Mean Vertical Diameter Research Articles

Morphometry of proximal femur in South Indian Population

Background: Proximal femur analysis plays a vital role in orthopedic surgery, implant design, fracture care, and research. Studying this complex bone helps surgeons select the right implants, plan fracture treatment, and understand bone strength. This growing field improves clinical outcomes and enhances scientific knowledge. Our study analyzes the morphometry of proximal femur, particularly the head and neck, to further explore its implications. Aims and Objectives: To study the morphometric measurements of the proximal end of the femur quantitatively in the South Indian population from the dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 101 dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. The measurements were taken with digital Vernier calipers and a goniometer. All continuous variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation. Statistical differences between the right and left sides were analyzed with Student’s independent sample t-test (for parametric variables) and Mann–Whitney U test (for non-parametric variables). Results: The mean vertical and anteroposterior diameter of the femoral head, superior and inferior length of the femoral head, the anteroposterior and vertical diameter of the femoral neck, superior and inferior lengths of the femoral neck, neck-shaft angle, and intertrochanteric length were 39.61±3.29 mm, 40.17±3.14 mm, 33.01±3.6 mm, 23.88±4.32 mm, 24.22±3 mm, 29.59±3 mm, 21.75±3.81 mm, 32.03±5.58 mm, 124.11±6.37, 60.31±7.33 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of neck anteroposterior diameter and neck-shaft angle between the right and left sides where the left side had the higher value. Conclusion: Notable skeletal metric variations exist amidst different populations. Proximal femoral dimensions can be acquired through either manual means or radiological information. These measurements can be used in designing orthopedic implants for the South Indian population.

Superficial venous morphometry in the antecubital fossa: An autonomous robotic ultrasound-based analysis.

The antecubital fossa is an important site for venepuncture and intravenous procedures. The size and location of a vein can affect the success of venepuncture and intravenous access. Several studies have investigated the superficial vein morphometry, but they had small sample sizes or focused on specific populations or groups. Therefore, we conducted a prospective study with large participants in general population to analyse the morphology of the antecubital superficial vein and identify the association of sex, age and body mass index (BMI) with the size and location of the vein. This study collected images of superficial veins prospectively using autonomous robotic ultrasound on the antecubital area between October and November 2020. We measured the superficial vein depth, vertical diameter and horizontal diameter at the antecubital area, extracted population characteristics (sex, age and BMI), and analysed a relationship between the vein dimensions and the characteristics. In this study, data from 461 participants (201 males and 260 females) with mean age of 41.1 years were produced. The mean vein depth, mean vertical diameter and mean horizontal diameter (±standard deviation) were 4.81 (±2.17), 3.01 (±1.10) and 4.46 (±1.60) mm, respectively. We found significant differences in vein dimensions between males and females, with males having larger vertical and horizontal diameters than females (p < 0.001). The study also revealed significant differences in vein depth and dimensions among age groups and BMI subgroups (p < 0.001). These findings revealed that the superficial vein in the antecubital area was oval, with a larger horizontal diameter than vertical diameter. Morphometry revealed differences in sex, age and BMI. Understanding variations in vein dimensions among different subgroups can help medical professionals improve success rate of venous access and patient safety.

Predicting Vault and Size of Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens Using Sulcus to Sulcus-Optimized Artificial Intelligence Technology

