Meaning Of Terminology Research Articles

The Role of Universities in Empowering Individuals and Society in Afghanistan

Universities are not independent entities separate from society; political and social systems influence them and possess significant abilities to shape various sectors. As decision-making institutions, universities are crucial in creating conditions for nurturing transformative leaders. The institutional foundation of universities aims to address the developmental needs of society. A successful university seeks indigenous solutions to real problems. The primary objective of this research is to examine the role of universities as the highest educational and training institutions in empowering individuals and society. Initially, the study explored the literal and terminological meanings of empowerment. It then highlights the essential functions of universities concerning individual and societal empowerment. This research adopts a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, examining expert opinions, literature reviews, and previous studies. The thematic analysis revealed that universities in Afghanistan significantly contribute to individual empowerment through education, innovation, and cultural preservation while addressing broader socio-economic challenges and promoting political stability. These findings emphasize the crucial role of universities in Afghanistan’s sustainable development.

Exploring the Use of Machine Translation in English-Medium Higher Education Contexts: Perspectives from Omani EFL Students

There has been a significant increase in the use of machine translation by university students as part of their coping strategies for their English-medium study. This practice has been a subject of debate among educators. Some argue that advancements in technology have made machine translation a valuable learning tool, while others remain skeptical, questioning its pedagogical benefits. This study is an attempt to explore Omani EFL students’ perceptions and attitudes regarding the use of machine translation as a coping strategy in their English-medium content learning activities. A qualitative research design, employing an open-ended survey and semi-structured interviews, was used in the study. Thirty-five students enrolled on different English-medium majors at a public Omani university voluntarily participated in the investigation. The data was analysed thematically and inductively. Results showed that all participants reported using machine translation for various learning activities, including looking up the meanings of discipline-specific terminology and translating individual sentences and longer texts from English to Arabic and vice versa. Some participants noted that machine translation tools tend to perform better when translating from Arabic to English compared to translating from English to Arabic. However, participants also highlighted several challenges related to the use of machine translation as a coping learning strategy. The implications for translation pedagogy and research are discussed.

Ta’dhir in Islamic Law : Types of Crimes and Punishments

This article analyzes the linguistic and terminological meanings of the term “ta'zir” and its application as a form of criminal punishment in Islamic law. The role of ta'zir in the Quran is examined, along with the different views expressed by various Islamic jurists, including Abu Yusuf, Imam Azam, and other legal scholars. The article discusses how ta'zir punishments are specific penalties assigned for various actions, such as insults, slander, and psychological harm, among others. It also outlines that ta'zir penalties are imposed for crimes that do not reach the level of hudud or expiation and can take various forms, such as warnings, lashes, or fines.

The Legal Certainty of Wakaf Without The Existence of A Wakaf Power Deed Made by The Officer Making The Wakaf Power Deed

Donating property in Islam is good teaching, and it is even recommended for every capable Muslim individual to do it. This is because waqf is an act that has good characteristics and motivation, namely taqarrub to Allah SWT. This terminology means that a wakif must express his will (to donate his property) to the nazir, namely the waqf expressed orally and in writing. The meaning of the words "spoken orally and in writing" is uncertain or ambiguous regarding the interpretation of these words. This research aims to determine the legal certainty of waqf implementation without a waqf pledge deed made by the official who made the waqf pledge deed. The writing method used is normative juridical with a problem approach using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach, and data collection techniques using library research. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the implementation of waqf which is carried out orally without a Waqf Pledge Deed is valid according to sharia and statutory regulations because it fulfills the elements of waqf, but its legal force is weak compared to waqf which is carried out with a written waqf pledge. form of Waqf Pledge Deed. In the future form of regulation, in order to guarantee legal certainty, the meaning or meaning of the waqf pledge must be further clarified the waqf pledge, namely the Waqf Pledge is a statement of the wakif's will which is stated and set out in written form, namely the Waqf Pledge Deed made by PPAIW.

INTERLINGUAL HOMONYMS IN THE PROFESSIONAL SUBLANGUAGE OF THEATRE

The article comprehensively investigates the phenomenon of internationality of the sublanguage of theatre and establishes intra- and extra-linguistic differences between etymologically related German and Ukrainian theatre terms. As a result of the culturally specific semantic and stylistic evolution in the bosom of a particular national carrier language and national theatre terminology, the semantic structures of theatre terms have been enriched with additional non-international meanings. Comparison of the internal side of the studied vocabulary allows us to divide it into two large groups: complete and partial interlingual homonyms. To complete interlingual terminological homonyms we refer four types of divergence: homopairs that have no formal equivalents in German or Ukrainian theatre language, but have such equivalents in other terminologies or spheres; terminopairs whose members, having a similar internal form, denote different reference spheres in different branches of theatre; homonymous term groups formed as a result of intra-linguistic homonymy or paronymy in German; pairs of complete interlingual homonyms containing the most general common seme, which is realised in different ways in each formal equivalent. Partial interlingual terminological homonyms include formally parallel etymologically related units, at least one of the terminological meanings of which refers to the same referential sphere, while the other(s) do not coincide.

