Mean Serum Luteinizing Hormone Research Articles

Clinical impact of endogenous luteinizing hormone in frozen-thawed embryo transfer during hormone replacement cycle without gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog coadministration: Effects on pregnancy outcomes.

To assess the correlation between serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels preceding luteal replacement initiation and outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles during hormone replacement therapy (HRT) without co-administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog. We retrospectively enrolled 490 FET cycles performed between March 2018 and May 2023. Patients were categorized into quartiles based on their serum LH levels preceding luteal replacement. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, with clinical pregnancy and live birth rates as dependent variables. The independent variables included women's mean age, serum LH, and estradiol levels preceding luteal replacement, and endometrial thickness during transfer. Mean age, serum estradiol, and LH levels preceding luteal replacement were 36.8 ± 0.2 years, 306.5 ± 7.7 pg/mL, and 10.3 ± 0.3 mIU/mL, respectively. The clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were 46.8% and 31.9%, respectively, and varied significantly between quartiles. Multivariate analysis revealed that younger age and higher LH levels were significantly associated with increased clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Endogenous LH may facilitate pregnancy within FET cycles under HRT without GnRH analogs by preparing the endometrium for implantation.

Effect of Spirulina platensis Supplementation on Reproductive Parameters of Sahrawi and Jabbali Goat Bucks.

Spirulina platensis (SP) is a protein-rich dietary supplement that improves animal reproductive traits. This study investigated the effect of SP supplementation on puberty onset, semen characteristics, scrotal circumference (SC), libido, and hormone concentrations in Sahrawi and Jabbali bucks. The study was conducted in 36 bucks, divided into three groups (n = 6/group), for 70 days. The rations included the following: (1) Control feed (Con) with 14% crude protein and 11.97% MJ/kg DM energy; (2) Con with 2 g SP/head/day SP treatment (T1) and (3) Con with 4 g SP/head/day treatment (T2). The mean (±SEM) SC of both SP groups in the Sahrawi breed was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the Con. The mean of the semen volume significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) in the SP group than in the Con group in both breeds. SP groups vs. Con groups had increased sperm concentration in Sahrawi bucks than Jabbali bucks. Mean serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (Tes) concentrations in Jabbali bucks were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the SP groups compared to Sahrawi bucks. SP improved the SC, semen quality, libido, sperm concentration, and LH and Tes concentrations in both breeds. The results of the current study suggest that adding SP to the diet may have the ability to improve the semen quality of the local Omani bucks.

A Comparative Study of Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome With Hyperandrogenism: Metformin Versus Oral Contraceptive Pills.

IntroductionThe primary objective of the study was to compare the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in patients with hyperandrogenism on metformin and combined oral contraceptive pills. Secondarily, the study also assessed the serum testosterone, body mass index (BMI), and the time to achieve regular menstruation were also assessed.MethodsA quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) between June 1, 2019 and May 30, 2020. A total of 200 women fulfilling the clinical and biochemical criteria for the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were enrolled, 100 in each group. Considering the inclusion criteria, the patients were picked up from the gynecology outpatient department. After taking a detailed history and physical, abdominal, and pelvic examination, pelvic ultrasonography along with biochemical evaluations of serum LH and testosterone were done in selected patients. Metformin was started at an oral dose of 500 mg daily and maintained at 1500 mg for six months in group A, and oral contraceptive pills were given for a period of six months in group B. Besides body weight and hirsutism, serum LH levels, serum prolactin levels, and serum testosterone levels were performed at the start of the treatment and then repeated after three months and after six months. After six months of menstrual cyclicity, changes in serum LH levels and body weights were assessed in the two groups and the rate of conception in the Metformin group.ResultsA total of 200 women were enrolled and equally divided into metformin and oral contraceptive groups. Follow-up revealed that a significantly higher number of patients achieved regular menstruation in the metformin group as compared to the oral contraceptive groups (p = 0.03). In the metformin group, 72 patients achieved regular menses, while in the oral contraceptive groups, about 58 patients achieved regular menstruation. Both metformin and oral contraceptive therapy were effective in improving patient outcomes in terms of serum LH, testosterone levels, and BMI. However, metformin had considerably higher rates of improvement as compared to oral contraceptive group patients. The mean serum LH level decreased from 38 mIU/ml to 17.6 mIU/ml in the metformin group (p < 0.0001), while the mean serum LH level reduced from 37.5 mIU/ml to 27.7 mIU/ml in the oral contraceptive group (p < 0.01). The change in serum testosterone level after six months was 2.98 ± 0.75 in the metformin group (p < 0.001) and 1.50 ± 0.64 in the oral contraceptive group (p < 0.01).ConclusionWe revealed that both metformin and oral contraceptives are effective in improving symptomatology in PCOS patients. However, a significantly higher number of patients achieved normal menses with metformin than with oral contraceptives. Moreover, metformin had considerably higher rates of improvements in serum LH levels and serum testosterone levels as compared to oral contraceptive group patients.