To investigate the accuracy of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) vault and size prediction models based on sulcus to sulcus (STS) optimized artificial intelligence and big data analysis technology. Big data and artificial intelligence prediction model. We included 5873 eyes with posterior chamber PIOL implantation, and the postoperative vault was measured using an anterior segment analyzer (Pentacam AXL) 1 month postoperatively. A random forest regression model and classification model were used to predict the postoperative vault and PIOL size. The postoperative vault and PIOL size were set as output features; other vault-related eye parameters were set as input features. The influence of white to white (WTW), horizontal sulcus to sulcus (STS), and vertical STS on predicting postoperative vault and PIOL size was analyzed and compared. The mean preoperative WTW diameter was 11.64 ± 0.37 mm, the mean horizontal STS diameter was 11.85 ± 0.47 mm, and the mean vertical STS diameter was 12.39 ± 0.52 mm. In the regression model for numerical prediction of the vault, the combination of WTW, horizontal STS, and vertical STS was the most optimal for vault prediction (R2=0.3091, root mean square error [RMSE]=0.1705); solely relying on WTW was the least optimal (R2=0.2849, RMSE=0.1735). Among the models for classification prediction of the vault, the combination of WTW, horizontal STS, and vertical STS was the most accurate (accuracy, 0.6302; mean area under the curve, 0.8008; and mean precision recall rate, 0.6940). Moreover, the combination of WTW, horizontal STS, and vertical STS exhibited the highest accuracy for classification prediction of PIOL size (accuracy, 0.8170; mean area under the curve, 0.9540; and mean precision recall rate, 0.8864). Whether in the regression prediction models of vault values or in the classification prediction models of vault and PIOL size, the accuracy of STS optimized model was significantly improved compared with the traditional WTW model (P < .001). Artificial intelligence combined with STS optimization contributes to the accuracy of PIOL size and vault prediction models. The random forest machine-learning model optimized by STS is superior to the traditional WTW model.

Prevalence and morphometry of sternal and xiphoid foramen: a meta-analysis on 16,666 subjects

PurposeSternal foramen is a perforation of the sternum that can be a source of misdiagnosis during radiographic imaging or life-threatening perforations during bone marrow sampling. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis on the prevalence, morphometrics, and location of foramen in the sternal body and xiphoid process, describe morphometric features of this phenomenon, and thus verify its clinical importance. Moreover, our secondary outcome was to compare effectiveness of various imaging methods in diagnosis of the sternal or xiphoid foramen.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted on major scientific databases to identify studies containing relevant information. Data on foramen’s prevalence, location, morphometrics, and accompanying findings were extracted and pooled into a meta-analysis using MetaXL 5.0.ResultsThirty-five studies (n = 16,666 subjects) were included. The overall pooled prevalence of a foramen in the sternal body and/or a xiphoid process was 8.9% (95% CI 6.5–11.7) and it equaled 6.5% (95% CI 5.6–7.6) for sternal body alone and 2.9% (95% CI 0.5–6.9) for the xiphoid process. The foramen was more prevalent in males than in females (12.2% vs. 6.8%). The prevalence of sternal foramen was higher in South American [13.9% (95% CI 11.2–16.9)] and African [13.6% (95% CI 9.7–18.0)] studies compared to North American [6.2% (95% CI 5.0–7.5)] and European populations [8.6% (95% CI 3.1–16.3)]. Mean transverse and vertical diameter of foramen equaled 4.7 mm (95% CI 3.8–5.5), and 5.6 mm (95% CI 4.2–6.9), respectively.ConclusionOur analysis proves that the sternal foramina are structures of significant prevalence and size. Any physician should keep them in mind when performing punctures in this area.

Study on the Effect of Topical Pre-operative Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Maintaining Mydriasis during Small Incision Cataract Surgery

A prospective, randomized, double masked, single centered comparative study done in the Bangladesh Naval Ship Patenga, Chattogram, Bangladesh, from July 2021 to June 2022, to assess the clinical benefits and effectiveness of prophylactic pre-operative topical administration of NSAIDs in maintaining mydriasis during small incision cataract surgery. Thirty patients underwent small incision cataract surgery with intra ocular lens implantation were randomized to compare the efficacy of topical NSAIDs drops (Group-A) and placebo drops (Group-B) in maintaining peroperative mydriasis. Balanced salt solution containing non preservative adrenaline was used in all patients. Pupil size was measured prior to the corneal incision and after the completion of the operation. The two groups were analyzed with respect to the changes in pupillary diameter at the beginning and at the end of the operation. The change in pupil size was significantly different among the two groups at the end of the surgery. The mean vertical and horizontal diameter of the two groups were near about similar at the beginning of the surgery. Significant differences were seen after IOL implantation with the NSAIDs group having the larger mean diameter in both vertical (P=0.003) and horizontal (P=0.008) pupillary measurements at the conclusion of surgery. Topical NSAIDs has been shown to be a more effective inhibitor of meiosis during per operative uncomplicated small incision cataract surgery and provides a more stable mydriatic effect during surgery compared to the placebo group.&#x0D; CBMJ 2023 January: Vol. 12 No. 01 P: 22-26

Comparison of ocular morphological measurement by wide-angle echography and magnetic resonance imaging.

