Group Mean Values Research Articles

Effect of Proprioceptive Training and Strength Training on Agility among Table Tennis Players

Background: Table tennis is a dynamic sport. Proprioception is an important sensory and motor function for all mobility action which also plays an important role in sports and contribute greatlyto the performance of athletes. Strength training involves the performance of physical exercise thatare designed to improve strength. Agility is the ability to move and change the direction and position of the body quickly and effectively under control. Objective: To find out effect of proprioceptive training and strength training on agility among table tennis players. Methodology: The study design was experimental study, conducted in KG college of Physiotherapy with total sample of 20 players were included in the study with 10 players each in the group. Sampling method was convenient sampling. Study duration was 6 months and individual training was 6 weeks. Male table tennis players, aged between 18-25 years who were practicing and playing table tennis for more than one year were included in the study. Players withany soft tissue injuries, recent fractures, recent musculoskeletal surgeries and neurological problems, irregular in training regime have been excluded. Result: The post-test mean values of proprioceptive training group (N=10) was 9.38 whereas the players who are underwent strength training (N=10) was 10.20. Thus, proprioceptive training reflects better agility when compared with the strength training. Conclusion: Agility involves starting, stopping, changing the direction, rotation, reaction and complex movements. Table tennis realize heavily on agility. Thus, proprioceptive training and strength training has to been given for better agility among table tennis players who are underwent proprioceptive training showed significant improvement in agility than strength training.

“EFFECTIVINESS OF PAPWORTH METHOD VERSUS BUTEYKO TECHNIQUE IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE IN MILD TO MODERATE ASTHMATIC PATIENTS - A RANDOMISED COMPARATIVE STUDY

TITLE OF THE STUDY: Effectiviness of papworth method versus buteyko technique in improving quality of life in mild to moderate asthmatic patients- A Randomized comparative study OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine effectiveness in papworth method and butekyo in patients in moderate asthma. 40 patients are selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. METHODOLOGY: Patients are assigned in 2 groups by using random allocation method. Group-A (papworth method) consists of 20 patients, Group-B (buteyko) consists of 20 patients. Before starting the intervention pre assessment was taken by using outcome measures Nijmegen dysfunctional breathing questionnaire and peak expiratory flow rate has been noted in 2 the groups. PROCEDURE: The intervention program is given for 4 weeks in Group-A papworth method exercises and GroupB received buteyko. After the completion of 4 weeks intervention post-test assessment has been taken by using outcome measures of Nijmegen dysfunctional breathing questionnaire and peak expiratory flow rate. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the data in both the groups A and B had shown significant difference in pre and post intervention. But on comparing the mean values of Group A & B, Group A has shown more improvement than Group B. CONCLUSION: This findings suggests, papworth method combined along with buteyko technique is more effective in moderate asthma patients.

The Effect of the Acting Play Script Technique in Enhancing Speaking Skill for the Students of Senior High School

This research discusses the effect of the acting play script technique in enhancing the speaking skills of students in senior high school. The research used an experimental design called a quasi-experiment and the scoring used a T-test. There were two types of groups involved in this study to compare the results of the speaking skills after the Acting Play Script. One class as the control group only got the pre-test and post-test while the other class as the experiment group got the pre-test, and post-test as well, and an additional treatment called the Acting Play Script technique where the students did a speaking activity using a script made by themselves. In the control group, the speaking pre-test result showed that the mean of students in a number of 29,55 while the experimental group in a number of 30,07. After the researcher did the treatment of the Acting Play Script in the experimental group, the mean of the speaking post-test in the experimental group went up in a number of 45,5 while the mean in the control group was in a number of 40,5. Based on the result, it was concluded that the acting play script technique has an effect in enhancing student speaking skills reinforced by the rise of the students speaking test mean value in the experimental group.

