Dictionary Meaning Research Articles

Paruyr Sevak to the children

As a result of studying the theme “Paruyr Sevak to the children”, we have come to a number of conclusions: Naturally, Paruyr Sevak cannot be considered a children's writer in the dictionary meaning of the word, but we can't help but record that he gave a new path of progress to pediatrics with his collection of children's poems "Your Acquaintances" . The collection taught children's writers of his generation and those who appeared in subsequent decades masterful lessons in presenting the themes and motifs of folklore to child readers in a new way. With his children's poems Paruyr Sevak shows that one should be guided by taking into consideration the features of the readers' age and psychological development and not to burden children's poems with inappropriately used comparisons, metaphors, and adverbs. In this sense, it can be concluded that the poet offered the children's poets not only a content, but also a form-structural, and a linguistic guide to the children's poem, which was very useful for the children's poets. With the poems of his collection of "Your Acquaintances" P. Sevak teaches child readers important lessons they will need for whole their life. He does not give advice to the readers, but criticizes the flawed traits and characteristics of human character in simple and accessible artistic ways, leaving the conclusions to the readers. The "heroes" of his children's poems are representatives of the animal world, whom the poet humanizes in a unique way, endows them with flawed and appreciable qualities and traits that are characteristic of a human character. P. Sevak's children's poems stand out for their high performance skills, uncomplicated narrative style, appropriate use of comparisons, metaphors, adverbs, and musicality. The poet does not give advice and admonitions to child readers, but talks with them about representatives of the animal world giving appropariate answers to their interesting "why"-s and "how"-s.

Idiomatic Expression in The American Sitcom Series “Fresh Off The Boat” Directed By Nahnatchka Khan

This research aims to classify the form and meaning of idiomatic expressions in the American Sitcom entitled “Fresh Off the Boat”. This research focus on seasons 5 and 6 that released on 2019 and 2020. The data of this research is in the form of utterances which contains idiomatic expressions uttered by three main characters, Eddie Huang, Louis Huang, and Jessica Huang. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method to analyze the research finding. From those series, there are 93 idiomatic expressions based on theory proposed by Adam Makkai, they are 21 Phrasal Verb Idioms, 50 Tournure Idioms, 1 Irreversible Binomial Idiom, 18 Phrasal Compound Idioms, and 3 Incorporating Verb Idioms. From those data, the researcher compares the lexical and contextual meaning of idiomatic expressions in the utterances. Based on the research’s finding, several idiomatic expressions have the same lexical and contextual meaning. However, the contextual meaning dominated the meaning of idiomatic expressions in this series because an idiomatic expression cannot be seen lexically or based on the dictionary meaning. It should be seen based on the context of the idiomatic expression is used because sometimes, it carried figurative meaning. Keywords: idiom; form of idiomatic expressions; meaning of idiomatic expression.

An Evaluation of Its Status in the Compilation Dictionary of Basic Emotion Verbs Available in Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk

Söz varlığımız içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan fiillerden bir kısmını duygu fiilleri oluşturmaktadır. Zihinsel süreçte meydana gelen duyguların dildeki karşılığı olarak da tanımlanan bu fiiller psikoloji, dil bilim ve kültürel açıdan önemli bir kesişim noktasında yer alırlar. Bu bağlamda temel duygu fiilleri ait olduğu toplumun düşünce yapısı ve buna bağlı olarak da duygu dünyaları hakkında bazı ipuçları verebilir. Çalışmamızda psikolojide üzerinde fikir birliği sağlanmış temel duygu fillerinin varlığı Dîvânu Lugâti’t-Türk’te araştırıldı. Tespit edilen 73 fiilin Derleme Sözlüğü’nde ses ve anlam açısından nasıl değişime uğradığı ortaya konuldu. Bu fiillerden bir kısmının ses değişimine rağmen anlamını ve günümüz ağızlarında hâla varlığını koruduğu, bir kısmının tamamen kullanımdan kalktığı; bazılarının ise ses ve şekil değişimi yanında anlam değişimine de uğradığı tespit edildi. Çalışmamızda, kültürel bir varlık olan dilin duygular bağlamında geçmişle tamamen bağını koparmadığı, bir yönüyle ağızlarda varlığını sürdürdüğü belirlendi. Bu durum Türk kültür ve karakterinin tarihin akışı içerisinde bir bütünlük içerisinde olduğuna dair önemli ipuçları verebilir.