To compare the eye axial length (AL), equatorial horizontal diameter (HD), and equatorial vertical diameter (VD) of normal eyes using a novel wide-angle, arc-scanning, ultrasound diagnostic device for wide-angle B-mode echography. In this cross-sectional study, wide-angle B-mode echography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were conducted on 22 normal eyes; the AL, HD, and VD were measured. The mean ALs were as follows: wide-angle B-mode echography, 25.22±1.47mm and MRI, 25.24±1.46mm; a significant correlation was observed between the two measurements (β=0.995 [0.976, 1.013]; p<0.001; 95% R2=1.00). The mean HDs were as follows: wide-angle B-mode echography, 22.33±0.84mm and MRI, 22.55±0.90mm; a significant correlation was observed between the two measurements (β=0.902 [0.750, 1.179]; p<0.001; 95% R2=0.81). The mean VDs were as follows: wide-angle B-mode echography, 22.77±0.91mm; and MRI, 22.88±0.92mm; a significant correlation was observed between the two measurements (β=0.966 [0.853, 1.097]; p<0.001; 95% R2=0.93). There were no significant differences in the measurements for each parameter by wide-angle B-mode echography and MRI. Therefore, wide-angle B-mode echography permits accurate visualization of ocular morphology.

Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation of the Adrenal Gland: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Experiments.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is currently the standard treatment modality for unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA); however, a less-invasive treatment is needed for its treatment. A new bipolar ablation system that poses a lower risk of complications has been recently developed. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and performance of a novel bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) system for the treatment of APAs. Ablations were performed in an ex vivo study using bovine adrenal glands [group A: n = 6, single-probe; group B: n = 6, two probes, interprobe distance (ID) = 12 mm; group C: n = 6, two probes, ID = 20 mm]. The in vivo study was conducted in groups A and B (n = 2 each) using porcine adrenal glands. For the ex vivo study, the mean vertical diameter (Dv) of the coagulative necrosis area and the mean transverse diameter (Dt) values were 11.99 mm and 10.96 mm for group A, 12.66 mm and 10.0 mm for group B, and 23.37 mm and 22.10 mm for group C, respectively. For the in vivo study, the mean Dv and Dt values were 12.23 mm and 9.03 mm for group A, and 16.38 mm and 9.52 mm for group B, respectively. No heat-induced damage to the adjacent organs was observed. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the performance of the bipolar system in RFA of the adrenal gland. RFA using the new bipolar ablation system is safe and produces a sufficient coagulation area to treat APAs.

The conundrum of olecranon aperture and its relation to the distal end of the humerus in a modern Indian population: An anatomical and surgical perspective

We aimed to clarify the morphology of the olecranon aperture (OA) of the humerus with its relationship to the distal end of the humerus (epicondylar width) and the width of the medullary canal. In total, 156 dry adult humeri were examined for the presence of OA. When present, we reported their shape, measured transverse (TD) and vertical diameter (VD), the distance from its medial border to the tip of medial epicondyle (D1), lateral border to the tip of lateral epicondyle (D2) and lower border to the tip of trochlea (D3). The epicondylar width (EW) and the width of the medullary canal were also measured in all the humeri. OA was reported in 32 humeri (20.6%) with left side predominance, translucent septum in 35.8%, and opaque septum in 43.6%. The most typical shape noted was oval. On right side, mean VD and TD was 4.30±0.54mm and 5.85±0.45mm, respectively, whereas on left, these value were 4.21±0.56mm and 5.64±0.43mm, respectively. The mean of D1, D2 and D3 was 25.86±0.43mm, 26.50±0.28mm and 15.07±0.53mm on right and 24.80±0.41mm, 26.84±0.21mm and 15.81±0.31mm on left with significant difference (P<0.05). The medullary canal was significantly smaller in humeri with OA. Topographic location of OA may have possible role in determining safe zone for retrograde nailing in supracondylar humeral fractures. Since OA has a direct relation to the size of the intramedullary canal, it is crucial during preoperative planning and choosing an adequate surgical approach involving lower segment of humerus.