Word Formation and Semantic Features of Composites in Verbal Word-Forming Nests With the Base Word ‘Lyubit’/ ‘Lieben’ in Russian and German

The aim of this study is to identify the word formation, semantic, and stylistic features of words with complex bases within Russian and German verb nests, centered around the base verbs lyubit’ / lieben (‘to love’). This research unveils the word-forming and semantic potential of these base verbs by analyzing their complex derivatives and comparing the composites derived from lyubit’ and lieben. Empirical data were collected through continuous sampling, and the word formation analysis method was employed to describe the formation processes of the units in question. Epidigmatic analysis was utilized to examine their semantic structures, complemented by quantitative assessments of frequency and distribution. The findings indicate that word composition is the predominant method of forming complex words in both languages’ verb nests, with a notable prevalence of composite nouns that exhibit a subordinate relationship between bases and are monosemantic. The study also reveals that while fusion is a method of producing composites in Russian, in German, it is limited to compound words. Reduplication, as seen in Russian composites like lyubish-ne-lyubish (‘love-not-love’), is absent in German. The study concludes, that the analyzed words are integral to the professional lexicon of psychologists, criminologists, biologists, botanists, and others. Beyond their terminological meanings, these complex lexemes encapsulate cultural concepts that mirror the mentalities of Russian and German speakers. Recognizing these concepts is crucial for effective communication across various fields, particularly in professional contexts.

Problems in Fulfilling the Rights of Crime Victims Due to Misconceptions of Restitution Terminology

Restitution rights are problematic in fulfilling the rights of victims of crime, mainly due to misconceptions about restitution terminology. This research aims to explore and analyze the misconceptions of restitution terminology by the society and its impact on the fulfillment of the rights of victims of crime using the analysis of Social Construction Theory. This research uses an empirical juridical approach by utilizing primary data in the form questionnaires distributed to community service participants and the focused discussion process in Community Service activities and secondary data in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The findings of this study indicate that the misconception of restitution terminology is formed through the social construction of legal norms on the wrong meaning of restitution terminology These misconceptions take the form of restitution being understood as peace, restitution is the same as compensation and restitution results in the elimination of imprisonment for the perpetrator. These misconceptions have implications for the non-fulfillment of the rights of victims of crime, which will arrise in the difficulty in submitting requests for restitution, the victim's perception of justice is reduced and a negative impact on the victim's recovery process. This misconception will also lead to weak law enforcement against criminal offenders.

Evolution in Linguistics – Conceptual Innovation, Metonymy, and Miscommunication

Abstract Conceptual innovations in science (‘paradigm shifts’ in the sense of Kuhn) come with changes in the meaning of basic terminology in that field. Linguistics is no exception. But linguistics is in the peculiar position that it comprises the study of the meaning of linguistic items, and the way these meanings change. Some basic ideas of cognitive semantics, especially the concept of metonymy, shed light on the risk of miscommunication in a scientific field in a period of innovation. Paradoxically, these risks are instantiated in a controversy in the field of linguistics itself that was triggered by the then new, Darwinian understanding of evolution. The paper ends by exploring a recent theoretical innovation (the ‘usage-based’ approach, especially its most recent variants) that holds a promise for overcoming the controversies, provided theoretical linguists accept that terminology also in their own field is to be semantically more precise than in everyday language use.

Original Meanings of the New CPC Terminology

Original Meanings of the New CPC Terminology

Linguistic and Extralinguistic Characteristics of the Processes of Terminologization and Determinologization

The article examines the linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of the processes of terminologization and determinologization, the peculiarities of the use of terms in professional language. The greatest influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors on the development and change of the language as a whole. While extralinguistic factors depend on a certain historical period, linguistic factors constantly act in the same way and continuously. The political and social phenomena that took place in the last century formed the basis of the changes that arose in the lexical system of the Kazakh language, which set the task of responding quickly and adequately to the new needs of society. Most of the terms came out of special use and began to be mastered in the general literary language, and some words of a general nature began to be used in terminological meaning. Thus, we see that due to the loss of terms of their terminality and their transition to the sphere of universal interests, a person is mobilized in a priority position in the sphere of professional and socio-political, economic interests and depends on the new modern processes in question. This circumstance has had the greatest impact on the linguistic space of mass media, fiction and speech discourse, which is the most active medium for the use of words of a universal nature. The beginning of use in a different environment has a significant impact on the terminological meaning of linguistic unity and, therefore, serves as the basis for the formation of new patterns of development of these units. The analysis and description of these separately determine the relevance of the issue received in the paper as an object. The relevance of the study of terminology, terminological processes, etc. is due to the special rate of increase in the flow of scientific and industrial information.

