins using computed tomography co-registration in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment with percutaneous ablation: IAMCOMPLETE study

PurposeThe primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of ablation margin quantification using a standardized scanning protocol during thermal ablation (TA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and a rigid registration algorithm. Secondary objectives were to determine the inter- and intra-observer variability of tumor segmentation and quantification of the minimal ablation margin (MAM). Materials and methodsTwenty patients who underwent thermal ablation for HCC were included. There were thirteen men and seven women with a mean age of 67.1 ± 10.8 (standard deviation [SD]) years (age range: 49.1–81.1 years). All patients underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography examination under general anesthesia directly before and after TA, with preoxygenated breath hold. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography examinations were analyzed by radiologists using rigid registration software. Registration was deemed feasible when accurate rigid co-registration could be obtained. Inter- and intra-observer rates of tumor segmentation and MAM quantification were calculated. MAM values were correlated with local tumor progression (LTP) after one year of follow-up. ResultsCo-registration of pre- and post-ablation images was feasible in 16 out of 20 patients (80%) and 26 out of 31 tumors (84%). Mean Dice similarity coefficient for inter- and intra-observer variability of tumor segmentation were 0.815 and 0.830, respectively. Mean MAM was 0.63 ± 3.589 (SD) mm (range: -6.26–6.65 mm). LTP occurred in four out of 20 patients (20%). The mean MAM value for patients who developed LTP was -4.00 mm, as compared to 0.727 mm for patients who did not develop LTP. ConclusionAblation margin quantification is feasible using a standardized contrast-enhanced computed tomography protocol. Interpretation of MAM was hampered by the occurrence of tissue shrinkage during TA. Further validation in a larger cohort should lead to meaningful cut-off values for technical success of TA.

On Integral INICS Aromaticity of Pyridodiazepine Constitutional Isomers and Tautomers.

The structure, energetics, and aromaticity of c.a. 100 constitutional isomers and tautomers of pyrido[m,n]diazepines (m = 1, 2; n = 2, 3, 4, 5; m ≠ n) were studied at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level. The pyrido[1,3]diazepines appear the most, while pyrido[2,4]diazepines are the least stable (ca. 26 kcal/mol). In the pyrido[1,n]diazepine group (n = 2-5), the [1,5] isomers are higher in energy by ca. 4.5 kcal/mol and the [1,4] ones by ca. 7 kcal/mol, and the pyrido[1,2]diazepines are the least stable (ca. 20 kcal/mol). All the most stable pyrido[1,n]diazepines have N-atoms near the ring's junction bond but on opposite sites. The most stable [2,n]-forms are also those with the pyridine ring N6-atom near the junction bond. Surprisingly, for the [1,2]-, [1,3]-, and [1,4]-isomer condensation types of pyridine and diazepine rings, the same N9 > N7 > N6 > N8 stability pattern obeys. The stability remains similar in a water medium simulated with the Polarizable Continuum Model of the solvent and is conserved when calculated using the CAM-B3LYP or BHandHlyp functionals. The ring's aromaticity in the pyridine[m,n]diazepines was established based on the integral INICS index resulting from the NICSzz-scan curves' integration. The integral INICS index is physically justified through its relation to the ringcurrent as demonstrated by Berger, R.J.F., et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2022, 24, 624. The six-membered pyrido rings have negative INICSZZ indices and can be aromatic only if they are not protonated at the N-atom. All protonated pyrido and seven-membered rings exhibit meaningful positive INICSZZ values and can be assigned as antiaromatic. However, some non-protonated pyrido rings also have substantial positive INICSZZ indices and are antiaromatic. A weak linear correlation (R2 = 0.72) between the INICSZZ values of the pyridine I(6) and diazepine I(7) rings exists and is a consequence of the communication between the π-electron systems of the two rings. The juxtaposition of the INICS descriptor of the six- and seven-membered rings and diverse electron density parameters at the Ring Critical Points (RCP) revealed good correlations only with the Electrostatic Potentials from the electrons and nuclei (ESPe and ESPn). The relationships with other RCP parameters like electron density and its Laplacian, total energy, and the Hamiltonian form of kinetic energy density were split into two parts: one nearly constant for the six-membered rings and one linearly correlating for the seven-membered rings. Thus, most of the electron density parameters at the RCP of the six-membered rings of pyridodiazepines practically do not change with the diazepine type and the labile proton position. In contrast, those of the seven-membered rings display aromaticity changes in the antiaromatic diazepine with its ring structural modifications.