Evaluation of morphological variations of petrotympanic fissure using computed tomography imaging of the temporal bone

PurposePetrotympanic fissure (PF) is important for both dentists and otolaryngologists to know the temporal anatomy well especially for pre-surgical radiological evaluations. Computed tomography (CT) is indispensable method for temporal bone imaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PF morphology and position using CT. MethodsCT scans of 300 patients (600 PFs) were retrospectively evaluated. PF types were recorded by dividing into 3 groups (Type 1,2 and 3). Length of the mandibular fossa (MF) and PF, vertical diameter (VD) of the PF at the MF level, midpoint and tympanic cavity (TC) level were measured. PF position types were subdivided as low, midline and high. ResultsType 1, 2 and 3 was found in 18.7%, 51.5% and 29.8% of the cases, respectively. The mean length of the MF and PF was 18.33 mm and 3.77 mm, respectively. The mean VD of the PF at the MF level, midpoint and TC level was 1.71, 0.98 and 0.97 mm, respectively. The low, midline and high position of PF was observed 14.5%, 54.3% and 31.2% of the cases, respectively. ConclusionLength of the MF and PF in males was significantly higher than females. VD of the PF at the MF level in Type 1 and Type 3 was significantly higher than type 2. In type 1,VD of the PF at the midpoint was significantly higher than type 2 and type 3. VD of the PF at the TC level in Type 1 and Type 3 was significantly higher than type 2.

Radiographic and ultrasonic study of pelvic bones in awassi ewes and local she goat and relationship with age of sexual puberty

Thegoal of this study is to find out the age of sexual puberty in Awassi sheep and native black she goats by examining pelvic bone development which is obtained from measuring the transverse and vertical diameters of the pelvic bone in the two species using portable X-ray machines American origin.in addition, the length and width of the ovaries were measured with an ultrasound rectal probe. To achieve the goal of this study, six Awassi sheep and the same number of local goats were used. Radiographs were taken of each animal in the ventro-dorsal position, then the mean and standard error of each measurement in the two species were extracted. The rectal probe of the ultrasound machine was also used by inserting it into the rectum, taking vertical and transverse ovarian measurements, and then extracting the mean of each measurement along with the standard error. The mean transverse and vertical diameter measurements at the first instances of sexual puberty in Awassi sheep were 7.70±0.09 cm and 10.61±0.03 cm, respectively, and the mean ovarian length and width were 1.20±0 .08, 0.80±0.06 cm respectively. While the average distance to the transverse pelvic inlet and the pelvic inlet vertically in local black goats at age of sexual maturity were 7.15±0.06 cm and 10.55±0.10 cm, respectively, and the average length and width of the ovary was 1.66±0.03, 1.24±0.02 cm respectively. The results in both species showed that the age of sexual maturity is earlier in Awassi sheep than in local black goats.

Combining spectral domain optical coherence tomography of retinal nerve fiber layer and noncontact tonometry in mass glaucoma screening during the World Glaucoma Week

This study reports the combination of noncontact tonometry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in mass glaucoma screening in the Lebanese population. This cross-sectional study included Lebanese individuals who participated in a glaucoma screening campaign in March 2018 and March 2019 for World Glaucoma Week. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by noncontact tonometry. Optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scans were obtained using SD-OCT. Glaucoma suspects were defined as individuals having an IOP above 21mmHg in at least one eye and/or RNFL thinning in either the superior or the inferior quadrant. Among the 1116 individuals who were examined, 15.5% were found to be glaucoma suspects based upon their IOP readings, 15.5% based on OCT, and 3.0% based on both criteria combined. The mean vertical and horizontal disc diameter was 1.75±0.23mm and 1.57±0.22mm, respectively. Eyes that were suspects by OCT with normal IOP had thinner corneas when compared to eyes with normal OCT and high IOP (512.25μm vs. 559.12μm, P<0.0001). SD-OCT can be an easy and relatively fast component of mass glaucoma screening in addition to IOP measurement. Further studies are needed to establish this combination as a valid glaucoma screening method.