Effectiveness of Video-Assisted Distraction Technique in Reduction of Pain Among Preschool Children Undergoing Vein Puncture

Introduction: Vein puncture is an invasive but common procedure for children, often accompanied by pain, fear and anxiety and refuse to cooperate. Distraction technique is one of the non-pharmacological methods of controlling pain. The objective of this study was to find the effectiveness of video assisted distraction technique in reduction of pain among preschooler children.
 Methods: Quasi experimental study was conducted in Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal. 108 preschooler children consisting of 54 children in each experimental and control group selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique were enrolled in the study. Structured pain scale was used to collect data in both groups. Animated cartoon video was shown only to experimental group five minutes prior to until the vein puncture was over. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests.
 Results: In experimental group, 59.2% had moderate pain whereas 68.5% in control group had severe pain. The pain score of experimental group was significantly lower than that of control group at p = 0.05 with the mean value of experimental and control group 6.85 ± 0.79 and 7.25 ± 0.87 respectively.
 Conclusions: Distraction is an effective technique for children undergoing vein puncture in order to alleviate pain level during vein puncture

The Comparison of General Characteristics and Early and Late Post-intervention Results in Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia Secondary to Multiple Sclerosis and Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia Treated With Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation.

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences (in terms of demographic structure, disease history, complaints, clinical findings, early and late treatment outcomes, and complications) between patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN) secondary to multiple sclerosis (MS) who were admitted to our clinic and underwent radiofrequency (RF) thermocoagulation procedure. Materials and methods Patients who underwent percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation with a diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia by a single neurosurgeon in a single neurosurgery clinic between January 2005 and January 2020 were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups: idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis (MSTN) according to their diagnosis. In our study, 215 TN patients who underwent 286 procedures were included. These patients were categorized according to age, sex, involved side, pain localization, and pain history. Postoperative complications were determined after each intervention. The early and late results of all interventions were evaluated, and the results were compared between both groups. All results were statistically analyzed. Results Considering the age of the patients, the mean age of the idiopathic group was higher than the multiple sclerosis group (58.18>49.46). In terms of the side of pain, bilateral involvement was significantly more common in the MS secondary group (1.48%<30.77%). There was no significant difference between the early results of both groups. In terms of remission periods, the pain-free period in the MS secondary group was significantly shorter than in the idiopathic group (mean value in months, 30.87>23.81). Conclusion The radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the trigeminal nerve is a highly effective, low-complication, reproducible procedure for trigeminal neuralgia, but the search for ways to improve the efficacy of treatment in MS patients should continue.

The Effect of Three Desensitizing Toothpastes on Dentinal Tubules Occlusion and on Dentin Hardness.

There are two main methods used for dentin hypersensitivity (DH) treatment: dentinal tubule occlusion and blockage of nerve activity. Dentifrices are the most common vehicles for active ingredients used for DH treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three toothpastes on dentinal tubule occlusion, mineral acquisition, and dentin hardness. Forty human dentin disks were submerged in 40% citric acid for 30 s and then exposed to tooth brushing for 2 min twice a day for 14 days using three toothpastes: Dontodent Sensitive (group 1), Dr. Wolff's Biorepair (group 2), and Sensodyne Repair and Protect (group 3). In the control group (group 4), the samples were brushed with water. All of the samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Vickers dentin hardness determination. On SEM images, the degree of dentinal tubule occlusion was assessed using a five-grade scale. The mean score values in groups 1-4 were 3.60 ± 0.69, 2.20 ± 0.91, 2.30 ± 1.16, and 5.00 ± 0.00, significantly higher in study groups when compared to the control group (Kruskal Wallis test p < 0.05). EDX evaluation showed significantly higher calcium and phosphorus concentrations in groups 1 and 3 when compared to control group d. The mean values of Vickers dentin hardness numbers in groups 1-4 were 243.03 ± 10.014, 327.38 ± 56.65, 260.29 ± 37.69, and 225.83 ± 29.93, respectively. No statistically significant results were obtained when comparing the hardness mean values in groups (Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, p = 0.372 > 0.05). All three toothpastes tested demonstrated significant occlusion of dentinal tubules. Dontodent Sensitive and Sensodyne Repair and Protect toothpastes enhanced the calcium and phosphorus content of the dentin surface. None of the toothpastes increased dentin hardness as a result of mineral acquisition.

Switching from Galenic to Advanced Dressings or Vacuum Assisted Closure Therapy Can Improve Quality of Life of Patients with Chronic Non-Responsive Pressure Skin Ulcers: Preliminary Data with Italian Translation of WOUND-Q.