Intoxication by the Woods as a Case of Captivation

In the series of lectures Woods (Hyle): (Problem of Matter, History of the Concept, Living Matter in Ancient and Modern Biology), Vladimir Bibikhin, while reviewing the Aristotelian notion of matter, repeatedly mentions various intoxicants. However, the role that they play seems unclear. This article aims to explain the meaning and importance of intoxicants for interpreting the notion of matter. The article considers Bibikhin's interpretation of the Aristotelian notion of matter and juxtaposes it with other commentators of Aristotle (Vasileva T., Riker P., Chanyshev A., Chernyakov A.). Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of the indefinitiveness of matter since V. Bibikhin's position differs from P. Ricoeur's. After a preliminary explanation of the fundamental indeterminacy of matter, it is argued that the question “What matters?” is counterproductive. As an alternative, a phenomenological question is suggested: “In what relations with matter are we?”. To answer this question, we use Bibikhin's notion of captivation, the dictionary meaning of the word matter (woods), and the notion of intoxication. They allow us to explore the problems of one's escape from the metrical and moral coordinates, shattering the normative control of consciousness, eliminating norm and form notions, and returning to one's own (proper). A description of the state of captivation as a consequence of intoxication by woods allows us to demonstrate in what sense matter can be understood as indefinitive.

STUDY THE MODERATING EFFECT OF SIX NON-COGNITIVE SKILLS ON COGNITIVE TASKS

Lifelong learning is the key for many successful professionals to remain competitive in their respective domains. Technology based jobs are very much cogitative in nature. The dictionary meaning of “Cognitive” is relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things. In order to handle these jobs, it’s not only IQ of individuals matter but EQ also plays significant role. Cognitive Task Analysis is techniques to understand about the knowledge, thought processes and goal structures that underlie observable task performance. Moderating effect of EQ in cognitive tasks which is majorly influenced by non-cognitive traits is studied by using PLS based Structural equation modelling in this study.

DÖNÜŞÜMÜN İMKÂNI OLARAK TECRÜBE: DEWEY VE GADAMER’İN BAKIŞ AÇILARIYLA

This study aims to consider the concept of experience within the framework of human transformation. For this purpose, it includes various meanings of the concept of experience, starting from its dictionary meaning. This study asserts the thesis that experience is a possibility for human transformation based on the thoughts of the American educational philosopher John Dewey and the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer. Today, considering the definition of the concept of education as the real transformation of man by enlightenment, it is obvious that the transformation of man through his experiences is an educational side. If education is to be constantly on the road, experiences are important in terms of allowing people to continue on the road by transforming. This study analyzes the concept of experience in terms of philosophy of education and religious education and explains how it works as an opportunity in human transformation.

