Mean State Anxiety Scores Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOMOPHOBIA AND ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATE HEALTH SCIENCES STUDENTS

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between nomophobia and the level of anxiety of undergraduate health sciences students.Method: Descriptive and correlational research design was used in the study. A Convenience sampling method was used for selection. Student volunteers (n = 1299) who met the study criteria were included in the study. Results: Of the students, 45.3% reported using smartphones for more than 5 hours a day. 32.2% reported checking their phones for more than 40 times a day. 54.3% indicated checking their phones first thing in the morning and 56.4% right before going to bed. The most common reason for using the phone was to access social media and the least common reason was shopping. 41.3% of the students thought that they had smartphone dependency. 63% of them said they have forgotten their phones somewhere at some point. 69.3% of the students reported feeling anxious due to forgetting their phones at some place. The mean score of the students for the Nomophobia Scale was 84.31±29.01, the mean score of the State Anxiety Scale was 44.22±11.37 and the mean score of the Trait Anxiety Scale was 46.39±9.58. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant relationship between nomophobia and anxiety (p <0.01). Further analysis revealed that the mean state and trait anxiety scores of the students with absence of nomophobia and mild level of nomophobia were significantly lower than those with moderate level and severe nomophobia. Therefore, there was a positive correlation between the average mean score of the Nomophobia Scale and the mean score of the State-Trait Anxiety Scale (p <0.01). Conclusion: Smartphone dependency appears to be associated with increased anxiety among undergraduate health sciences students.

Evaluation of state and trait anxiety levels of parents and children before electroencephalography procedures: A prospective study from a tertiary epilepsy center

BackgroundInadequate or misinformation about electroencephalography (EEG) and epilepsy may lead to anxiety in children and their parents. The purpose of this study was to make a simultaneous evaluation of the anxiety levels of children and parents before EEG procedures and to make a brief assessment of their knowledge about EEG. Methods and materialsChildren aged between 8 and 18 years who were referred for EEG tests at Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey and their parents were included in the study, prospectively. Data were collected through Personal Information Forms; an EEG questionnaire form, which questioned the knowledge of the participants about EEG; the Spielberger's State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to determine anxiety levels of the parents; and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-State form (STAIC) to determine the anxiety levels of the children. The following parameters were collected in a database: demographic data about children and parents (sex, age), indication of suspected diagnosis on EEG request (i.e., the referral diagnosis), history of epilepsy, number of EEG recordings, and results of previous EEG recordings. The state and trait anxiety test results of the children were compared between the girls and boys, between age groups, and their parents' results in terms of both trait and state anxiety in terms of EEG, sex, ages, educational levels, and working. ResultsEighty-five children (mean age: 13.25 ± 3.02 years) and 85 parents (mean age: 41.16 ± 7.65 years) were included in the study. The children's mean trait anxiety score was 32.51 ± 8.09, and the mean state anxiety score was 34.97 ± 7.62. Half of the children who had a trait anxiety score of ≤30 points had increased state anxiety levels because they received more than 30 points in the state anxiety evaluation score. No significant differences were found between the boys and girls in terms of the state and trait anxiety scores (p > 0.05). The parents' mean trait anxiety score was 39.16 ± 7.74, and the mean state anxiety score was 42.74 ± 6.22. Forty (47%) parents were found to have trait anxiety, and 52 (61.2%) parents had state anxiety before the EEG. The trait anxiety score of the mothers was statistically significantly higher than that of the fathers (p < 0.01). The investigation of the knowledge level of both parents and children about EEG demonstrated some misunderstandings or points of insufficiency. ConclusionThe present study revealed that both parents and children had insufficient knowledge about EEG, and the procedure caused anxiety for both the parents and children. When EEG procedures are requested, parents and children should be given brief information about EEG and epilepsy. We think that in this way, the knowledge of both parents and children about this issue may be increased and their anxiety may be decreased.