Objective: A few studies have focused on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic non-responsive pressure skin ulcers. The aim of this study was to assess how correct treatment (advanced wound care [AWC] dressings alone or vacuum assisted closure [VAC] therapy alone) changes the QoL of these patients. Approach: One hundred six patients with chronic non-responsive pressure skin ulcers, who had previously used galenic dressings, applied without proper therapeutic indication, were included in this study. We administered the WOUND-Q, at time 0 and after 1 month of appropriate therapy, to assess patient-reported outcome measures. Group 1 consisted of 30 patients treated with advanced dressings, Group 2: 22 patients treated with VAC therapy, and Group 3: 30 patients continuing conventional galenic dressings (Control group). Statistical analysis allowed us to analyze QoL changes over time and to compare WOUND-Q Group 1 and 2 deltas with those of Group 3. The study followed the STROBE statement. Results and Innovation: In all the scales evaluated (Assessment, Drainage, Smell, Life impact, Psychological, Social, Sleep and Dressing), there were significant improvements in mean values for Groups 1 and 2. Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn's multiple-comparisons tests and Brown-Forsythe and Welch Analysis of Variance tests demonstrated significant differences between deltas of Group 1 and Group 2 compared with those of Group 3 for most scales analyzed. Conclusions: Administration of the WOUND-Q demonstrated that the application of advanced dressings alone or VAC therapy alone positively affects the QoL of patients with chronic nonresponsive pressure wounds, in comparison with galenic dressings alone. The WOUND-Q has been shown to be a valid tool in studying changes in QoL of these patients.

The possible effect of light exposure reduction via eye patches after the examination for retinopathy in premature infants? An observational study in preterm neonates

Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether infants with and without eye patches differ in terms of vital signs and clinical status after retinopathy of prematurity examination. Methods: Premature infants hospitalized in study center between June 2021-April 2022 were included. Group 1 is consisted of infants whose eyes were not closed after retinopathy of prematurity examination. Those infants whose eyes were closed eye-patches consisted of group 2. Vital signs were followed for 24 hours following the examination. Demographic, medical and follow-up data were all recorded prospectively. Vital signs were evaluated in accordance with birth week and weight. Pain score was evaluated by Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale. Results: Pain scores were found to be lower in group 2 (p &amp;lt; 0.020). Although the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure values of group 2 were found to be lower than group 1, they were within normal limits (all p &amp;lt; 0.05). Vomiting was not observed at all in Group 1 (p = 0.036). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of fever, respiratory rate, heart rate, SpO2, and blood glucose values. Conclusions: This study showed that using an eye patch in infants after an eye examination reduces pain and increases comfort of infants. Although their pain scores are lower, taking necessary precautions are recommended for these patients in terms of vomiting. Thus, eye patches can be suggested as a non-pharmacological pain-reducing method after get advanced stagnation by the support of more studies with a larger number of participants.

Effectiveness of Flapless Cortico-Alveolar Perforations Using Mechanical Drills Versus Traditional Corticotomy on the Retraction of Maxillary Canines in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Both invasive and minimally invasive surgical methods have recently gained popularity in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. Traditional corticotomy (TC) was one of the first effective invasive surgical techniques in shortening orthodontic treatment time, whereas the flapless cortico-alveolar perforations (FCAPs) technique is a modern minimally invasive method that has recently shown good results in different types of orthodontic tooth movement. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of TC versus FCAPs in maxillary canine retraction when treating Class II division 1 malocclusion patients. This was a single-blinded, single-center, three-arm randomized controlled trial. A total of 51 patients (22 males, 29 females, mean age 20.98 ± 1.95) whose treatment planning included the extraction of maxillary first premolars were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups: the TC group, the FCAPs group, and the control group. The assessed outcomes were the amount of canine retraction, anchorage loss, and canines' rotation, which was evaluated at five-time points till the completion of canine retraction. There were statistically significant differences in the amount of canine retraction between the three groups in the first two months (p < 0.001), with greater mean values in the TC group (p < 0.001) in the first month. However, the amount of canine retraction in the FCAPs group was significantly greater in the second month compared to the TC group (p = 0.003) and the control group (p < 0.001). In the first month of canine retraction, anchorage loss, and canine rotation were significantly lesser in the TC and FCAPs groups than in the control group (p < 0.001). On the contrary, the canines' rotation amount after the completion of retraction was greater in the TC group than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). TC and FCAPs are efficient adjunctive surgical methods for accelerating canine retraction. At the end of the first month, the TC accelerated canine retraction by 59.85% and FCAPs by 44% compared to the conventional retraction. At the end of the second month, the acceleration was less than recorded in the first month (35.44% and 50.20%, respectively).The acceleration effect of the surgical interventions appeared transient and did not last in the following observation period.