In-depth studies on “hodo” used in honorific expressions in modern Japanese

Based on practical example sentences included in the thesis, in-depth investigations and analysis are conducted about “hodo,” which has been used in honorific expressions of modern Japanese. Although several previous studies have examined the dictionary meaning or forms of “hodo”, they have not focused on usage patterns such as its time of appearance or morphological characteristics. This article primarily aimed to study and analyze the three aspects of “hodo” used in honorific expressions: ① the time of appearance, ② morphological characteristics, and ③ meaning and function of “hodo.” Related to these studies, practical example sentences are investigated and listed in the article.BR In summary, significant results are drawn in all three aspects in the article. First, the time of appearance is newly studied and found. Although “hodo” first appeared in 1906, the research found that it began to be used in 1986 as an expression as of today. Second, the morphological characteristics were investigated as follows: “hodo” can be classified into two cases in taking ① “nohodowo” and ② “nohodo.” The article describes that both cases of “hodo” take honorific forms as an action noun in front of “hodo”. The difference between the two cases is that in the former, most of the predicates were omitted, but in the latter, “onegaimoushiageru” was the most common. Additionally, a predicate in the latter case can be used without implying the meaning of requests. Third, the meanings and functions are found as follows: “hodo” has the meaning of “avoiding assertiveness and softening the expression” and has the function of a postposition.

Türkiye Türkçesinde Bağlılık Kategorisinde Bağımlı Biçimbirimlerin Morfosemantiği Üzerine

In this study, the thesis was defended that nominal derivational morphemes, which are considered incumbent structures, work as meaning complements, and the findings supporting the subject are discussed in the "Loyalty Category". In this respect, the study is important in terms of determining the connections between morphology and semantics, taking into account the semantic properties of nominal derivational morphemes, and creating a holistic perspective. It is also innovative in that it offers morphosemantic classification. In the research, the stratified sampling method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used, and words with nominal derivational morphemes that make nouns from nouns were determined as a sample in the "Turkish Dictionary" published by the Turkish Language Institution in 2011. The "Loyalty Category" was created based on the lexemes determined by scanning the Turkish Dictionary and the nominal derivational morphemes corresponding to these words. "Loyalty Category" was created over the nominal derivational morphemes corresponding to the substantives. "Loyalty" means "1. a. The state of being attached, the affiliation 2. a. To show and show closeness to someone with love, respect, loyalty." (TS: 232). When we look at the lexemes determined in the loyalty category, it is seen that the category is wider than the dictionary meaning, and it is observed that the category is formed with some nominal derivational morphemes. However, even if they take the same morpheme, the meaning between the lexemes is different. For example, although the words Turkish, traditionalist, pacifist, hometown, associationist, and pretentious have taken the +CI morpheme, each one is different from the other in terms of the meaning category they refer to. Considering these differences, the "Loyalty Category" is divided into seven sub-categories: Pointing to Devotion to Doctrine, Pointing To Be Dependent, Pointing To Be Pro, Pointing Target, Pointing To Be A Member, Pointing To Be A Representative, Pointing to Suffering. The morphemes that form the loyalty category by being added to the words have been determined as follows: +CI, +CIl, +dAş, +lI, +lIk. In the research, it has been seen that nominal derivational morphemes that make nouns from nouns form certain meaning categories in the words they are added to. These categories can be grouped under a general title, or it has been determined that they are divided into sub-meaning categories with a more detailed examination. Thus, it is thought that nominal derivational morphemes should be evaluated not as meaningless structures but as structures that establish meaning. * This study is extracted from the master thesis entitled "Morphosemantic Analysis of Dependent Morphemes Making Nouns in Turkey Turkish" supervised by Prof. Dr. Funda Toprak (Ankara: Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis, 2022).

Methodologies and Models for Integration of Medical Curriculum for Effective Teaching and Learning: A Theoretical Review

There is a famous saying that, ‘Knowledge that is learnt in isolation is rapidly forgotten’. The dictionary meaning of integration is “to make entire”. Integration is defined as the organization of teaching matter to interrelate or unify the subjects which are frequently taught in separate academic courses or departments. Integrated curriculum seeks to break down the barriers between the subject areas i.e. basic and clinical sciences, in order to promote acquisition, retention, and progressive development of knowledge and skills, and facilitate applications of principles and concepts to understand problems and develop new solutions. To learn is to connect thoughts and ideas. If there is no connection, there is no learning. Integration views learning and teaching in a holistic way and reflects the real world, which is interactive. Disconnection breeds apathy while integration thrives on connections. An integrated curriculum helps raising students who will be able to apply their knowledge to their work and personal development. Integrating curriculum is a complex process. It can occur at different rates and some subjects are integrated more easily than others. This article reviews and discusses the comparison and commonalities of two most prominent methodologies/models of integration by Robin Fogarty and Ronald Harden.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMAGE OF A HOUSE IN URBAN TEXTS BY JOSEPH BRODSKY AND ORKHAN PAMUK