Effect of self-care counselling on depression and anxiety in women with endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundConsidering the prevalence of endometriosis and consequent depression and anxiety as well as the resultant effects on the body, mind, and quality of life of patients, this study aimed to determine the effects of self-care counselling on depression and anxiety (primary outcome) and on quality of life (secondary outcome) among women with endometriosis.MethodThis randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 76 women with endometriosis who were treated at Al-Zahra Teaching and Treatment Center of Tabriz within the 2015–2019 period. The random blocking method was employed to divide the patients into intervention (counselling) and control groups. In the intervention group, seven self-care group counselling sessions were held on a weekly basis. The control group received routine care. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire were completed by the researcher through an interview before and 4 weeks after the intervention.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of sociodemographic characteristics (p > 0.05). After the intervention, the mean scores of state anxiety (mean difference: − 0.12, 95% confidence interval: − 9.6 to − 14.4, p < 0.001) and trait anxiety (mean difference: − 10.9: 95% confidence interval: − 9.1 to − 12.7, p = 0.001) were significantly lower in the counselling group than those of the control group. The mean score of depression was lower in the counselling group than in the control group; however, it was not significant (p = 0/565). The mean score of quality of life for physical health (mean difference = 17.2, 95% confidence interval: 13.8 to 20.5, p < 0.001) and for mental health (mean difference = 12.0, 95% confidence interval: 9.0 to 14.9, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the counselling group than in the control group.ConclusionSelf-care counselling affects the anxiety and quality of life of women with endometriosis. Therefore, in addition to other therapies, this method is proposed to improve quality of life and mental health of patients with endometriosis.Trial registrationIRCT Registration Number: IRCT 20111219008459 N13, registered on February 10, 2019 (https://irct.ir/user/trial/35915).

Determination of the Effectiveness of Informing With the Guidance of an Education Booklet in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy—A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of precolonoscopy information with the guidance of an education booklet on anxiety and bowel preparation adequacy in patients undergoing colonoscopy. DesignA randomized controlled study. MethodsThe education group was informed face to face by the researcher with the guidance of the colonoscopy education booklet and provided the education booklet. The control group received usual care. FindingsThe mean state and trait anxiety scores of the patients in the education group were found to be significantly lower than the control group. In the education group, the bowel preparation adequacy was determined to be higher compared with the control group. ConclusionsInforming patients with the guidance of the education booklet before the colonoscopy decreased patients' state and trait anxiety levels and increased their bowel preparation adequacy.

Comparison of the effect of educational software and booklet on anxiety and pain during labour: a randomised controlled clinical trial

This randomised clinical trial was conducted on 153 pregnant women. Participants were assigned into two intervention groups including educational software and an educational booklet and a control group through block randomisation. A training session was implemented for the intervention groups at 30–36 weeks and they were taught how to use the educational methods. Participants were followed-up until the childbirth time and the severity of pain was measured at four stage of cervical dilatation (4, 6, 8 and 10 cm) by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was completed at 4–5 cm cervical dilatation. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of the labour pain intensity (p > .05). After intervention, mean (SD) of state anxiety score was 38.7 (2.6) in educational software group, 44.3 (7.4) in educational booklet group and 63.3 (8.2) in control group. Also, mean (SD) of trait anxiety score was 47.4 (2.7) in educational software group, 47.2 (2.4) in educational booklet group and 61.8 (3.9) in control group. The mean state and trait anxiety scores in both intervention groups were significantly lower than control group (p < .001). Both intervention groups were effective in reducing anxiety. Thus, these educational methods should be recommended for pregnant women in clinical practices. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Childbirth is one of the most important crises in women’s life, in which stress and other forms of emotional distress such as anxiety are likely to occur during it. Safe practices and effective interventions can be offered to pregnant women to tolerate the labour pain and reduce anxiety during labour. What do the results of this study add? There was no statistically significant difference between two intervention groups (educational software and educational booklet groups) and control group in terms of the pain intensity at the cervical dilatation of 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm. But the state and trait anxiety in both groups (educational software and educational booklet groups) was significantly less than the control group. Also, the anxiety level was significantly lower in the educational software group than the educational booklet group. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or future research? Educational software and booklet with educational content about position modification during pregnancy, stretching exercises, breathing techniques and exercises, relaxation and lower back massage for reducing anxiety should be recommended for pregnant women in clinical practices.