Assessment of sex hormones and their correlation with the quality of life in male hemodialysis patients

Abstract. In Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) there are various abnormalities in hormonal levels that lead to impairment of sexual functions, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. Sex hormonal dysfunction not only affects the sexual aspect of human life but has a direct and indirect impact on other aspects like bone health, the central nervous system, and cognitive function. In this study, we looked at the testosterone and gonadotropins levels and their correlation with the quality of life using the SF-36 form.&#x0D; Methods. In this cross-sectional observational study, we included 50 male patients on hemodialysis (HD) with a dialysis vintage of at least 6 months. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were done from the mid-week pre-hemodialysis sample. Other hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed as well. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 form. Further analysis was done to find the correlation between SF 36 score and hormonal levels.&#x0D; Results. The mean age of our patients was 34.86±8.12 years and dialysis vintage was 24.24±18.74 months. The mean serum LH level was 8.58±3.56 mIU/ml, the mean serum FSH level was 8.9±4.05, and the mean testosterone was 217.46±96.44 ng/dl. In our study 15 patients (30%) had normal testosterone levels &gt;270 ng/dl, 35 patients (70%) had low testosterone level (&lt;270ng/dl). SF36 score in our study was 54.82±12.81. There was no correlation between LH, FSH levels and quality of life. However, there was a significant positive correlation between testosterone levels and SF-36 score.&#x0D; Conclusion. Hypogonadism is common in HD male patients. Testosterone level has a positive correlation with SF-36 scores.

PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONNECTED WITH FEMALE INFERTILITY

This study reviewed recent articles on prevalence and risk exposure of pollutants connected with female sterility. Occupational and regular exposure to mixtures of metals and other chemicals induce oxidative stress which further induce hormonal imbalance and result to damage cell membrane, cell apoptosis, damage proteins, lipid and nucleic acid, reduced growth and development of oocytes, increase mRNA in anterior pituitary, reduced follicular development and growth, poor oocytes quality, poor reproductive outcome, damage DNA, embryo fragmentation, implantation failure, abortion, ovarian aging and steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, impaired placentation, congenital abnormalities and formation of numerous developmental abnormalities. This study revealed an association between environmental contaminants and unexplained infertility, women with unexplained infertility have decreased ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropins, resulting in higher circulating gonadotropin levels, including higher mean serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Asides from environmental contaminant effects on female infertility, exposure to environmental contaminants could also increase the risk of suffering spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, premature delivery, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy hypertension, preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, harm the growing baby leading to foetal abnormality and congenital disabilities To manage female infertility, risk exposures to heavy metals should be reduced to minimal or zero level.