The research was carried out on the material of the essay by Joseph Brodsky "A guide to the renamed city", "One and a half rooms", and the novel by Orhan Pamuk "Istanbul : the city of memories". The purpose of the article is to identify common ways of creating an image of a house in the works of Joseph Brodsky and Orhan Pamuk as one of the key images in the literatures of the world. In this case, the word "house" includes all dictionary meanings: dynasty, clan; residential building; a place where people live, united by common interests, conditions of existence; your home; family, people living together, their household; as well as such figurative meanings as society, city, country. Conclusions: both authors traced the expansion of the semantics of the image of the house, which finds its expression in the sequential inclusion of a larger group of people localized in a wider space. Since groups of people, living in one city or in one country, due to metaphorical transfers, can be called families (differing in composition)/, then, respectively, the city and country in which these families live, as a result of metonymic transfers, can acquire the meanings of houses differing in size.

SEMANTIC CHANGES FROM CONCRETE TO ABSTRACT IN TURKISH LOANWORDS IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

Balkan halkları Türkçenin hâkimiyeti altında geçirdikleri yarım milenyum boyunca dillerini ve dinlerini serbestçe yaşama haklarına sahip olmakla birlikte koruyucuları olan Türklerin hem dinlerini hem dillerini de sempatiyle karşılamışlardır. Kimi Balkanlılar dinlerini İslam olarak yaşamayı seçerken genellikle Ortodoks Hristiyan olan diğer unsurlar da Türklerle beraber tanıştıkları İslam gelenek ve âdetlerini bir anlamda kendileştirerek yaşantılarına dâhil etmişlerdir. Dillerini kullanmakta serbest oldukları hâlde gerek genç nesillerin geleceğini İstanbul’da gören ailelerin eğitim için çocuklarını İstanbul’a gönderme hevesi gerek resmî işlemlerde kullanılan dilin Türkçe olması Türkçenin etkisini onların hayatlarına hâkim kılmıştır. Hatta sokak dilinin ve ticaret dilinin yayılmacı karakteriyle Balkan dillerinin hepsinde Türkçe sözcükler inanılmaz yaşam alanları bulmuştur. Sözcüklerin verildiği gibi kalmadığını biliyoruz. Alan dil, veren dilden kimi zaman bağımsız hareket eder. Aldığı sözcükleri evirip çevirir, kendine gerekli olan yerde istediği tat ve dokuda yeniden yapılandırarak kullanmayı yeğler. Arnavutçada da hatırı sayılır miktarda Türkçe sözcük yer almaktadır. Her ne kadar alınan sözcüklerin bir kısmı bu yüzyılda değişen resmî hâkimiyet ve moda anlayışıyla birlikte unutulmuş olsa da kimi sözcükler öylesine Arnavutçaya mal olmuştur ki artık bu dilin özgün malzemeleri arasında sayılmaları gerekir. Türkçe sözlüklerde somut anlamlı kimi sözcükler Arnavutça sözlüğünde yerleşik hâle geldiklerinde soyut bir anlama bürünmüşlerdir. Bu çalışmada, Arnavutçaya girmiş ve anlam değişimine uğramış Türkçe sözcüklerden somut bir anlamdayken alıntılandığında soyut bir anlam taşımaya başlayanlardan bir kısmı masaya yatırılacaktır. Çalışmada Lindita Latifi Xhanari’nin Turqizmat dhe semantika e tyre në fjalorët e shqipes adlı kitabı ve TDK’nin Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'ü esas alınmıştır.