The effects of watching comedy videos on anxiety and vital signs in surgical oncology patients

BackgroundCancer, a disease as old as recorded human history, causes patients pain and psychological problems. Watching comedy videos can distract these patients, relieving psychological issues without causing any further harm. MethodsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients who were candidates for oncologic surgery at a university hospital in Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 88 patients. Before surgery, patients in the experimental group (n = 44) watched comedy videos while those in the control group (n = 44) received no intervention. The Patient Introduction and Registration Form and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used as data collection tools. Anxiety, measured by the STAI, and vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and oxygen saturation) were measured before and after the experimental protocol. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and t-test were used in the analysis of the data. ResultsThe pretest of STAI scores and vital signs were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). After video watching, the mean state anxiety score of the patients was 43.36 ± 9.76 in the experimental group and 47.13 ± 5.76 in the control group. The difference between the mean anxiety scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in vital signs across groups (p > 0.05). Within group pre- versus post-treatment comparisons showed significant reduction in anxiety, diastolic and systolic blood pressures in the video group (p<0.05), while in controls, there was no significant improvement in anxiety and physiologic values. ConclusionsThe results suggest that watching comedy videos has a beneficial effect on pre-operative anxiety and blood pressure in surgical oncology patients.

Heightened anxiety state among parents of sick children attending emergency department using State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory

Background:The anxiety and stress level of both parent and child seeking treatment at the emergency department is assumed to be high. However, it is rarely quantified as to ascertain any need for intervention.Objective:The study seeks to quantify anxiety of parents accompanying sick children presenting acutely to the emergency department and to explore possible pre‐visit factors that may contribute to anxiety.Methods:A 12‐month cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Emergency Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. All parents accompanying a child presenting to the study location, fitting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were invited to participate. Parents required to fill a self‐administered questionnaire on anxiety, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and any related factors that can influence anxiety.Results:A total of 233 subjects were recruited. The mean state anxiety score was 53.48 ± 11.36, compared to the mean score for trait anxiety of 39.85 ± 7.66, suggesting a heightened state of anxiety. Majority of subjects (65.7%) had reported clinically detected anxiety as defined by state anxiety score above 49. There was no significant association between parental anxiety level with pre‐visit factors: children's age, duration of illness, the presence of co‐morbidities, time of presentation, prior medical contact and primary care referral. The child's state of illness was the dominant psychosocial factor associated with parental anxiety reported by the subjects.Conclusion:Parental anxiety upon arrival appeared to be significantly higher than expected, suggesting intervention may be needed.

The Relationship between Anxiety and Self-Esteem in Women Suffering from Breast Cancer.

Background:Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide that has great impact on their lives. Women with breast cancer are at increased risk for anxiety and low self-esteem.Objective:The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between anxiety and self-esteem in women suffering from breast cancer.Materials and Methods:In this descriptive correlational study, all 261 women diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer referred to cancer care clinics in winter 2016 were assessed. Data were gathered using demographic information inventory, Spielberger's State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 22). Descriptive statistics, the t-test, ANOVA, the Pearson correlation and the Spearman's correlation were also used.Results:The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of participants in the study was 48.33 ± 10.837 years. The mean score of state and trait anxiety was 46.29 ± 11.745 and 46.61 ± 10.936, respectively. The mean ± SD score of self-esteem was 18.38 ± 5.08. The study results show an indirect correlation between anxiety and self-esteem in women suffering from breast cancer (r = −0.690).Conclusions:According to the considerable influences of anxiety and self-esteem on other aspects of physical, psychological, and social health, it is suggested that health-care professionals pay more attention to the self-esteem and psychological state of women diagnosed with breast cancer besides other medical treatments. Screening strategies for detecting psychiatric disorders in breast cancer patients and planning of effective interventions to promote self-esteem and reduce anxiety and its consequences are recommended.