Serum Adropin Levels and Body Mass Composition in Kidney Transplant Recipients-Are There Sex Differences?

Adropin is a secretory peptide that regulates glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, which is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and atherogenesis. The serum adropin level is related to sex and depends upon nutritional preferences. This study aims to determine the association between serum adropin levels and body composition parameters in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), especially emphasizing sex differences. Our case-control study involved 59 KTRs (28 postmenopausal women and 31 men) who were divided into two groups according to sex, and each group of those KTRs was further divided into higher or lower adropin values than the mean value in each sex group. Univariate regression showed a negative association of adropin levels with most anthropometric and body composition parameters in men's KTRs. Contrary to this, the serum adropin level was negatively associated only with phase angle in postmenopausal female KTRs. Multivariate regression showed that skeletal muscle mass and phase angle were the only negative predictors in women's KTRs, whereas in men, negative predictors were BMI and body water. These findings imply that adropin could have a different impact on metabolic homeostasis in KTRs regarding sex and could be considered a negative predictor of body composition in KTRs.

Comparative Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose of the Study: To evaluate the clinical impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in comparison to those without T2DM. Methods: Retrospective study, HCC data obtained from public domain (kaggle.com). Summary of Results Obtained: Mean age in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups were 70.4 and 62.08 years respectively. There was a female preponderance seen in both groups. Mean aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) values in diabetic group were 81.42/54.8 U/L and in non-diabetic group were 116.72/77.4 U/L (p=0.19). Mean International Normalized Ratio (INR) in diabetic and non-diabetic groups were 1.51 and 1.34 respectively (p=0.32). Mean total bilirubin values in diabetic and non-diabetic groups were 2.39 and 1.95 mg/dL respectively (p=0.63). Total number of patients with varices were 33 in the diabetic and 32 in the non-diabetic group (p=0.59). Total number of patients with portal hypertension were 33 in the diabetic and 34 in the non-diabetic group (p=0.32). Portal venous thrombosis was found in 9 patients in the diabetic and 12 patients in the non-diabetic group (p=0.67). Metastatic disease was seen in 10 patients in the diabetic and 12 patients in the non-diabetic group (p=0.74).

Comparative Study between Laparoscopic Single Anastomosis Sleeve Ileal Bypass (SASI Bypass) versus Laparoscopic Mini-Gastric Bypass (MGB/OAGB) in Controlling Type 2 Diabetes in Morbidly Obese Patients

Abstract Background In our opinion, the most important criteria in the selection of a bariatric procedure remain the safety and efficacy in achieving both weight loss and remission of the metabolic consequences of obesity. Despite the intrinsic limitation imposed by a retrospective study, our results seem to confirm that LMGB is both safe and effective for the treatment of morbidly obese diabetic patients. Laparoscopic SASI bypass has been shown to be an effective, safe, and simple procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity and its associated metabolic consequences. Moreover, it results in minimal postoperative nutritional complications in comparison to other bariatric procedures. However, long-term follow-up period should be performed to evaluate postoperative weight loss, metabolic changes, and nutritional status of patients. Objective To compare Laparoscopic Single Anastomosis Sleeve Ileal (SASI) Bypass with Minigastric bypass (MGB/OAGB) in controlling type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in morbidly obese patients. Patients and Methods This study is a retrospective comparative study in which morbidly obese Patients with type 2 DM who underwent either Mini-gastric bypass or Single Anastomosis Sleeve Ileal (SASI) bypass with available preoperative Fasting blood Glucose, Hemoglobin A1c&amp; serum cpeptide (As predictive measures for remission of diabetes after surgery) was collected &amp; their data and results was compared to this1,3, 6 &amp; 12 months postoperatively. Results As regard glycemic and lipid profile pre and postoperative mean values in MGB group, the present study showed that there were significant differences between before and after surgery as regard FBG, HbA1C, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass (MGB) is a technically simple and safe procedure in SSO patients. LMGB has the advantages of being a single stage procedure, being easily reversible and revisable in a laparoscopic procedure and does not sacrifice portions of the stomach or implant foreign materials. SASI bypass is a promising operation that offers excellent weight loss and metabolic result. The elimination of two ways for passage of food and one anastomosis decrease nutritional deficiency and the possibility of surgically related complications. Conclusion Metabolic surgery is a safe option for carefully selected patients with metabolic syndrome. The increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease demands therapeutic attention for those at high risk. Our study suggests that both SASI and MGB are highly effective in controlling Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia.