The Equivalence in The Translation of English Idiomatic Expression into Indonesian by Students of English Education Department University of Mataram

The aims of this study are: 1) to find out frequently used types of equivalence by the seventh semester students of English Education Department at University of Mataram in translating English idiomatic expression into Indonesia according to Nida’s equivalence theory, and 2) to find out the problem faced by the English students in the translating of the idiomatic expression of English into Indonesia. This study used mixed-method. The participant of this study were from the seventh semester English students of University of Mataram. To collect the data, this study used two types of instruments: translation test and questionnaires. The research findings showed that among 240 datas of students translation result, 73,64% of the datas categorized as dynamic equivalence and only 5,85% of the datas categorized as formal equivalence. Furthermore, based on close-ended and open-ended questionnaires answers about students dificulty in the translating of the idiomatic expressions, it reveals that students faced difficulty in translating process for the cultural background diferences, minim exposure to idioms, and how the idioms were used. three strategies were available to students to use in encountering the difficulties in translating English idioms into Indonesian: 1) giving their selves more familiar to idioms through reading and using various medias, 2) paying more attention to the context which the idioms being served, 3) and looking for the meaning in dictionary or google. It could be infered that the most frequently used types of equivalence by the students was dynamic equivalence and the students still faced some problem in translating English idiomatic expression into Indonesia.Keywords: idiomatic expression; translation equivalence; difficulties

The Encyclopaedic Meaning of Erythros in Koine Greek Toponyms. A Cognitive Approach to the Definition of the Ancient Colour Cardinal Points System

Summary The cartographic and historiographic traditions interpreting the Greek toponym Erythra Thalassa indicate this expression could designate several water basins in classical historiography, though it is usually rendered univocally as the Red Sea. This research applies cognitive semantics to the history of geography to retrieve the encyclopaedic meaning of the term erythros in relation to its dictionary meaning “red”. Computationally generated lists of frequency from about 50 ancient Greek and Latin oeuvres denote a predominant toponymic use of the term and a fixed collocation in conjunction with thalassa “sea”. Additional statistical data extrapolated from the Septuagint and the Greek New Testament reveal the tendency in the biblical tradition to use exclusively the inflected form erythra in fully fixed collocations with the term thalassa. The paper finds out that the specific shade of red denoted by erythors has been used since the seventh century BCE in a number of other toponyms and ethnonyms to convey the conceptual meaning of “southern”. To comparatively verify this hypothesis, several Greek toponyms incorporating the term leukos – “white” or “western” – are discussed in relation to their relative position in the oikumene. Based on comparative chronologies and diatopic attestations of the phenomenon, the hypothesis that the Turkic colour cardinal points system and the linguistic means to convey it was introduced to Greece during the period of contact with the Scythe people is proposed.

The Meanings Of Verses In Surat Al-Alaq And Their relations To Teaching Arabic (a semantic an educational study)/ الأيات في سورة العلق وعلا قاتها في تعليم اللغة العربية دراسة دلالية وتعليمية

This study aims to determine the types and relations of meaning contained in the QS al-'Alaq. This thesis uses a qualitative method that is focused on library research. This research uses a multidisciplinary approach that seeks to discuss and examine objects from several disciplines or relate them to different disciplines, namely semantic studies, and education. The collected data is then processed using qualitative research methods, then the analysis technique and data interpretation used is descriptive-semantic analysis, namely examining the meaning of each word used as an interpretive word to interpret the verses in QS. al-'Alaq is based on theories of semantics in general. The results showed the types of meaning contained in QS. al-'Alaq, consisted of several types of meanings, namely: referential meaning, basic meaning or dictionary meaning (al-ma'na al-asasi wa al-mu'jami), and figurative meaning (al-ma'na al-majazi), and denotative meaning (al-ma'na al-haqiqi). Meanwhile, the relation of meaning between the words or the pronunciation of the Qur'an with the words of its interpretation occurs in four kinds of relations (meaning relationships), namely: Synonym relationships (al-taraduf), Polysemy relationships (ta'addud al-ma'na), the concept of hyponymy and hypernymy (al-Isytimal).