EKSISTENSI LEGENDA ORANG KAYO HITAM DI JAMBI

The legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam is a folk tale from Jambi. The legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam develops between spoken and written. The legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam is considered a historical story or folklore that has meaningful values in life. This paper will discuss the existence of the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam in Jambi with the aim of describing the existence of the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam in society and the existence of the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam in literary works. The research method is a qualitative descriptive method using explanations. Data analysis was done by rereading interview data and story books to get results that are close to the problem formulation. The result of this paper is the existence of the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam seen from the community, the author continues to work by himself by the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam. For the people of the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam, it is very influential in social life, besides that people easily tell briefly the Legend of the Orang Kayo Hitam, some relics of the Orang Kayo Hitam are still used as icons in Jambi. While in literary works, the author describes the Legend of Orang Kayo Hitam fairly, the work used in this paper has a long period of publication and has differences in the title and content of the story text. The message conveyed was that Jambi had a firm leader during his reign, Orang Kayo Hitam had an influence in the creation of new works.

Node-of-Influence Network Analysis for Targeted Condition Sequencing in Plasma Chemical Reaction Networks

It was demonstrated that a plasma chemical reaction system can be represented as a directed bipartite variable-relationship (VR) graph to accurately represent node influence, and that targeted node-influence analysis of this graph can determine improved condition sequencing for a target outcome. A novel graph algorithm (OCARINA) was adapted for VR-graphs to give a measure of the net-influence of incremental increase (NIII) of one variable on another at any depth in the graph. Additionally, two conventional node-influence measures, the Eigenvector Centrality Index (ECI) and Katz Centrality Index (KCI), were also trialled on the VR-graph. The electron energy (ε) node influence was evaluated on a “baseline” continuous sequence of 10 ns 1 eV pulses in a 0D chemical-kinetic simulation using ECI, KCI and OCARINA NIII at three depths. KCI appeared to give meaningful values for ε influence in the whole graph but not on specific nodes, ECI gave no meaningful results. OCARINA (O3 targeted) suggested each successive ε pulse had diminishing influence on O3 formation, though analysis differed for each NIII depth. O3 concentrations in simulations with different numbers of ε pulses decreased with each additional pulse, correlating with the OCARINA analysis. O3, NO and O Species production in simulations of two ε pulses with one or both pulses incrementally changed by 10% from the baseline also largely agreed with the OCARINA results for each species on a baseline simulation of two consecutive 1 eV electron energy pulses. Additionally, it was found the NIII at antecedent depths corresponded to effects in subsequent phases in simulations.

Local Religions and the Rituals in Ndoto Music Performance: A Case Study of Cultural Paradigms in Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago with many regional cultures. Flores Island, one of the islands in the East Nusa Tenggara region, is rich in traditional ceremonies. The Ngagha Mere ritual is a ritual to give thanks to the ancestors for the abundant crops. During the celebration, Ndoto music is played as a way of communicating with the ancestors. The uniqueness of Ndoto is that it has various meanings and symbols of life. The ethnographic method and Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis were used to reveal the regional wealth and the deepest meaning in the implementation of Ndoto Music. Through this research, it is concluded that Ndoto is a local wisdom that carries meaningful values and functions for the people of Flores, West Nusa Tenggara, in which there is an understanding of life that can be contemplated together.
 Indonesia is an archipelago with many regional cultures. Flores Island, one of the islands in the East Nusa Tenggara region, is rich in traditional ceremonies. The Ngagha Mere ritual is a ritual to give thanks to the ancestors for the abundant crops. During the celebration, Ndoto music is played as a way of communicating with the ancestors. The uniqueness of Ndoto is that it has various meanings and symbols of life. The ethnographic method and Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis were used to reveal the regional wealth and the deepest meaning in the implementation of Ndoto Music. Through this research, it is concluded that Ndoto is a local wisdom that carries meaningful values and functions for the people of Flores, West Nusa Tenggara, in which there is an understanding of life that can be contemplated together.