Sexual dimorphism and infraorbital foramen: a computerized tomography-scan study in a cohort of Senegalese population.

The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is an essential anatomical structure for maxillary block anesthesia in dental practice and maxillofacial surgery. The literature also reports the importance of knowing the morphometric characteristics of the IOF because it can be damaged. The aim of our study was to determine anthropometric characteristics of infraorbital foramen in Senegalese population in relationship with the sex. A total of 87 CT-Scan of patients were included in our sample and data collected from patient's cerebral CT-Scan. The transverse and vertical diameters of the IOF and its distance to the nearest point of the infraorbital margin, lateral nasal border and lower border of the maxillary were measured, and the shape determined. Eighty-seven CT-scan of patients were analyzed. This research showed that the transverse diameter of the left IOF in female subjects was 5.05±0.205 and 4.97±0.22 in male patients. The mean vertical diameter of the right foramen found in our study was 5.30±0.191 for the female subject and 5.28 mm±0.137 for the men foramen was located at 46% on the line above the 2nd premolar. The right IOF was round in 52% of subjects. An accessory IOF was found in 20% of female subjects. Knowledge of the precise anatomical location of IOF is important in surgical procedures and reduce the relative risks during clinical procedures. This study showed many differences in the location of the IOF with Caucasians measurements done.

An en face swept source optical coherence tomography study of the vitreous in eyes with anterior uveitis.

To analyse vitreous anatomy patients with anterior uveitis (AU) using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Patients with newly diagnosed AU and healthy participants were scanned using 16-mm SS-OCT B-scans and 12 × 12 mm cube centred at the fovea. Linear SS-OCT scans were evaluated to identify the premacular bursa (PB) above the macula and the Cloquet's canal above the optic disc. A dynamic evaluation of the 12 × 12 mm cube enabled en face measurement of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the PB and the presence/absence of communication between the PB and Cloquet's canal. One hundred and thirty-five subjects were included in the study. Forty-five patients were healthy (mean age 33.47 years). En face measurements of the horizontal and vertical PB mean diameters were 5.2 mm and 4.7 mm. In 90 subjects with AU (mean age 30.10 years), the mean horizontal and vertical diameter of the PB were significantly larger (p < 0.01). Thirty-seven eyes with AU presented with cystoid macular oedema (CME). The mean diameters of the PB in this subgroup were significantly larger (p < 0.01). In 75% of the entire cohort (51% of eyes in the control group, 87% of eyes with AU and 100% of eyes with AU and CME), a channel connecting the PB and Cloquet's canal could be identified. SS-OCT identification of a connecting channel between the PB and the Cloquet's canal suggests that inflammatory cytokines may drain from the anterior chamber through this system of channels, thus increasing the risk of CME.

Ossified Ligament at the base of Adult Human Dry Skull in North Indian Population: Pterygospinous and Pterygoalar Bar and Foramina