한국어 수업에서의 교사말 ‘괜찮다’의 의미와 적절성에 관한 연구

This study was begun with whether it is appropriate for Korean teachers to use ‘괜찮다’ as a teacher talk that has not been stated so far in Korean dictionary. Therefore the three questions of this study are summarized as follows: First, Is there the new meaning of the teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ used in the Korean classroom? Second, What is the meaning and usage of the teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ in a new sense that deviates from the dictionary meanings? Third, How do incumbent Korean teachers with high experience perceive the appropriateness of the teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ used in a new sense? In order to examine this study, the analysis criteria were prepared by organizing the meaning and usage of the vocabulary ‘괜찮다’ in Korean dictionaries. The teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ in the classroom was recorded and the materials of teacher talk were analyzed by the criteria based on Korean dictionaries. The meaning of the teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ used as a new meaning in the classroom is ‘knowing or understanding the content’. And in the classroom almost teachers used the teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ to check learners’ understanding in the form of a question. In the interview, teachers with high experience stated that it is not appropriate to use the new meaning of teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ in the classroom, citing various reasons. And also high-experience teachers suggested other expressions of teacher talk or methods instead of using the teacher talk ‘괜찮다’ in a new sense. (Yonsei University)

Near Synonymy Analysis of Three Adverbials: Surprisingly, Astonishingly and Amazingly

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of the similarities and differences among one-word adverbials (surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly) in terms of meaning, register and collocational constraints. These adverbials are considered roughly synonymous of one another. But we should be skeptical about their full synonymy, though their dictionary meanings show that these words can be substitutable with one another. In order to demonstrate the extent of the similarities in terms of their meanings, three standard dictionaries of English were used. As for the extent of the differences in terms of their meanings, two dictionaries of synonymy discriminations were used. Also, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) was analyzed to provide further understanding to the differences among these words in terms of meaning, register and collocational constraints. According to the findings, though these words were given as interchangeable in meaning and considered synonyms of one another, they were actually not completely substitutable with one another. Rather, they differ in their shades of meanings. That is why these three words should be considered as near-synonyms. Also, the findings revealed that these three words differed from one another in terms of frequency of occurrences and the frequency of use across registers to a great extent. Finally, the findings showed that these three words mostly collocate with enough as post-modifier. However, only surprisingly collocate with not as pre-modifier.

Investigating Difficulties Encountered by EFL Learners in Learning the Communicative Force of English Colour Idiomatic Expressions

Idioms can be considered part of everyday language and languages are full of colour –related idioms and expressions which refer to ideas that lie beyond the literal extensions of dictionary meaning .This study aims at investigating difficulties encountered by EFL learners in learning the communicative force of idiomatic expressions with special reference to colour idiomatic expressions. The researcher has been adopted a pragmatic approach for her analysis Two instruments have been used for collecting data; namely ,recognition and production test given to the fourth year students of English /Al- Mustansiriya University /college of Arts /department of English. The sample consists of 40 students. The results showed that students get confused in using colour idiomatic expressions, and face problems in figuring out the communicative force of these expressions. Moreover, it is found that the majority of errors committed by the participants through the production test are due to the fact that Iraqi EFL learners unacquainted with such idioms. Additionally, it is observed that Iraqi EFL learners have committed fewer errors in the recognition test due to the fact that they have somehow pragmatic competence and background knowledge regarding these idioms. Consequently, Iraqi EFL students should be recommended to develop their language skills give much more awareness, attention and practice to idiomatic expressions.