Étude de l’anxiété-trait et l’anxiété-état chez les enfants anémiques : région de Chefchaouen au nord du Maroc

Anemia can contribute to the deterioration of quality of life and have a significant physical impact leading to an increase in morbidity, but its psychological impact remains underestimated and is not well clarified, especially in school-age children. Our objective was to assess the level of anxiety in a group of anemic children and compare it to a group of children with normal hemoglobin. Our population consisted of 170 students aged between 8 and 14 years old, including 51 anemic and 119 with normal hemoglobin. Anxiety is assessed using Spielberger's STAI anxiety inventory scale, according to its two concepts: state and trait. Our results show a median hemoglobin of 10,7 [9,9,9,10] in anemic students and 14,3 [2–13,13–15] in non-anemic students (P=0,000). The mean state and trait anxiety scores are respectively 31,88±7,25 and 34,82±6,84 in anemic students and 2,55±6,37 and 34,89±5,7 in not anemic, without significant difference between the two groups. In conclusion, our study did not report high levels of anxiety in anemic children; the means are comparable to those found in clinical studies in children of similar age.

Stress and Anxiety in Couples Who Conceive via In Vitro Fertilization Compared With Those Who Conceive Spontaneously

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of recruitment and explore whether women and their partners who conceive via in vitro fertilization (IVF) experience greater levels of stress and anxiety during pregnancy compared to each other and compared to couples who conceive spontaneously. DesignLongitudinal, descriptive, pilot study. SettingRecruitment was conducted at three sites in the United States (two fertility clinics and one well-woman clinic). ParticipantsInformed consent was obtained from 48 women and their partners (22 IVF couples and 26 spontaneous conception [SC] couples). MethodsDuring each trimester, participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Measure to assess their levels of stress and anxiety. We used hierarchical linear mixed-effects models for repeated measures adjusting for woman and partner nesting effects to conduct trajectory analyses to test for group differences in stress and anxiety levels. ResultsRecruitment goals were met (31 IVF and 27 SC couples gave informed consent and 22 IVF and 26 SC couples completed questionnaires). We found no significant group main or group by time interaction effects on anxiety and stress. However, pregnant women had significantly higher mean state and pregnancy-related anxiety scores than their male partners. Of interest, the women showed a gradual reduction in state and pregnancy-related anxiety across trimesters, whereas pregnancy-related anxiety of their partners gradually increased. ConclusionAmong our participants, IVF did not increase risk for stress, state anxiety, or pregnancy-related anxiety, which provides reassurance during patient counseling. Although pregnant women overall experienced greater state and pregnancy-related anxiety than men, we found that levels in women decreased closer to birth, which may contribute to successful emotional transition to parenthood. Men’s experiences with anxiety require additional investigation given the recent attention to male postpartum depression.

The Effect of Relaxation Techniques on Anxiety, Fatigue and Sleep Quality of Parents of Children with Leukemia under Chemotherapy in South East Iran.