Background Ossification of ligaments at base of skull is not uncommon. The pterygospinous ligament (Civinini's ligament) is formed by pterygoid fascia which runs between the posterior margin of the lateral plate of pterygoid process and angular spine of undersurface of greater wing of the sphenoid. Ossification of this ligament forms a bony bridge (Civinini's bar) that connects spine of sphenoid with inferior surface of the greater wing, to create the pterygospinous foramen (Civinini's foramen). Pterygo alar ligament (Hyrtl-Calori's ligament) is a thin bundle of dense connective tissue extending from the root of lateral plate of the pterygoid process to infratemporal surface of the greater wing. Ossification of this ligament results in the appearance of a bony bridge, called the pterygoalar bar, which occasionally forms a pterygo alar foramen (porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius). The purpose of this study is to calculate the incidence of ossification of these ligaments and assess morphometrically the pterygospinous and pterygo alar bar and foramina. The knowledge of variations in the anatomy of the pterygospinous bar is important for clinical procedures done by anesthetists, dentists and maxillo-facial surgeons. Objective To study the incidence and morphometry of Pterygospinous(PS) and Pterygo alar (PA) bar and resultant accessory foramina at the base of adult human dry skulls in the North Indian population. Method We studied 94 sides of 47 adult human dry skulls of unknown sex for presence of pterygospinous and pterygo alar bar and foramen on both sides. These skulls were studied for incidence, location, degree of ossification and relation of bar with foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. All the measurements were made using digital Vernier calipers. Result 2 of 94 sides (2.12 %) showed the presence of completely ossified PS bar on both sides along with presence of PS foramen on both sides. In 1 of 94 sides we identified the presence of PA bar and foramen (1.06%). The mean length and width of the PS bar on the right side was 11.23 mm and 1.59 mm and on the left side was 9.15 mm and 2.20 mm respectively. The PS foramen were infero- medial to foramen ovale on both the sides of the skull and its mean horizontal and vertical diameter was calculated to be 7.12 mm and 4.06 mm respectively on the right side and 12.18 mm and 8.31 mm respectively on the left side. The PA bar had a mean length and width of 1.82 mm, 3.60 mm respectively. Position of the Foramen spinosum(FS) was lateral in respect to the PS bar on the right side while on the left side it was lying medial to it. Conclusion We conclude that the incidence of PS bar was 2.12 % amongst the 94 sides of skulls we studied and for PA was 1.06 %. A Korean study observed 1.4 % completely ossified PS ligament in 51 sides of the skulls. Completely Ossified PA ligament was 2.8 % in 24 sides of skull. In our study we observed the Position of FS in respect to PS bar has not been mentioned by many of the literatures with the same study conducted in different regions.

Normative Orbital Measurement Based on Computed Tomography Imaging in Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka

Introduction: The orbit is an anatomically complex region. Clear idea of the normal orbital measurements is needed for the diagnosis and management of the various diseases that may affect the orbit like optic neuritis, optic nerve glioma, meningioma, proptosis and exophthalmos. Aim: To evaluate normative orbital measurement at tertiary care hospital in Bangalore, Karnataka in Indian population based on Non Enhanced Computed Tomography (NECT) imaging. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study of 100 patients referred to a tertiary care centre for NECT of the brain for diseases other than those of the orbits was conducted. Patients having any orbital disorder, surgery or trauma and having metallic implants were excluded from the study. The patients of all age groups and either sex were included. The horizontal orbital diameter, vertical orbital diameter, orbital index, optic nerve complex, globe position, interorbital diameter and interzygomatic line measurements were calculated for 100 patients, i.e., total of 200 orbits using both axial and direct coronal CT images. Mean measurements of these parameters were calculated. Scans were performed on Siemens Somatom Perspective 128 slice multi- detector CT scanner. All statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for The Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows software (SPSS Inc. Illinois, Chicago, USA). Results: The mean orbital index was 118.6 and 118.3 for right and left orbit, respectively. It was derived from mean horizontal orbital diameter of 32.5 mm and 31.7 mm of right and left orbit, respectively and mean vertical orbital diameter of 38.4 mm and 37.4 mm of right and left orbit, respectively. Mean optic nerve sheath complex diameter was 5.2 mm and 5.4 mm for right and left orbit, respectively, while mean globe position measurements 6.7 mm and 6.8 mm of right and left orbit, respectively. Average interorbital distance was 22.9 mm and average interzygomatic distance 97.1 mm. Conclusion: The present study has given normative mean measurements for various orbital structures that are essential to ophthalmologists and radiologists to differentiate normal from abnormal dimensions which is likely to be helpful in accurate assessment of various orbital pathologies.