Synonymity According to Uṣūlī Scholars and Its Jurisprudential Effects: A Study of Its Application and Origination

The research aims to identify the uṣūlī meaning of synonymity, so it provides the origin of its maxims, then brings together the branches of jurisprudence that arose based on those maxims. The issue of synonymity is one of the uṣūlī linguistic issues, which has jurisprudential branches, and from here lies the problem of the research. It is summarized into identifying the meaning of synonymity from uṣūlī and juristic perspectives. The research came to answer the following questions: what are the linguistic and terminological meanings of synonymity? What are the opinions of linguists and uṣūlī scholars regarding its occurrence in the language, the Qur’ān, the Sunnah, and the jurisprudential industry? What are its causes and types? What are the uṣūlī maxims of synonymity and what are their practical implications? The research used inductive, analytical and descriptive approaches. It reached several conclusions, the most important of them are: that linguistically tarāduf (synonymity) is: succession of one thing, and murādif (synonym) is successive; as an uṣūlī term, it is the indication (dalālah) of two or more single words to one meaning according to one consideration; and the preferable view is that synonymity is possible and it occurs in the Arabic language, while it did not occur in the Holy Qur’ān, unlike the Sunnah of the Prophet and the jurisprudential industry. There are many reasons for synonymity. One of them is the multiplicity of Arabic dialects, if it was created by two originators. However, if it was created by one originator, then it has other reasons such as phonetic development, misrepresentation, distortion, and others. And it (synonymity) occurs in the language, law, and customs. The scholars have agreed that each of the two synonymous words takes the place of the other. In the case of synonymous combinations, the preferable view is that it also occurs (in Arabic language), such as nikāḥ and zawāj indicate a contract of permissibility (ibāḥah) of a woman for a man; and such as bayʽ, tamlīk and jaʽl, which indicate the transfer of ownership of a thing to another. One of the uṣūlī maxims of synonymity (tarāduf) is that it is not permissible to use the synonymous word for the opening takbīr of ṣalāh while being able to pronounce Allāh Akbar, whether in Arabic or other languages. However, in case of inability, then it is permissible. As for the rest of the prayer remembrances (adhkār) other than the opening takbīr, there has been a disagreement among the jurists regarding them. According to some of them, it is permissible, and according to others, there are further conditions and details (that must be fulfilled). And finally, the synonymity (tarāduf) is contrary to the basic rule (aṣl).

Systematization and interpretation of the meaning of military terminology

Systematization and interpretation of the meaning of military terminology

Новый порядок определения обязательств сторон в отношениях по оплате резервирования электрической мощности

This article examines the key trends in the legal regulation of maximum electric capacity reservation in the Russian Federation, with a particular focus on the recent energy legislation novelties. The author's primary focus is on the private law aspects of relationships between power consumers and providers in view of new contractual structures. For this purpose, a study was conducted to examine the features of Russian civil and energy law in comparison to contract law regimes that are analogous to the existing system of individual legal regulation of obligations in the Russian energy market. As a result, it is noted that the legal obligation to pay for reserved electric capacity introduced in Russian law has a mixed nature, combining both private and public law elements. The article correlates the terminological meanings of this obligation as a service, a contractual condition, a penalty, and a compensation, revealing its guarantee nature in the structure of the main power supply obligation. This feature leads to the conclusion that payment for reserved electric capacity is a material provision stipulated by the parties in power supply contracts or contracts for electricity transmission services. It reflects the price difference between the maximum capacity allocated at the consumer's power receiver as a result of the technological connection and the capacity actually consumed from the grid. The variable nature of this obligation does not align with the private law nature of contractual obligations and in essence, is not supported by mutual liability mechanisms that should underpin civil law relations in the field of electric capacity reservation.