Pattern of Common Hormonal Disorders among Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome at a Tertiary Health Facility in Nigeria

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disease associated with multiple reproductive and metabolic endocrine disorders. It is associated with cardiometabolic complications with established morbidity and mortality. Aim: We studied the pattern of these endocrine disorders associated with PCOS will aid the understanding of the pathophysiology of this relatively incompletely understood syndrome, particularly among Africans. Patients, Materials and Methods: One hundred adult females aged between 18 and 44 years, who were newly diagnosed with PCOS, and 100 age-matched non-PCOS women were involved in the study. Their serum samples were analyzed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, leptin, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) using ELISA method. Results: The mean age of the test subjects in this study was 26.4 ± 6.0 years versus 33.3 ± 6.6 years in controls. The mean weights and body mass index of the test subjects and controls were 89.1 ± 13.9 kg versus 64.7 ± 11.3 kg, P = 0.04, and 34.01 ± 3.5 kg/m2 versus 23.8 ± 3.9 kg/m2, P = 0.034, respectively. The mean serum LH was significantly higher among subjects than that of controls (11.4 ± 7.4 vs. 5.7 ± 4.8 mIU/mL, P = 0.001); similarly the mean serum LH: FSH ratio was significantly higher among subjects and controls in this study (1.9 ± 1.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.8, P = 0.042). Serum AMH, insulin, leptin, and testosterone levels were higher among subjects than controls (7.5 ± 5.4 vs. 2.7 ± 0.4 ng/mL, P = 0.001, 21.6 ± 7.3 vs. 18.0 ± 3.01 μIU/mL, P = 0.004, and 18.6 ± 4.0 vs. 3.5 ± 1.5 ng/mL, P = 0.003, 1.0 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 ng/mL, P = 0.042, respectively). Mean serum prolactin was significantly higher among subjects when compared to controls. The prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperandrogenemia among subjects in this study was higher when compared to controls. Conclusion: PCOS is a disease of multiple and inter-related endocrine disorders; a study of the frequencies and distributions of these associated disorders can aid the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease particularly among Africans where limited studies have been carried out.

MO865SEX HORMONAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS ON MAINTENANCE HEMODIALYSIS AND CORRELATION WITH QUALITY OF LIFE AND DEPRESSION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM SOUTH INDIA

Abstract Background and Aims Hormonal abnormalities in haemodialysis (HD) patients contribute to quality of life including sexual dysfunction. Whereas Short Form 36 (SF 36) questionnaire deals with the holistic assessment of the quality of life in patients, it is directly impacted by sexual dysfunction or erectile dysfunction in males. In this study we assessed the sex hormone levels in HD patients and its correlation with quality of life (QOL). Method In this single center cross-sectional study, 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) on maintenance HD for more than 6 months were included in the study. In female patients’ sex hormones that included Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Prolactin, Estrogen, Progesterone was assessed in midweek early morning blood sample. In male patients LH, FSH and Testosterone were assessed in midweek early morning samples. QOL assessment was done using SF 36 questionnaire. Results Mean age of our study populations was 33.76+/- 7.86 years with male female ratio of 1:1 and mean body mass index of 20.52 ± 2.89 kg/m2. Presumed chronic interstitial nephritis in was the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (76%) in our study followed by Diabetic Kidney disease (21%). In males, mean serum LH, FSH and Testosterone were 8.58 ± 3.56 mIU/ml, 8.9 ± 4.05, 217.46 ± 96.44 ng/dl respectively with 70% patients having testosterone deficiency. In females, mean serum LH, FSH, Prolactin, estrogen and Progesterone levels were 8.61± 3.86 mIU/ml, 8.08 ± 3.70 mIU/ml, 12.35 ± 5.70 ng/ml, 84.56 ± 27.39 pg/ml and 0.31 ± 0.22ng/ml respectively. Mean SF 36 score in our study was 55.37+/-12.22, in males 54.82+/-12.81 and in females 55.93+/-11.70. The prevalence depression was 53% (50% in males and 56% in females) in our study. There was no significant correlation between SF 36 scores and Beck depression inventory (BDI) scores with LH, FSH in both the genders. In males there was positive correlation between SF 36 scores and testosterone level (r= 0.366), and in females positive correlation between SF 36 score and progesterone level in women HD patients (r= 0.549) was seen. There was a negative correlation between BDI score and progesterone level in women (r=0. -510) and negative correlation between BDI score and testosterone in men (r= -0.371). Conclusion QOL as assessed by SF 36 in patients on HD is low. There was positive correlation between SF 36 scores and testosterone level in males and between SF 36 score and progesterone in females.