WOMEN FIGURES IN FANTASY ART

People say that “Never judge a book by its cover,” but the cover of the book invites us towards it. I remember, during my college years, of going to a bookstore, named” IDEA” in New Delhi, and buying an expensive book named “ENCHANTMENT” stories by Doris Vallejo, Illustrated by Boris Vallejo. The thing, that attracted me, was cover of the book. At that point of time, I was not prepared for reading stories, but I bought this book because of its illustrations, which enchanted me. In Fantasy Art, we see a visual world and feel a World of Imagination which is a representation of reality. In Fantasy art, we can time travel and become anything of our choosing. This is not the world, we know and live in, but a world of our conceived and perceived imagination. In this imaginative world, female figures, plays a key role in provoking our feelings, invite us, for a heroic journey to explore an unknown world. Through this article, I would like to invite you to join me, on a fantastic journey of this female representation in Visual World and become part of this Fantasy Artwork. To build the idea of FANTASY ART from a linguistic understanding following writings lead us on, the Meriam webster dictionary define art as “The conscious use of skill and creative imagination, especially in the production aesthetic objects; also; works to produce”. In Shabdkosh Hindi Dictionary, “The creation of beautiful or significant things”. “The product of human creativity; works of art collectively”. The definition, I listen in my college is “Art Is Representation of Reality”. Regardless of definition, we all know about what art is and what it is not. Dictionary meaning of word fantasy is “Imagination unrestricted by reality” and fantasy art meaning is, an imaginative world, that could be, may it be, would have been, or could never be. In this imaginative art style, the artwork which can be thought provoking, whimsical, challenging, disturbing, unreal, and challenging of notions of rationality.

Lexicographic Portrait of the Italian Approximative Quasi and Its Synonyms

This article analyzes the nominative approximation strategies in the Italian language and provides an integrated semantic description of the approximate functions of the lexeme quasi and its synonyms. The article is divided into four sections. In the first section we introduce the term approximation, as it is a relatively poorly studied semantic category, although scientific interest in this regard is growing. In the second section we present a fundamental, but still little known, publication on approximation based on the study of the French language, being the first comprehensive study on this semantic category. In the third section we present the dictionary use of the word quasi. Finally, in the fourth section, we analyze and describe the morphological, semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of lexeme quasi and its synonyms, as well as their combinability and communicative characteristics in order to provide an analysis model for further studies on the semantic category of approximation. The semantic analysis of the approximative quasi and its synonyms demonstrate how the dictionary meaning of the approximatives is fundamental to identify and distinguish their various approximate characters.

Nikolay Gumilyov’s toponymical epithets

This article analyzes functions and semantics of epithets pertaining to geographical names (topopoetonyms) in Gumilyov's poems. Among 206 proper names and 77 epithets are definitions containing emotional assessment: crazy Africa (“Love Island”), kingly Niger (“Niger”) and color characteristics: golden Baghdad (“Pilgrim”), green Siberia (“Sahara”) prevailed. The epithet in genitival constructions usually refers to the main word of the nominal group: Tsargrad's golden gate (“Sweden”), green waves of the Euphrates (“Adam's Dream”), but in the periphrases it can be given to a geographical name: the queen of boundless Rus (i. e. Moscow, “Muzhik”). The analysis of the most common definitions (distant, remote; ancient; mysterious) showed that the epithet in the poetic text conveys several dictionary meanings, and its semantics are befogged by contextual connotations. Thus, the epithet distant to the topopoetonym Siberia (“Modernity”) express the idea of ​​remoteness both in time and space, while the image of Siberia opens up a special space of poetic world — a place where the past continues in the present. In the poem “Galla”, the idea of ​​opposing different cultures, is conveyed through the image of remote and wild Russia, as it is presented through the voice of a teacher of Islam. The definition ancient (“Words to Davydov's music”, “Rhodes”) in Gumilyov's poems also creates a temporal perspective of poetic description, has a positive connotation referring to high importance of the object designated by the topopoetonym, while the epithet mysterious (e. g. Rus, the poem “Old estates”) has an additional meaning — ‘associated with sacrament’.