Introduction:Cancer can cause emotional stress in parents, which has a negative impact on the quality of their life. Also, anxiety and psychological stress have a negative effect on the health of parents, and fatigue causes a sense of weakness and reduces the capacity for mental and physical activity, and insomnia, as well as stress and inability to perform their occupational and social functions. This study aimed to determine the effect of relaxation techniques on anxiety, fatigue, and sleep quality of parents of children with leukemia under chemotherapy in South East Iran in 2015. Methods:This is a randomized controlled trial study. The study population included parents of children with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy who were admitted to a teaching hospital in South East Iran. One hundred twenty parents were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups, and the experimental group was provided with Benson relaxation technique. Data collection tool included a demographic questionnaire, state-trait anxiety inventory, Brief Fatigue Inventory, and sleep quality inventory. Data analysis was done by SPSS 16 and paired t-test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, regression, One - Way ANOVA and Pearson tests were performed, and p ≤ 0.05 was statistically significant. Results:The mean score of state anxiety in the intervention group was 60.86 ± 8.95 and 35.95 ± 4.61 before and after the intervention, respectively. The mean score of trait anxiety was 56.56 ± 4.75 and 34.45 ± 4.95. The mean score of the fatigue was 73.83 ± 14.63 and 43.71 ± 11. 06, and the mean score of the quality of sleep was 13.5 ± 6.05 and 5.7 ± 3.43 before and after the intervention respectively. There was a statistically significant difference among state-trait anxiety, fatigue, and sleep quality in intervention and control groups after the intervention. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between fatigue and age, but there was no statistically significant relationship among the mean fatigue, weight, the number of sons and daughters, education, occupation, gender, place of residence and income (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship among the quality of sleep of parents, education, gender, and place of residence, but there was a statistically significant relationship between state anxiety and education (p≤0.05).Conclusion:The results can predispose family-centered nursing care to support more the parents of children with cancer in the face of the stress of illness. Developing programs for training muscle relaxation techniques will improve family functioning and mental health.

Evaluation of Maternal Anxiety in Mothers of Infants Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background: Preterm birth and subsequent admission of the infant to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be distressing for parents and lead to their anxiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal anxiety in mothers of infants admitted to the NICU and determine the characteristics associated with maternal anxiety. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with participation of 100 mothers with infant that was born premature and hospitalized in NICU (mothers were selected through convenient sampling method) of Al-Zahra hospital, affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Data collection tools included baseline characteristics (21 items), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23.0). Results: The results of study showed that 62% (n=100) of mothers had moderate level of state anxiety and (54% (n=100) had moderate level of trait anxiety, mean (SD) state anxiety score was 48.62(6.00) and mean (SD) trait anxiety was 32.45(3.63. There was statistically significant difference regarding state anxiety mean scores and number of delivery, education level, gestational age at birth weeks and child order (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, mother of premature infants had moderate level of state anxiety. Having university degree, the mothers whose premature infants were at 33 weeks gestational age and mothers who had third or more delivery number and their child order was third and over had experienced state anxiety.

A cross-sectional study on maternal anxiety levels after cytomegalovirus screening

Purpose: we aimed to estimate the anxiety levels of pregnant women following maternal serum screening for CMV infection.Materials and methods: In this case-control study conducted from April 2016 to June 2017, we enrolled all pregnant women referred to our hospital who were CMV immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody positive (IgM-positive group, n = 51); further, those who were CMV IgG positive but IgM negative (IgM-negative group, n = 51) during the same period were included as study controls. Data were collected on patient characteristics, CMV IgM levels, and whether patients were accompanied by their partners during the first hospital visit after CMV IgM testing. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety levels.Results: Both groups were age matched [mean age (years): IgM-positive, 30 ± 4.2 and IgM-negative, 29.9 ± 4.6]. The mean state-anxiety score was higher in the IgM-positive group (53 ± 9.6) than in the IgM-negative group (38.5 ± 7.0, p < .05) with no between-group differences in trait-anxiety scores. Similarly, a higher number of women were accompanied by their partners in the IgM-positive group. The state-anxiety scores and CMV IgM levels were not correlated in the IgM-positive group.Conclusion: Counseling support is essential for IgM-positive pregnant women following serum screening, and the screening should be avoided if support systems are unavailable.