Progesterone protocol versus gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization treatments with frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundExogenous progestational agents have recently been introduced as an alternative pituitary modulator for the prevention of premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surges during in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments. There is increasing evidence that frozen-embryo transfer (FET) is associated with a lower risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Herein, we compared the clinical outcomes of the progesterone protocol with the gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol in PCOS patients with a ‘‘freeze-all’’ strategy.MethodsIn this prospective single-central randomized controlled trial, a total of 120 PCOS patients undergoing their first IVF/ICSI treatment were randomly assigned to receive the progesterone protocol (study group) or GnRH-ant protocol (control group). The main outcome was the number of oocytes retrieved. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of premature LH rise/surge, the number of viable embryos, and pregnancy outcomes.ResultsThe number of retrieved oocytes (14.65±7.64 versus 12.8±8.57) and viable embryos (5.38±3.54 versus 5.03±3.92) in the study group were comparable to those in the control group (P>0.05). Similarly, no between-group differences were found in the number of mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, cleaved embryos, and the viable embryo rate per oocyte retrieved (P>0.05). However, the oocyte retrieval rate (66.02%±19.63% versus 54.38%±26.39%) and fertilization rate (78.12%±18.41% versus 62.76%±23.32%) in the study group were significantly more than that in the control group (P<0.05). The mean serum LH value on day 6–7 was lower in the study group than that in the control group (7.47±0.97 versus 3.98±0.52 IU/L, P<0.05), and the incidence of premature LH rise was higher in the study group than in the control group, although no patients experienced premature LH surge. The clinical pregnancy rate [58.82% vs. 57.32%, RR 0.94 (95% CI: 0.508, 1.738), P>0.05] and implantation rate [43.21% vs. 41.4%, RR 0.929 (95% CI: 0.595, 1.448), P>0.05] were also similar between the two groups.ConclusionsThe progesterone protocol is comparable with the GnRH-ant protocol regarding oocyte/embryo yields and the probability of clinical pregnancy in PCOS patients, but the two regimens were distinct in the regulation of pituitary LH secretion.Trial registration numberChictr.org.cn: ChiCTR-IOR-15006633.

Preserved Ovarian Function Following Toxicity With Doxorubicin in Rats: Protective Effect of Nasturtium Officinale Extract

Background: Chemotherapy agents can cause ovarian dysfunction and eventually lead to infertility. This study investigated the effect of nasturtium officinale extract on the ovarian function following the toxicity induced by doxorubicin in female rats. Methods: Forty eight female Wistar rats (180-210g) were randomly divided in six groups as follows: Group I, normal rats receiving 1ml normal saline; Group II and III receiving 25 and 75 mg/kg of the extract daily by gavage for 21 days. Groups IV, V and VI receiving 10 mg/kg doxorubicin intraperitoneally on the first day. In addition, Group IV and V received 25 and 75 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. The serum levels of estrogen, progesterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and ovarian Malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined after 21 days of treatment. The mean numbers of various graafian follicles and corpus lutea were recorded after treatment. Results: The mean serum FSH level in Group VI (0.11±0.01) significantly reduced compared to those in Groups II (0.21±0.05) and III (0.23±0.01), (P&lt;0.05). The mean serum LH and estrogen levels in Group VI (0.16±0.08) reduced insignificantly compared to those in the controls (0.21±0.02), and in Groups II (0.23±0.03) and III (0.22±0.09). A significant reduction in the number of primary, secondary and graafian follicles were observed in Group VI compared to the control group (P&lt;0.05). The serum MDA level significantly declined in Group V compared to that in Group VI (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The nasturtium officinale extract attenuated the toxic effect of doxorubicin on the rat ovaries and protected the cell division in the follicles and the oocytes maturation.

Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on Adiponectin, Ghrelin and KiSS1 Genes Expression.

Background: Serotonin and kisspeptin stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release while ghrelin and adiponectin inhibit them. In the present experimental study, the effects of central injection of serotonin were investigated on LH concentration, KiSS1, adiponectin, and ghrelin genes expression. Materials and Methods: Fifteen Wistar male rats in three groups received saline or serotonin hydrochloride via the third cerebral ventricle. Blood samples were collected via the tail vein. Serum LH concentration and relative gene expression were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and real-time polymerase chain reaction method, respectively. Results: Serotonin significantly increased the mean serum LH concentration and KiSS1 gene expression levels compared to the saline group. Serotonin significantly decreased the mean ghrelin and adiponectin genes expression levels compared to the saline group. Conclusion: The serotonergic pathway may have stimulatory effects on hypothalamic kisspeptin synthesis, partly via inhibiting hypothalamic ghrelin and adiponectin neural activity.

Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on Adiponectin, Ghrelin and KiSS1 Genes Expression

Background: Serotonin and kisspeptin stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release while ghrelin and adiponectin inhibit them. In the present experimental study, the effects of central injection of serotonin were investigated on LH concentration, KiSS1, adiponectin, and ghrelin genes expression. Materials and Methods: Fifteen Wistar male rats in three groups received saline or serotonin hydrochloride via the third cerebral ventricle. Blood samples were collected via the tail vein. Serum LH concentration and relative gene expression were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and real-time polymerase chain reaction method, respectively. Results: Serotonin significantly increased the mean serum LH concentration and KiSS1 gene expression levels compared to the saline group. Serotonin significantly decreased the mean ghrelin and adiponectin genes expression levels compared to the saline group. Conclusion: The serotonergic pathway may have stimulatory effects on hypothalamic kisspeptin synthesis, partly via inhibiting hypothalamic ghrelin and adiponectin neural activity.[GMJ.2020;9:e1767]

Neurokinin 3 Receptor Antagonists Do Not Increase FSH or Estradiol Secretion in Menopausal Women.

BackgroundNeurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) antagonism is a promising novel treatment for menopausal flashes. However, to avoid adverse hormonal effects it is clinically important to first confirm whether gonadotropin and estradiol concentrations change as a result of their administration.MethodsSingle-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of an oral NK3R antagonist (MLE4901) in 28 women aged 40 to 62 years, experiencing >7 hot flashes/24 h; some bothersome or severe (Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02668185). Weekly serum gonadotropins and estradiol levels were measured using commercially available automated immunoassays a priori. Serum estradiol was also measured post hoc using a highly sensitive direct assay by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Hormone levels were compared by the paired sample t tests or by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, as appropriate for the distribution of the data.ResultsMean (standard deviation) serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration was not significantly increased when taking MLE4901 (72.07 ± 19.81 IU/L) compared to placebo (70.03 ± 19.56 IU/L), P = .26. Serum estradiol was also not significantly altered, irrespective of which assay method was used (median interquartile range of serum estradiol by immunoassay: placebo 36 ± 3 pmol/L, MLE4901 36 ± 1 pmol/L, P = .21; median serum highly sensitive estradiol: placebo 12 ± 16 pmol/L, MLE4901 13 ± 15 pmol/L, P = .70). However, mean (standard deviation) serum luteinizing hormone concentration significantly decreased with MLE4901 (27.63 ± 9.76 IU/L) compared to placebo (30.26 ± 9.75 IU/L), P = .0024.ImplicationNK3R antagonists do not increase serum estradiol or FSH despite their reduction in hot flashes. This is clinically significant and highly reassuring for women who have a contraindication to conventional hormone therapy such as prior/existing breast cancer and/or thromboembolism.