A prospective assessment of gait kinematics and related clinical examination measures in cerebral palsy crouch gait.

Background While prospectively assessed crouch gait in cerebral palsy (CP) does not necessarily progress, prospective changes in clinical examination measures have not been reported. This study prospectively examined the association between selected clinical examination variables and change in crouch gait in a cohort with bilateral CP. Methods Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of ambulant bilateral CP, knee flexion at mid-stance >19 0 and a minimum of two-years between gait analyses. The change in kinematic variables was assessed using Statistical Parameter Mapping (SPM) and changes in clinical measures using appropriate paired tests. Linear regression examined the association between progression of crouch and clinical examination variables. Results There was no mean change in crouch in 27 participants over 3.29 years. However, there was significant variability within this group. Clinical hamstring tightness (60.00 0 to 70.48 0, p<0.01) and external knee rotation during stance (SPM analysis, p<0.001) increased but there was no association between changes in clinical examination variables and changes in crouch (p-values 0.06 - 0.89). Conclusions This prospective study found no association between the changes in clinical examination variables and changes in crouch highlighting the likely multi-factorial aetiology of this gait pattern and the need for larger prospective studies. The variability crouch gait progression among the 27 participants highlights the pitfall of group mean values in such a heterogeneous population.

Effect of Soybean Extract on sFlt-1 LEVELS in Huvecs Cultures Induced by Preeclampsia Plasma

Preeclampsia is a dangerous pregnancy issue that causes hypertension at ≥20 weeks of gestation. Oxidative stress is known to play a role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia by raising the activity of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and causing endothelial dysfunction. As a result, antioxidants are utilized as a therapy in preeclampsia to protect the body from the impacts of free radicals. This study aims to determine the effect of soybean extract on sFlt-1 levels in HUVECs cultures exposed to preeclamptic plasma. The benefit of this study is the consideration for clinicians to provide soybean ethanol extract supplements (Glycine max) to increase the potential of antihypertensive therapy. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures (HUVECs) were used in the study, which was conducted in vitro. HUVECs cultures were exposed to preeclampsia plasma and subsequently treated for 24 hours with various dosages of soybean extract. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured the sFlt-1 levels in each observation group. The hypothesis was tested using One-Way ANOVA analysis with SPSS version 25 software. This study found a significant difference (p &lt;0,05) between the mean value of the positive control group and the negative control group. A significant difference was also found (p &lt;0,05) in the mean value of sFlt-1 between the positive control group and the treatment group that was given soybean extract at doses of 17,5 ppm. Soybean extract had a significant effect on decreasing sFlt-1 levels in HUVECs cultures exposed to preeclamptic plasma. Thus, soybeans isoflavones have the potential to treat preeclampsia by reducing anti-angiogenic factors.

Characteristics of Met gene and its relationship with immune index TMB/MMR genes/DDR genes in Chinese NSCLC population.