The Problems of Lexicography of Arabic, Persian Words with New Meanings

It is known that semantic changes occur in the lexical layer of any language over time. Some lexical units become obsolete and fall out of common use, while some lexical units acquire a new meaning and enrich the vocabulary. In connection with the transition to the new Latin alphabet, changes and additions are being made to the base of the Kazakh literary language, including the borrowed Arabic and Persian words due to the expansion and narrowing of its semantic field. Because nowadays, due to the development of various branches of science (economy, Information System, culture and art, religion, pedagogy and psychology, natural science, law, radio communication, chemistry, biology, etc.), some Arabic and Persian words have undergone semantic changes and are being revived. In these areas, they have acquired a new terminological meaning. It is easy to see that such words are used by native speakers in the mass media and social networks in a new meaning. In this regard, the mentioned article deals with the issue of lexicography of Arabic and Persian words, which have acquired a new meaning. The composition of Arabic and Persian words included in the vocabulary of the dictionary is analyzed (Arabic, Persian words of national, regional use; old book words; religious words), the problem of inclusion in the dictionary entry, the problem of narrowing, expanding the semantic field, lexical units created by affixation are discussed. At the same time, the experience of the Turkic peoples, who moved to the Latin alphabet earlier than us, is taken into account. When analyzing the meaning of a word, the semantic field of a word, we are guided by comparative, cumulative methods. The lexicographical criteria for inclusion of input Arabic and Persian words in the dictionary are proposed.

EXPONENT *BOGO-/*-BOGЪ IN THE PROTO-SLAVONIC COMPOSITES

The paper aims to the historical-linguistic study of Proto-Slavonic anthroponyms-composites paradigm with the stem *bog-. The topicality of this paper is determined by a declining interest in research of Old Slavonic lexical heritage in Slavonic historical and modern onomastics. The purpose of investigation is the description of the structural and semantic peculiarities of anthroponymic composites with Proto-Slavonic component *bog-. The object of the research is a sum of nomina personalia, taken from accessible Slavonic written sources (mainly collections of Slavonic personal names, to a lesser extent — monuments of different times), which are formed by the way of compounding. Etymological, morphological and lexical-semantic features of Slavonic proper names as well as reconstructed Proto-Slavonic prototypes constitute the subject of the study. As the result of proposed research, the fragments of the paradigm of Proto-Slavonic composites with exponent *bogo-/*-bogъ are reconstructed; etymological ambiguity of some dithematic proper names is commented; morphological and semantical (ideological) peculiarities of archaic Slavonic anthroponyms-composites are highlighted. Conclusions. Proto-Slavonic binominal nomina propria with the component *bogo-/*-bogъ are attested as prepositive determinatives as well as a postpositive defined word. Preliminary results of the group reconstruction of the units, containing the viewed linguistical object, indicate the high degree of the stem *bog- productivity. Particularly Proto-Slavonic vocabulary included at a minimum 69 prototypes with viewed etymon. The significant number of the paradigm with the exponent *bog- impels us to make the conclusion about significant role of *bog-names as words-ideas in the Ancient Slavonic poetic text as whole. Their religious-ideological, ritual, legal load allows to assume their original belonging to the lexicon of a language of ritualized actions closely related to the traditions of name-giving. Exactly within the compound-words the tracks of the long-standing use of *bog- with the legal terminological meaning «a share (in common good)» are traced. Examples of Slavonic poetic speech manifest syntactic counterparts for two-stem personal names; on the basis of these syntactic constructions corresponding anthroponyms perhaps arose. The perspectives for further research are to attract to the analysis the system of structurally identical, and etymologically related, and typologically close anthroponyms from the onomastic vocabulary of Iranian languages and the comparative analysis of their cultural semantics.

SEMANTIC PROCESSES INMODERN KAZAKH TERMINOLOGY

This paper describes semantic processes in Kazakh terminology (polysemy, broad meaning (eurysemy), semantic shift (broadening/narrowing), terminization and non-terminization of archaisms and terminization of neologisms, the phenomenon of variability) and linguistic data are given. For example, although polysemous terms are the names of different objects and phenomena in several fields, their meanings are closely related and not far from one another, while scientific definitions of terms with broad meanings (eurysemous terms) are far from one another.The article also states that the article is based on terms created as a result of the expansion of meaning in terminology, the names of objects and phenomena, actions characteristic of the life of the Kazakh nation, i.e. formed metaphorically on the basis of national cognition.The main influence on the terminologization and determinalization of archaisms in the Kazakh language are various extralinguistic factors (political situations, change of state formation, etc.).Neologisms, one of the sources that currently replenish the Kazakh terminological base, are classified into two types: 1) neologisms created due to the emergence of new concepts that have never existed in the language; 2) neologisms created by renewing, modernizing and transforming names that already exist in the language. At the same time, the lexical units belonging to the first group are introductory words, and in the second group are neologisms that arose in the process of term formation based on national cognition, which began to gain priority in modern Kazakh terminology. Currently, the vast majority of neologisms the Kazakh language are terms that have entered the Russian language from English.At present, in the Kazakh language, the parallel use of terms is widely observed. In industry terms dictionaries, legislation, and scientific works, the terms that have entered the Russian language from European languages are used simultaneously with their equivalents in Kazakh. Such a phenomenon of variability can be divided into the following types: 1) parallel use of the Kazakh language version of a term in Russian from European languages and its equivalent in Kazakh: 2) use of several alternatives in Kazakh for a term in Russian or from European languages.