An open-label, multi-center, prospective, interventional, clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ayuvigo forte capsules in patients suffering from oligospermia

Background: Oligospermia refers to semen with a low concentration of sperms. Oligospermia is one of the common causative factors of male infertility. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Ayuvigo forte capsule in patients suffering from oligospermia. Materials and Methods: This was an open-label, prospective, interventional, multi-center clinical study. A total of 30 patients were completed the study. All patients were advised to consume two Ayuvigo forte capsules twice daily orally after meals with a cup of milk for 90 days. Data describing quantitative measures are expressed as a mean ± standard deviation. Results: The mean total sperm count, mean progressive sperm motility, and total number of spermatozoa increased significantly (P 0.05) changes were observed in mean serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, safety laboratory parameters, and vitals. Excellent overall efficacy and tolerability were observed in majority of patients. Conclusion: Ayuvigo forte capsule is safe and effective for the management of oligospermia.

Serum Progesterone, Oestradiol-17β, FSH and LH levels in Anestrus Surti buffaloes treated with Ovsynch alone and in combination with PRID

This study was carried out on 18 postpartum anestrus Surti buffaloes, divided into three equal groups (6 in each) to evaluate the serum progesterone, oestradiol-17β, FSH and LH concentrations (by ELISA) before, during and after Ovsynch and Ovsynch + PRID protocols. Six anestrus buffaloes each were treated with standard Ovsynch protocol (T1) and Ovsynch along with PRID (Progesterone releasing intravaginal device) protocol (T2) with fixed-time AI (FTAI). Six anestrus buffaloes were kept as untreated control (T3). Blood samples were obtained from the animals on day 0 (before treatment), day 4 (during treatment), day 8 (after PGF2α injection), day of induced estrus/FTAI and day 18 post-AI (after treatment). The mean serum progesterone level on day 4 was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in the T2 group as compared to T1 and T3 groups, while the level on day 8 was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in both the treatment groups (T1 and T2) as compared to control group, however there was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) on the day of estrus between three groups. The mean serum oestradiol-17β and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on 8th day were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in both the treatment groups (T1 and T2) as compared to control group (T3). However, there was no significant difference on day 0, 4, day of estrus and day 18 post-AI between groups. The mean serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of acyclic buffaloes were not found significantly different (p&gt;0.05) among days in any of the treatment and control groups. But the mean LH concentration on the day of estrus in the T1, T2 and T3 was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) and thereafter decreased markedly on 18th day post-AI in all the groups. The conception rates at FTAI/first estrus in three groups were 66.66%, 50.00% and 75.00%, respectively.

Postpartum endocrine activities, metabolic attributes and milk yield are influenced by thermal stress in crossbred dairy cows.

This study was conducted on 30 freshly parturated multiparous crossbred dairy cows possessing three levels of Holstein Frisian genetic makeup (62.5, 75.0, and 87.5%). Data on temperature humidity index (THI) were classified into comfortable (≤ 71), mild stress (72-79), moderate stress (80-89), and stressful (≥90) zone. Results showed that serum cortisol concentration increased significantly (P<0.05) in cows during stressful condition irrespective of genetic makeup compared to the other zones. Daily milk yield (DMY) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in cows during stressful condition. Triglyceride was significantly higher in cows with genetic makeup 87.5% compared to the others, while total serum protein was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cows during both moderate and stressful conditions. The mean concentration of cortisol and protein increased linearly from comfort to the stressful condition, while mean serum triglyceride, glucose, progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) decreased by moving from comfort to stressful conditions. Results also indicated that higher cortisol level in higher grade crossbred cows was adversely associated with LH concentration and milk yield under thermal stress conditions. Greater triglyceride in high-grade crossbred (87.5%) cows indicates higher fat mobilization reflecting a negative energy balance. We concluded that heat stress increased blood cortisol and protein, and reduced milk yield in dairy cows irresptive of the genetic makeup. In addition, there was no significant difference in blood metabolites and daily milk yield in the different levels of genetic makeup cows.