Reducing Children's Pain and Parents' Anxiety in the Postoperative Period: A Therapeutic Model in Turkish Sample

PurposeThis study was conducted to determine the effect of a new therapeutic model (a therapeutic play/play therapy (TP/PT) program) on alleviating pain in children receiving inpatient treatment in paediatric surgery units and parents' anxiety levels in the post-operative period. Design and methodsThe study was designed as a semi-experimental model using the TP/PT program. Four measurements (pre-test, two interim tests and post-test) for children and two measurements (pre-test and post-test) for parents were performed. The data were collected using the Child and Parent Information Form, the Wong-Baker Faces Pain (WBFP) Rating Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). ResultsThe mean pain score for children after TP/PT decreased in each measurement, and a significant difference was found between these measurements. The mean state anxiety score for parents significantly decreased after the TP/PT program, and a statistically significant difference was found between these measurements (p = 0.000). ConclusionsThis study determined that the post-operative TP/PT program was an effective method to reduce acute post-operative pain in children. Parental anxiety levels were found to correlate with levels of pre- and post-operative pain in children. Practice implicationsThe findings of this study provide a basis for using a new therapeutic model that is easy to apply and effective for reducing children's pain and parents' anxiety.

Effect of Spiritual Care Based on “Ghalbe Salim” Model on Anxiety among Mothers with Premature Newborns Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Background: When a neonate is born prematurely and admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), the mother usually experiences high levels of anxiety that can disrupt the maternal bond, as well as the natural course of neonatal development. Since spirituality is one of the significant factors affecting anxiety, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of spiritual care based on the “Ghalbe Salim” model on anxiety in mothers with premature neonates. Methods: In this clinical trial, a total of 60 mothers with premature neonates who were admitted to the NICUs of Hafez and Hazrat-e-Zainab hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, were recruited through convenience sampling during January to November 2017. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, one of the hospitals was randomly designated as the control group, and the other one was selected as the intervention group. In the second stage, the interventions commenced again after switching the sampling setting. Mothers in the intervention group received four 30-minute sessions of spiritual care based on the “Ghalbe Salim” model every other day, and their anxiety level was assessed before and after the intervention using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) by Spielberger. The data were analyzed using Chi-squared test, independent t-test, paired sample t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups before the intervention in terms of mean state and trait anxiety scores (P>0.05). However, after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of both state and trait anxiety scores (P=0.001). Conclusion: According to our findings, spiritual care based on the “GhalbeSalim” model was effective in reducing the anxiety level in mothers with premature neonates.

The role of stressful coping styles in depression and anxiety levels on parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Aim: The purpose of this research is the determination of depression and anxiety levels and their impact on the style of coping with stress of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).Material and Methods: Research was conducted with parents of 73 children with ASD, who come to the rehabilitation center. Personal Information Form, Stress Coping Styles Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and State and Trait Anxiety Scale were used to the relational screening method.Results: It was found that the mean state and trait anxiety scores of parents was high and parents chose one of the self-confidence confidence approach to cope with stress.The self-confident approach alone reduced the despair negatively by -49.9%, but the submissive approach did not affect variables. Conclusion: It was found that the despair of the family members decreased when they preferred the self-confident coping approach.

Possible Effect of Video and Written Education on Anxiety of Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography

The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of video and written education on anxiety of patients undergoing coronary angiography. The study design was quasi-experimental. This randomized controlled semitrial model included patients who underwent coronary angiography between October 2015 and May 2016 at the Department of Cardiology of a university hospital. The number of subjects determined by power analysis was 90 patients in three groups. Written education, video education, and control groups were included. Data were collected using personal informationforms, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and physiological variables. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of state anxiety, satisfaction, and physiological variables after education, compared with baseline, in both patient and control groups (P< .005). Our study results suggest that education given by the nurse before the procedure reduces level of anxiety and affects physiological variables positively.