Does size of telangiectasia on optical coherence tomography angiography influence vision in eyes with type 2 macular telangiectasia?

Purpose:To study the influence of dimensions of macular telangiectasia (MacTel) on enface optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on vision and clinical parameters in eyes with MacTel type 2.Methods:MacTel was classified based on OCTA location, i.e. either temporal to the fovea (grade 1), or spread nasally (grade 2), or circumferentially (grade 3), or the presence of neovascular-like tissue in the outer retina–choriocapillary complex (ORCC) (grade 4). On enface images, the maximum dimensions of the MacTel in the deep plexus were noted using calipers by a single experienced observer.Results:Ninety-eight eyes of 49 patients with MacTel with a mean visual acuity was 0.46 + 0.26 logMAR and mean macular thickness of 202 ± 132 μ were included. Based on OCTA, grade 3 MacTel (n = 35, 36%) was the commonest followed by grade 4 (n = 28, 29%). The mean maximum vertical diameter of the MacTel was 2019 + 753 μ, and every 500 microns increment in vertical diameter of the MacTel was associated with a half-line drop in vision (95%CI = 0.005 to 0.08 logMAR, P = 0.03). Vision gradually reduced with increment in OCTA grades of MacTel from grade 1 to 3; however, the trend was not maintained in grade 4 MacTel, which showed better vision and lesser degenerative cysts.Conclusion:Larger telangiectasias were associated with significantly lower vision in MacTel. Eyes with deeper telangiectasia involving ORCC have better vision and evidence of far lesser neurodegeneration than type 3 disease, suggesting that this may not be part of the continuum and does not represent neovascularization.

Sexual dimorphic parameters of femur: a clinical guide in orthopedics and forensic studies.

Sexual dimorphic studies of various parameters of the femur play an important role in forensic studies. Various femur morphometric parameters help estimate an individual’s age, sex, and stature from unknown skeletal remains. This research was done to analyze maximum length, trochanteric oblique length, and diameter of the femur head for sexual dimorphism. The study was done on 200 (128 male & 72 female) Indian adult human femora, which were fully ossified, dry, and free from deformity. The maximum length of the femur (L), trochanteric oblique length (TOL), and vertical diameter of the head (VDH) were measured using an osteometric board and digital Vernier calipers. The mean length of the femur was 436.88 mm in males and 402.38 mm in females, respectively. The mean trochanteric oblique length of the femur was 423.78 mm in males and 387.18 mm in females, respectively. The mean vertical diameter of the femur head was 43 mm in males and 38.19 mm in females, respectively. Depending upon the results of this study, it was concluded that the mean values of maximum length, trochanteric oblique length, and vertical diameter of the femur head are significantly higher in males than females. These parameters are useful and reliable for sexual dimorphism in anthropometric and forensic studies, especially in identifying skeletal remains. These differences can also be considered in selecting or designing the exact ranges of the gender-specific prosthesis for Orthopedic surgeries.

Evaluation of ostium size following endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy as a predictive factor of outcome: A prospective study

Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgical procedure that aims to increase tear drainage to treat epiphora caused by nasolacrimal obstruction by creating a bypass through the bone between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity. A silicone stent is temporarily put in place for 2 months to avoid early obstruction of the rhinostomy. One of the causes of surgical failure is related to progressive stenosis of intranasal ostium, due to fibrosis and new bone growth, inducing a relapse of epiphora and/or dacryocystitis. Few studies have described changes in the size of the intranasal ostium on direct post-DCR measurement or kinetics of its shrinkage. The purpose of this study is to determine whether changes in the size of intranasal ostium might be a predictor of final functional efficacy. A prospective cohort of eighteen consecutive patients undergoing endonasal DCR for chronic epiphora or chronic dacryocystitis between January 2017 and April 2018 was analyzed. Eight patients who underwent bilateral DCR, and twenty-six intranasal ostia were finally analyzed. Follow-up took place every two months for 1 year, with the silicone tube removed at 2 months. Functional success was defined as absence of recurrent epiphora or dacryocystitis. Ostium size was systematically measured on photos taken during intranasal endoscopy performed every 2 months for 1 year. At 2 months after endonasal DCR, 23 of the 26 ostia (88.5%) were functional, but only 19 (73.1%) of them were directly measurable. The mean horizontal diameter at 2 months was 1.44 (SD 0.61) mm, and the mean vertical diameter was 0.86 (SD 0.37) mm, which corresponded to a mean area of 10 (SD 0.84)mm2. We noted a statistically significant decrease in ostium size and area between 2 and 4 months after the procedure (P -0.001), followed by a stabilization period with no statistical correlation between the size of the ostium and its final functional efficacy. At 6 months after DCR, of the 7 ostia that were not initially measurable, 3 were immediately non-functional at 2 months, 3 had a relapse of epiphora at 4 months, and 1 had a relapse of dacryocystitis at 6 months, i.e., 100% clinical failures at 6 months. The other procedures all remained functional after 1 year of follow-up. The intranasal ostium of an endonasal DCR shrinks significantly within the 2 months after removal of the silicone tube and remains stable thereafter. There is no correlation between the size or area of intranasal ostium and its final functional efficacy. However, when the ostium is not measurable at the time of 2-month stent removal, all patients experienced a relapse of epiphora or dacryocystitis within 6 months.

Sexual dimorphism and infra orbital foramen: a computerized tomography-Scan study in a coorte of Senegalese population

Background The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is an essential anatomical structure for maxillary block anesthesia in dental practice and maxillofacial surgery. The literature also reports the importance of knowing the morphometric characteristics of the IOF because it can be damaged. The aim of our study is to determine anthropometric characteristics of infra orbital foramen in Senegalese population in relationship with the sex. Material and methods A total of 87 CT-Scan of patients were included in our sample and data collected from patient's cerebral CT-Scan. The transverse and vertical diameters of the IOF and its distance to the nearest point of the infraorbital margin, lateral nasal border and lower border of the maxillary were measured and the shape determined. Results 87 CT-scan of patients were be analyzed. This research showed that the transverse diameter of the left IOF in female was 5.05 mm ± 0.205 and 4.97 mm ± 0.22 in male. The mean vertical diameter of the right foramen found in our study was 5.30 mm ± 0.191 for the female subject and 5.28 mm ± 0.137 for the men foramen was located at 46% on the line above the 2nd premolar. The right IOF was round in 52% of subjects. An accessory IOF was found in 20% of female subjects. Conclusions Knowledge of the precise anatomical location of IOF is important in surgical procedures and reduce the relative risks during clinical procedures.This study showed many differences in the location of the IOF with caucasians measurments done.

Morphometry and morphology of glenoid fossa of scapula

Introduction: In the complex anatomy of shoulder joint one of the articular surfaces is the truncated glenoid fossa. The objective of the study is to observe the shape of the glenoid fossa and perform morphometric study in detail in the dry scapulae. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 38 dry human scapulae of unknown age and sex. The shape was observed & measurements were recorded with the help of digital vernier calliper. Result: Pear shape glenoid fossa with shallow notch was seen in 55.26% of right scapula and 26.31% of left scapula, while pear shape glenoid fossa with a deep notch was seen in 5.26% of right scapula and 13.1% of left scapula. There was no significant difference between the mean transverse diameters of right and left glenoid fossa. The mean vertical diameter was larger than other diameters. Conclusion: The glenoid fossa is largely pear shaped because the superior transverse diameter is less than the inferior transverse diameter. The notch on the anterior margin of glenoid fossa due to the tendon of subscapularis may be shallow or significantly deep. The depth of the notch does not correlate with the handedness of the individual. The range of the overall dimensions of the glenoid fossa with deep anterior notch are larger. Morphological and morphometric observations of the study are important in prosthesis design of glenoid fossa and demography of other shoulder diseases. Keywords: Glenoid fossa, Glenoid rim, Notch, Anterior margin, Diameter.