Dayak Ngaju Customary Fines in Pre-Marriage Agreement to Minimize Divorce in The Perspective of Maslahah Mursalah Ramadhan Al-Buthi

Before the wedding, the prospective husband and wife in the Dayak Ngaju Palangka Raya community made a pre-marriage agreement in the presence of the Damang (Adat figure). One of the core points of the agreement is that there is a fine for whoever causes a divorce in the household. This is unique and different from marriage agreements in general and in Islam. This study aims to analyze Dayak Ngaju customary fines in pre-marriage agreements implemented by the Dayak Ngaju community to minimize divorce. This research is empirical legal research using a case approach. The primary sources of this research are interviews, documentation, observations, and secondary sources in the form of books, as well as the views of scholars who have discussed this issue. Then this problem is analyzed using the theory of Maslahah Mursalah Ramdhan Al-Buthi. The results of this study indicate that according to the perspective of Adat figure regarding customary fines in pre-marriage agreements carried out by the Dayak Ngaju community, it is a good thing, not only to maintain the customs of their ancestors but also to contain far more meaningful values, namely protecting the existence and maintaining commitments in the marriage. From the perspective of Maslahah Mursalah Ramadhan Al-Buthi, these customary fines are not contrary to Islamic law, if they do not exceed the specified corridors, do not conflict with the higher Al-Quran, Sunnah, Qiyas, and Maslahah, and customary fines may be carried out if the four conditions these limits are not violated.

Warung Kopi sebagai Ruang Publik untuk Membangun Harmoni Masyarakat Multikultural

Inter-ethnic conflicts often occur in West Kalimantan, especially in Pontianak City, especially between Dayak, Chinese, and Malay ethnicities. Therefore, to build harmony in life between ethnicities, public spaces are needed that are accessed by various groups. Coffee shops are one of the potential public spaces to build harmony between ethnic groups. This article aims to determine the existence of coffee shops as public spaces in Kota Pontianak and the role of coffee shops as a space to build harmony in Pontianak City. This article publishes the results of research that uses qualitative approaches with phenomenological methods, data collection using interviews, observation, observation techniques, and documentation. Data analysis uses an interactive analysis model. The research found that coffee rafting in Pontianak City becomes a public space that contains democratic, responsive, and meaningful values so that people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds visit coffee shops to rest, discuss business affairs, do tasks, have meetings, and so on. People who visit coffee shops come from various ethnicities (Malay, Dayak, Chinese, Bugis, Javanese, and Madurese). Through the coffee shop, they meet to talk about various things, so that familiarity is well- built and strengthens social integration. Besides being able to build a harmonious inter-ethnic life, the existence of coffee shops can also increase the regional original income (PAD) of Pontianak City and absorb labor.

Modeling and Simulation of Cadmium Removal from the Groundwater by Permeable Reactive Barrier Technology

The removal of cadmium ions from simulated groundwater by zeolite permeable reactive barrier was investigated. Batch tests have been performed to characterize the equilibrium sorption properties of the zeolite in cadmium-containing aqueous solutions. Many operating parameters such as contact time, initial pH of solution, initial concentration, resin dosage and agitation speed were investigated. The best values of these parameters that will achieved removal efficiency of cadmium (=99.5%) were 60 min, 6.5, 50 mg/L, 0.25 g/100 ml and 270 rpm respectively. A 1D explicit finite difference model has been developed to describe pollutant transport within a groundwater taking the pollutant sorption on the permeable reactive barrier (PRB), which is performed by Langmuir equation, into account. Computer program written in MATLAB R2009b successfully predicted meaningful values for Cd+2 concentration profiles. Numerical results show that the PRB starts to saturate after a period of time (~120 h) due to reduce of the retardation factor, indicating a decrease in percentage of zeolite functionality. However, a reasonable agreement between model predictions and experimental results of the
 total concentration distribution of Cd2+ species across the soil bed in the presence of zeolite permeable reactive barrier was recognized.