Effect of listening to music on anxiety and physiological parameters during coronary angiography: A randomized clinical trial

IndroductionListening to music has been used as an intervention during treatment, rehabilitation and also in disease prevention. Coronary angiography is an invasive procedure and is stressful for the patient. This randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of listening to music during the coronary angiography on the level of anxiety and physiological parameters. MethodsThis randomized controlled trial consisted of 91 patients in the intervention group and 80 patients in the control group. The intervention group listened to music during their angiography procedure (15–20 min on average). The control group received no music intervention. ResultsStudy data was collected introductory information form, a physiological parameter evaluation form and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The difference between the mean state anxiety scores during the coronary angiography procedure was not statistically significant between the intervention group and the control group (p > 0.05). There was no difference in heart rate, respiratory rate and diastolic blood pressure between the groups (p > 0.05). However, there was a difference in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and pain (p < 0.001) between the groups. ConclusionMusic listening as an intervention for patients undergoing coronary angiography procedures was highly feasible. Although the intervention was not effective in reducing anxiety levels, systolic blood pressure and pain were significantly lower in patients who listened to music.

The effects of guided imagery on state and trait anxiety and sleep quality among patients receiving hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects ofguided imagery on state and trait anxiety and sleep quality among hemodial ysis patients. DesignThis was a randomized controlled trial. A total of seventy hemodialysis patients were assigned through block randomization to either an intervention group to receive guided imagery or a control group to receive routine care services. SettingThe study was performed in the hemodialysis unit of Akhavan teaching hospital, Kashan, Iran. InterventionIn addition to routine care services, patients in the intervention group received guided imagery six times a week for four successive weeks via listening to a guided imagery instructional compact disk and following the instructions. Primary outcomesBefore and four weeks after the intervention, state and trait anxiety and sleep quality were measured via Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. ResultsThe results of analysis of covariance showed that the intervention and the control groups significantly differed from each other respecting the posttest mean scores of state anxiety (adjusted mean difference: –9.11; 95% CI = –10.26 to_–7.96; P < 0.001), trait anxiety (adjusted mean difference: –8.94; 95% CI = –10.31_to –7.57; P < 0.001), and sleep quality (adjusted mean difference: –0.877; 95% CI = –1.51_to –0.24; P < 0.007). ConclusionsGuided imagery can significantly alleviate anxiety and improve sleep quality among hemodialysis patients. Nurses are recommended to use guided imagery to alleviate hemodialysis patients’ anxiety and improve their sleep quality.

The impacts of state and trait anxiety as moderated by perceived social support among Nigerian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

ObjectivesTo assess the levels of state and trait anxiety and determine their relationships with perceived social support among Nigerian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Material and methodsA cross-sectional study of 50 patients satisfying the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for RA was conducted. Anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), perceived social support by the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and disability by the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI).ResultsThe mean state anxiety (STAI-S), trait anxiety (STAI-T) and ISEL scores among the patients were 35.2 ±10.2, 36.7 ±8.8 and 87.2 ±21.2 respectively. Pathological degrees of state and trait anxiety were found among 7 (14%) and 5 (10.4%) patients respectively. There was a negative correlation between the STAI-T score and the ISEL score (r = –0.362, p = 0.011). However, the correlation between STAI-S and ISEL was not statistically significant (r = –0.193, p = 0.179). A moderate-to-high correlation was found between each of STAI-S and STAI-T and all subscales and component summaries of the SF-36. ISEL score correlated significantly with role emotional (r = 0.377, p = 0.008), mental health (r = 0.482, p ≤ 0.001) and bodily pain (r = 0.320, p = 0.025) domains and the mental component summary (r = 0.380, p = 0.007) of SF-36. HAQ-DI correlated strongly with both STAI-S (r = 0.735, p ≤ 0.001) and STAI-T (r = 0.575, p ≤ 0.001) but not with ISEL.ConclusionsState and trait anxiety correlate negatively with all aspects of HRQoL and disability, and there is a notable relationship between perceived social support and trait anxiety as well as the mental aspect of HRQoL.