147 Background: Patients with driver gene mutations in NSCLC can benefit significantly from corresponding targeted therapy, but respond poorly to immunotherapy (such as EGFR, ALK). As a driver gene of NSCLC, the relationship between the characteristics of Met and many immune indicators in the Chinese population is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the characteristics of the Met gene and its relationship with immune indicators in the Chinese NSCLC population. Methods: 732 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) lung adenocarcinoma samples were collected and detected by Next Generation Sequencing 603-gene panel from July 31, 2021 to March 14, 2023 were selected from the study. The biomarkers of immunotherapy (TMB-High [≥10/Mb], MSI-High, and PD-L1 22C3 [TPS], DDR-related genes (ATM, ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CHEK1, CHEK2, FANCA, MRE11, PALB2, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D) and MMR-related genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) were also calculated. Results: Among the 732 subjects included in the previous detection, a total of 32 cases were detected to carry Met-related gene mutations. The detection rate of Met gene was 4.37%, which was consistent with the mutation probability of Met mutation of 4-6% in previous studies. The median age was 65 (13-97). 81% of patients belonged to mutations of unknown clinical significance (26/32); 15% of patients belonged to exon 14 skipping type (5/32); Met amplification accounted for the least, accounting for only 6% (2/32 ). The top 3 loci of mutation frequency were Met_L221W (4/32), MET_Q1067K (2/32), and MET_F206S (2/32). The gene partners of Met co-mutation were analyzed, and the top five genes were PPP2R1A, HIST1H3G, CDKN1B, SYK, and ERBB4. In the analysis of the immune indicators of the Met mutant population and the Met wild-type population, the Mann-Whitney U test found that among the TMB indicators, the mean value of the Met group was 8.09 with a standard deviation of 7.91, and the mean value of the un-Met group was 5.94 with a standard deviation of 4.98. Met was correlated with TMB with statistical difference (P value 0.02). Among the MSI indicators, the mean value of the Met group was 8.16, and the mean value of the un-Met group was 7.76. The correlation between Met and MSI status was not significant. We also paid attention to Met and DDR-related genes and MMR-related genes. Mann-Whitney U analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between MET group and wild-type MET group and DDR gene (p-value: 1.0), but there was a significant relationship between MET group and wild-type MET group and MMR gene (p-value: 0.026). Conclusions: In the Chinese NSCLC population, there is a correlation between Met expression and TMB, and the Met mutation will increase the TMB value. Met expression was significantly correlated with MMR-related gene mutations.

Combined Effect of Dry Needling and Strain Counter Strain Technique in Myofascial Trigger Points of Upper Trapezius

Aim: To evaluate the combined effect of dry needling and strain counter strain technique in myofascial trigger points of upper. Method: This randomized control trial study was conducted at Male and Female physiotherapy ward, Outdoor, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. 28 patients who had complain of taut band, tenderness and referred pain and fulfill the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this research via non-probability consecutive sampling which randomized later and allocated to two equal groups. Group A (n=14) was experimental group treated by Dry needling and strain counter strain with baseline treatment. Group B (n=14) was a control group treated by Strain counter strain with baseline treatment. Baseline Physiotherapy Protocol that was given to every patient: Hot pack for 10 minutes, Trapezius muscle stretching, cervical muscle strengthening exercises (2 sets of 5 repetition each). Written consent was procured by every patient. Questioner that was used for data collection was Neck disability index (NDI) and other tools were Goniometer and Visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: Descriptive statistics showed that participants having mean age of 27 in group A and 35 in group B. Participants who received dry needling and SCS showed marked improvement as compare to group B. Statistically significant improvement found in all variables that were measured following the intervention (P&lt;0.05). The pre-treatment mean score for NDI in group A was 3.50±0.519, while in group B was 3.64±0.497. After 8 weeks of treatment, the mean score in group A was 1.79±0.579, and in group B was 2.64±0.497 with the p value &lt;0.0001 is less than 0.05 showed that Combined treatment effect of dry needling and Strain counter strain and control group treatment with strain counter strain only both are statistically significant in improving pain in Trigger points of the upper trapezius. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that the combined technique of Dry needling and strain counter strain and only strain counter strain technique with baseline treatment both are effective in reducing pain and better active range of motion outcome as p=0.000 that p&lt;0.005 showed both techniques are statistically significant but the mean value of Study group A is more than control group B, so Combined technique study group A is more effective than Strain counter strain technique with baseline treatment of control group B. Keywords: Dry needling, Strain counter strain, Visual analogue scale, Neck disability index.