Enforcing legal information extraction through context-aware techniques: The ASKE approach

To cope with the growing volume, complexity, and articulation of legal documents as well as to foster digital justice and digital law, increasing effort is being devoted to legal knowledge extraction and digital transformation processes. In this paper, we present the ASKE (Automated System for Knowledge Extraction) approach to legal knowledge extraction, based on a combination of context-aware embedding models and zero-shot learning techniques into a three-phase extraction cycle, which is executed a number of times (called generations) to progressively extract concepts representative of the different meanings of terminology used in legal documents chunks. A graph-based data structure called ASKE Conceptual Graph is initially populated through a data preparation step, and it is continuously enriched at each ASKE generation with results of document chunk classification, new extracted terminology, and newly derived concepts. A quantitative evaluation of ASKE knowledge extraction and document classification is provided by considering the EurLex dataset. Furthermore, we present the results of applying ASKE to a real case-study of Italian case law decisions with qualitative feedback from legal experts in the framework of an ongoing national research project.

Emergency entity relationship extraction for water diversion project based on pre-trained model and multi-featured graph convolutional network.

Using information technology to extract emergency decision-making knowledge from emergency plan documents is an essential means to enhance the efficiency and capacity of emergency management. To address the problems of numerous terminologies and complex relationships faced by emergency knowledge extraction of water diversion project, a multi-feature graph convolutional network (PTM-MFGCN) based on pre-trained model is proposed. Initially, through the utilization of random masking of domain-specific terminologies during pre-training, the model's comprehension of the meaning and application of such terminologies within specific fields is enhanced, thereby augmenting the network's proficiency in extracting professional terminologies. Furthermore, by introducing a multi-feature adjacency matrix to capture a broader range of neighboring node information, thereby enhancing the network's ability to handle complex relationships. Lastly, we utilize the PTM-MFGCN to achieve the extraction of emergency entity relationships in water diversion project, thus constructing a knowledge graph for water diversion emergency management. The experimental results demonstrate that PTM-MFGCN exhibits improvements of 2.84% in accuracy, 4.87% in recall, and 5.18% in F1 score, compared to the baseline model. Relevant studies can effectively enhance the efficiency and capability of emergency management, mitigating the impact of unforeseen events on engineering safety.

КӨРКЕМ МӘТІННІҢ ТЕОРИЯЛЫҚ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

The article analyzes the problem of the literary text, the reasoning of scientists about the text. Differentiation of definitions to the text is given, several types of literary text are considered. In particular, the concept of fiction and popular science literature was described. While a literary text is based on associative-imaginative thinking, a science fiction text is based on logical thinking. According to the work of M.K. Akhmetova, the external and internal form of the text is explained. In addition, it tells about the concept of a text addressed to the recipient. The logical, stylistic and pragmatic position of literary scholars M. M. Bakhtin, I.R. Galperin, N.S. Valgina about the text is touched upon. The features of the literary text proposed by N.A. Nikolina a highlighted. The social, everyday, terminological meanings of the term "information" are given. The types of information in texts and its three types are distinguished

Ergonomic learning of the language of the urban environment

The proposed article contains the materials of the currently ongoing ergonomic research focused on the development of the problem of ergodesign design related to the study of the phenomenon of human visual comfort when perceiving fragments of the urban environment. The terminological meaning of the word "ergonym" was found from the very beginning of the 20th century when there was no fixed concept yet. For this reason, the semantic meaning was inaccurate due to the greater flow of linguists and their opinion. But through the practical part, the authors managed to exclude similar onyms, thereby expanding the onomastic field. The practical part of the article consisted in the study of local ergonyms of the urban center of Western Kazakhstan, denoting objects serving motor vehicles.
 To collect onomastic research material, the following methods and techniques were used: sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic methods, level analysis when studying the linguistic characteristics of onyms; as well as general scientific methods, primarily modeling and experiment. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis that the language situation has a huge impact on the processes of formation of ergonymic space and, as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, reflects the level of the ethnic and cultural component of society