Simultaneous Effect of Kisspeptin and Galanin on Serum Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone Levels in Male Rats

Background: Galanin is a neuropeptide with a wide range of physiological functions that also has stimulatory effects on the reproductive axis. Kisspeptin is a crucial neuropeptide for the stimulation of the reproductive function. In the present study, the interaction of kisspeptin and the galanin signaling system was investigated on the mean serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and the testosterone concentrations in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five male Wistar rats in 11 groups (n=5 per group) received saline, kisspeptin (1nmol), P234(1nmol), galanin(1nmol), galantide (1nmol) or simultaneous injections of them via third cerebral ventricle at 07:00 - 07:30. Blood samples were collected at 30 min following the injections. Hormone concentrations were measured using rat kit and the method of the radio-immunoassay (RIA). Results: Kisspeptin or galanin injection significantly increased both the mean serum LH and the testosterone concentration compared to saline (P&lt;0.05). The co-administration of kisspeptin/galanin increased the mean serum LH and the testosterone concentration significantly compared to galanin or saline (P&lt;0.05). The co-administration of kisspeptin/galanin decreased the mean serum LH concentration compared to kisspeptin, this reduction, however, was not statistically significant. Also, testosterone concentration declined in the kisspeptin/galanin group compared to kisspeptin group. Galantide or p234 injection decreases the mean serum LH and the testosterone concentration compared to galanin and kisspeptin, respectively. The co-administration of galantide/p234 lowers the mean serum LH concentration compared to saline. Conclusion: The interaction of hypothalamic galanin and kisspeptin signaling pathways may play an important role in the modulation of hormonal control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. [GMJ. 2017;6(1):23-29]

Poor Sleep Quality Predicts Hypogonadal Symptoms and Sexual Dysfunction in Male Nonstandard Shift Workers

To investigate the impact of sleep quality in hypogonadal symptoms and sexual function in men working nonstandard shifts. Men treated at a single andrology clinic between July and October 2014 completed questionnaires assessing sleep quality, hypogonadal symptoms (Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male [ADAM/qADAM]), and sexual function (International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]). Serum hormone levels were assessed at the time of survey completion. One hundred eighty-two men were identified as working nonstandard shifts (work that starts before 7 a.m. or after 2 p.m., rotates, or regularly includes hours outside of the standard 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. workday) with a mean ± SD age of 41.1 ± 10.8 years. Of men working nonstandard shifts, those with better sleep quality had fewer hypogonadal symptoms and better sexual function. Multivariate regression analysis revealed significant linear associations between sleep quality and qADAM score (P = .008), positive ADAM responses (P = .003), and IIEF score (P = .0004). When comparing individual groups, men who were "very satisfied" (n = 60) with sleep quality had higher qADAM scores than men who were "somewhat dissatisfied" (P = .02), and men who were "very dissatisfied" had significantly lower IIEF scores than men who were "very satisfied" (P = .001) and "somewhat satisfied" (P = .005). No associations between sleep quality and mean serum testosterone, free testosterone, estrogen, dehydroepiandrosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels were observed. Men who work nonstandard shifts and have poor sleep quality are at increased risk for hypogonadal symptoms and sexual dysfunction.

Correlation between Reproductive Hormonal Level and Osteoporosis among Women in Mongolia.