Fostering twenty-first century skills among primary school students through math project-based learning

In today’s modern world, students must be equipped with twenty-first century skills, particularly those related to solving real-life problems, to ensure competitiveness in the current global economy. The present study employed project-based learning (PBL) as an instructional tool for teaching math at the primary level. A convergent mixed-methods approach was adopted to determine whether the PBL approach has improved students’ twenty-first century skills, including collaborative, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. Thirty-five students of the experimental group were treated with PBL, while 35 students of the control were treated with the traditional teaching method. ANCOVA test for “critical thinking skills” showed a significant difference between the experimental and control group (F = 104.833, p = 0.000 < 0.05). For collaborative skills, results also showed a significant difference between the two groups (F = 32.335, p = 0.000 < 0.05). For problem-solving skills, the mean value of experimental (25.54) and control group (16.94) showed a high difference after the intervention. The t-value (8.284) and the p value (p = 0.000) also showed a highly significant difference. Observations of the classroom also revealed the favorable effects of employing PBL. PBL activities boosted the level of collaboration and problem-solving skills among students. Students could advance their collaboration abilities, including promoting one another’s viewpoints, speaking out when necessary, listening to one another, and participating in thoughtful discussions. During the PBL project, students’ active participation and effective collaboration were observed, significantly contributing to its success.

Exploring the Neuroprotective Effects of Spirulina platensis: Insights Into Hemorrhagic Volume and Histological Outcomes.

Background Hemorrhagic events can result in significant neurological damage, and identifying effective strategies for neuroprotection is crucial. Several studies have directed their attention to the alterations in perilesional parenchymal tissue. These investigations have sought to modify ischemic and metabolic changes by utilizing potential neuroprotective agents and to develop strategies that effectively mitigate secondary perilesional neuronal damage. By gaining a deeper understanding of its mechanisms and efficacy, Spirulina platensis can emerge as a promising therapeutic intervention for various neurological disorders. Methodology This controlled and blinded experimental study was conducted on adult male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into the treatment group, which received Spirulina platensis extract for 30 days before the hemorrhagic event, and the control group, where all animals underwent the same experimental hemorrhage model using collagenase. Each group was divided into the following three subgroups based on the sacrifice time: six hours, 24 hours, and 30 days. The brain section with the largest hemorrhage volume was selected for histological analysis. The number of viable neurons was analyzed in the perilesional zone and the cortical fields along the puncture trajectory. Neurofunctional evaluations were conducted on animals sacrificed 15 and 30 days after the procedure. Results Initial analysis showed no significant difference in viable neurons between groups (p = 0.63). Still, after 24 hours, the treatment group had a significantly higher number of viable neurons per peripheral fields (18.5) compared to the control group (13.4; p < 0.05). Neurofunctional tests at 15 days indicated a trend toward significance in absolute discrimination (p = 0.054), with the control group showing higher mean values (5.5, SD = 3.1) than the treatment group (-1, SD = 5.1). The discrimination index exhibited a significant difference (p < 0.01), with higher mean values in the control group (0.59, SD = 0.34) compared to the treatment group (-0.05, SD = 0.21). No significant differences were found in other neurofunctional parameters at this time point. At 30 days, no significant differences were observed in absolute discrimination, discrimination index, contralateral paw elevation, rearing time, and wire hanging time test (p > 0.1); however, the treatment group presented a better motor performance in the open field test (14.2, SD = 9.02) compared to the control group (5.25, SD = 2.06), approaching significance (p = 0.06). Conclusions The group treated with Spirulina platensis demonstrated significantly more viable neurons in the perilesional fields 24 hours after the induced hemorrhage. The treatment group also had a relatively better motor performance in the open field test 30 days after the hemorrhage (p = 0.06). These findings suggest a potential neuroprotection effect and warrant further investigations to explore the effects of Spirulina platensis and its active component phycocyanin in acute neurological conditions.

Concordance of shoulder strength assessments using a spring balance and isometric dynamometer in patients before and after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

Shoulder strength is an essential assessment to monitor the outcome of treatment interventions. Isometric strength assessment in the Constant Score (CS) was initially measured with a cable tensiometer or spring balance (SB). Some authors have questioned the validity of this strength assessment and the resulting CS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concordance of strength measurements using an unsecured SB vs. isometric dynamometer and outline the impact of these methods on the CS. In the context of routine clinical examination as well as participation in a Swiss national cohort study, shoulder strength was measured to calculate baseline (before surgery) and 6-month postoperative CS in adult rotator cuff tear patients who had undergone primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Measurements of each of the operated and contralateral shoulders were made per patient routinely using an unsecured SB and study-specific using an isometric dynamometer in patients with the shoulder at 90° abduction in the scapular plane. Absolute and change values of strength and CS data were presented in scatter plots and assessed using concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and Bland-Altman plots. Between June 2020 and October 2021, baseline strength measurements from the operated shoulder of 78 patients ranged from 0.0 to 13.6 kg with a CCC of 0.64 (P<.001) and a mean difference of 0.81 kg between the SB and dynamometer methods. There were 89 measurements of the contralateral healthy shoulder that ranged from 3.6 to 15.6 kg; CCC and mean strength difference were 0.76 (P<.001) and 0.70 kg, respectively. At 6 months postsurgery, strength measurements of the operated shoulder ranged from 1.4 to 12.0 kg with a CCC of 0.66 (P<.001) and mean strength difference of 0.9 kg (n=68). Respective 6-month measurements of the contralateral side (n=52) ranged from 2.0 to 15.9 kg with a CCC of 0.73 (P<.001) and mean strength difference of 0.03 kg. Absolute and change values in shoulder strength assessments using an unsecured SB and isometric dynamometer are fairly concordant with mean differences of less than 1 kg between methods. With the variability of strength differences among patients, interpretation of these values for individual patients may be challenging. Nonetheless, unsecured SB and dynamometer methods share only slight and clinically unimportant differences that can provide similar group mean values for use in research along with the calculation of the CS.

Levels of some coagulation parameters among apparently healthy Medical Laboratory Science undergraduate students of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt

Introduction: Prothrombin time (PT), International normalized ratio (INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) are screening tests used to evaluate the overall integrity of the intrinsic, extrinsic and common coagulation pathway as well as monitoring and management of coagulation disorders. This study was aimed at assessing the PT, INR and APTT among apparently healthy undergraduate Medical Laboratory Science students of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 apparently healthy undergraduate Medical Laboratory Science students of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt comprising of 44 males and 56 females within the age range of 17-40 years were recruited for this study. Five milliliters (5ml) of venous blood was collected from each participant using a standard venipuncture technique into a vacutainer bottle containing 3.2% tri-sodium citrate anticoagulant in a ratio of 1:9 of the anticoagulant and the blood and mixed thoroughly. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were determined by clotting method using the Helena C4 semi-automated, photo-optical coagulation analyzer and the Agappe thromboplastin test kit manufactured by Agappe Diagnostics Switzerland while INR was calculated by using the ratio of the study subjects’ PT to the mean of control PT raised to the power of the reagent international sensitivity index (ISI). The data obtained was analyzed using Graphpad Prism Software version 6.00. Data was presented as means, median, range and standard deviation. Results: The mean ± SD of the PT, INR and APTT were 12.9± 1.624s, 1.01±0.1281 and 37.99±8.898s in the same order. The reference intervals obtained for PT, INR and APTT were 9.7-16.2s, 0.8-1.3 and APTT 20.2-55.8s in the same order. The lower limits were within the ranges established by previous researchers while the upper limits were higher. The age range 21-25 had the highest frequency count (54), which was followed by &lt;20 (26), 26-30 (17) and then &lt;30 (3). The overall mean values for the age groups were within the established normal values and as such no statistically significant difference was observed between the various groups. Conclusion: This study has established the mean values and reference intervals of PT, INR and APTT for apparently healthy Medical Laboratory Science undergraduate students of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt as well as established that age does not have any significant effect on PT, INR and APTT. Due to geography, lifestyle, and genetic diversity, it is recommended that each laboratory establishes geography-specific reference intervals for PT, INR and APTT.