Background:Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common bone metabolic disease associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteopathic fragility fractures, which can lead to significant morbidity. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) across the stages of menopause in Mongolian women.Methods:Two hundred sixty participants aged 50.1±4.4 years were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were obtained from each participant and analyzed using ELISA. Data were first stratified and analyzed by bone mineral density status (osteoporotic, osteopenic, and normal) and then by menopause status. Between group differences were analyzed using t-tests, and correlations were assessed using the Spearman rank order test, with Bonferonni correction. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package Statistical Software version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Significance was set at p<0.05.Results:The mean menopausal age was 48.4±3.4, which is comparable to the Mongolian population mean menopausal age. The mean serum estradiol level in the normal BMD group was 18.3±13.1 pg/ml and 15.8±10.7 pg/ml in the osteoporotic group. The mean serum FSH in the normal BMD group was 54.5±44.1 pg/ml and 81.3±34.2 pg/ml in the osteoporotic group. The mean serum LH level in the normal BMD group was 53.1±41.2 and 75.1±26.1 pg/ml in the osteoporotic group. The mean T and Z score were lower in the osteoporotic group. FSH and LH levels significantly differed across menopause stages in that those who were post-menopausal had higher levels compared to those who were pre- or peri-menopausal. Both hormones, FSH and LH, showed weak negative correlations with BMD level, but not E2. There were significant negative correlations between FSH and Speed of Sound (SOS) (r=−0.16; p<0.01), and between osteoporosis with age (r=−0.30, p<0.05) and number of childbirths (r=−0.14 p<0.05).Discussion:Osteoporosis is a significant problem with associations to hormone levels in post-menopausal women. In our study, mean serum estradiol levels decreased with age, and the mean FSH and LH levels were higher in women of later menopausal stage. Further study is warranted to investigate the bone related studies to establish better statistical references among Mongolian women.

Evidence of male hypogonadism at an early age as a familial risk of type 2 diabetes

ObjectivePrevious investigations provide evidence of an association of hypogonadism with type 2 diabetes in men, and low testosterone levels have been regarded a risk factor for the disease. Since a strong genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated, here we investigate a possible tendency towards hypogonadism in young male offspring of diabetic parents. Material and methodsThe study compares 32 male offspring of diabetic parents with 31 male offspring of nondiabetic parents matched by age. The subjects comprised boys (9–17years) and young adults (19–25years). Anthropomorphic measurements were made in all subjects. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose and serum concentrations of testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin and leptin were measured by ELISA. Free testosterone (FT) was calculated using T and SHBG levels. ResultsSerum T, FT and bioavailable T (BAT) levels in offspring of diabetic parents were significantly lower than those of offspring of nondiabetic parents across all age groups. Mean serum LH levels were also lower in offspring of diabetic parents compared to the controls. Although LH levels in young adults with diabetic parents, tended to be lower than those of age-matched controls but the difference was not statistically significant. Serum insulin and leptin, and insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR were significantly raised in older offspring of diabetic parents but were within the normal range. ConclusionWhereas hypogonadism was the only indicator of a possible predisposition to metabolic dysfunction in peripubertal children of diabetic parents, a significant change in other metabolic markers becomes apparent at a more advanced age.

Serum luteinising hormone, testosterone and total cholesterol levels, libido and testicular histomorphology of male West African Dwarf goats orally or subcutaneously treated with monosodium l-glutamate

This study investigated the effects of administration of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) on serum luteinising hormone, testosterone and cholesterol levels, libido and testicular histomorphology of male West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Thirty-two WAD goats (28 males and four females) were used for the study. The 28 males were randomly assigned to seven groups (A, BO, BS, CO, CS, DO and DS) of four goats each. Goats in groups BO, CO, and DO were given MSG orally at doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 1 g/kg body weight respectively for 28 days, while groups BS, CS and DS goats were given MSG subcutaneously at doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 1 g/kg body weight, respectively, for 28 days. Group A goats served as untreated control. The four female goats did not receive MSG, but were used to assess the levels of expression of libido by all the males. Serum luteinising hormone and testosterone were assayed prior to MSG administration (Day 0) and on Days 2, 14 and 28 of MSG administration, while serum cholesterol was assayed on Days 0, 14 and 28 of MSG administration. Libido scores and testicular histomorphology were evaluated on Days 26 and 28 of MSG administration, respectively. Results showed that on Days 14 and 28 of MSG administration the mean serum luteinising hormone, testosterone and cholesterol levels of the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the control group. The mean libido scores of all the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of the control. Sections of the testes of the male WAD goats that received varying doses of MSG orally or subcutaneously showed no obvious lesions; the seminiferous tubules and interstices were normal and comparable to those of the untreated control. It was concluded that MSG administration for up to 14 and 28 days led to a significant lowering of serum luteinising hormone, testosterone and cholesterol, as well as libido scores.