Mean Serum Iron Levels Research Articles

Anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in male and female burning mouth syndrome patients

Background/purposeOur previous study found that 19.8%, 16.2%, 4.8%, 2.3%, 19.2%, and 12.3% of 884 burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients have anemia, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity, respectively. This study mainly evaluated the anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in 212 male and 672 female BMS patients. Materials and methodsThe blood hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, GPCA levels in 212 male and 672 female BMS patients were measured and compared with the corresponding levels in 106 male and 336 female healthy control subjects, respectively. ResultsWe found that 212 male BMS patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels and significantly higher mean serum homocysteine levels than 106 male healthy control subjects. Moreover, 672 female BMS patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb and serum iron levels and significantly higher mean serum homocysteine level than 336 female healthy control subjects. In addition, 212 male BMS patients had significantly higher mean blood Hb and serum homocysteine levels, significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and significantly higher frequencies of folic acid deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemis than 672 female BMS patients. ConclusionThe male BMS patients do have significantly higher mean blood Hb and serum homocysteine levels, significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and significantly higher frequencies of folic acid deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemis than the female BMS patients.

Haemoglobin, Serum Iron Level and Cardiovascular Status in Advanced Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients admitted in A Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Anaemia due to advanced stages of chronic kidney disease increases morbidity of patients. Early detection and correction of anaemia may be helpful in preventing the progress of the disease & its cardiovascular outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate hemoglobin, serum iron level and cardiovascular status in advanced of CKD patients. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study on 150 cases of diagnosed advanced stages (3B,4 &5) of CKD patients in indoor of department of medicine of Mitford Hospital, Dhaka from July 2019 to January 2020. Convenience sampling was done. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26. Results: Total number of patients were 150. Male were 93 (62%) and female were 57 (38%). The mean (±SD) age was 55.22 (±10.30) years (range 33 - 75 years). Among the study subjects 38% had history of blood transfusion, 60% had history of iron supplementation and 12% subjects received erythropoietin. Mean (±SD) haemoglobin level was 7.61 (±2.54) g/dl. Seventy percent of the study subjects had haemoglobin level < 9 g/dl and rest had ³9 g/dl. Significant difference was found in between these two groups (p = 0.036). In the present study, mean (±SD) serum iron level was 15.59 (±07.39) μmol/l. In 46% of the study subjects, iron level was 7.3μ mol/l and 52% had iron level between 7.3 to 23.6 μmole/ lit. Mean (± SD) ferritin level of the study subjects was 155.22 (±92.32) ng/ ml. In 58% of the study subjects ferritin level was < 100ng/ ml and 42% had >100 ng/ml. Significant difference was found in between these two groups (p = 0.041) (Table-IV). Ferritin level had significant positive relationship with blood transfusion, iron and erythropoietin supplementation on logistic regression analysis. Haemoglobin and serum ferritin level was positively correlated with eGFR of the study subjects. Statistical analysis showed significant relationship between eGFR with haemoglobin and serum ferritin. Forty six percent of the study subjects had Transferrin saturation (TSAT) level below 20%. Fifty four percent subjects had a TSAT level above 20%. Significant difference was found in between these two groups (p = 0.001). In correlation analysis, haemoglobin, serum ferritin and TSAT level in the study subjects had negative relationship with duration of CKD in years. Relationship of haemoglobin and TSAT level with duration of CKD was statistically significant. In correlation analysis, serum TIBC level had negative relationship with haemoglobin level which was statistically significant. Serum iron, ferritin and TSAT level in the study subjects were positively correlated with haemoglobin level. Relationship of haemoglobin with serum iron level and TSAT level was statistically significant. Twenty percent of the study subjects had peripheral vascular disease, 111 (74%) of the study subjects had hypertension, 66 (44%) had ischaemic heart disease, 27 (18%) had a history of acute myocardial infarction, 24 (16%) had chronic heart failure, 93 (62%) had dyslipidemia and 27 (18%) patients had history of stroke. Conclusion: In this study it was observed that TSAT appears to be a more useful indicator for measuring the frequency of iron deficiency than serum iron, TIBC and serum ferritin. The cardiovascular comorbidities plagued significant number of patients with advanced CKD. Bangladesh J Medicine July 2022; 33(1) : 34-39

Heme Scavenging with Apohemoglobin-Haptoglobin Complex in Beta Thalassemia Intermedia Improves Anemia and Iron Indices: A Novel Therapeutic Approach

Beta-thalassemia intermediate (TI) is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis characterized by anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload. TI treatment is complex and regular transfusion therapy may be needed for growth failure, skeletal deformity, exercise intolerance, or when Hb levels decline because of progressive splenomegaly. Iron overload can be seen in TI, and serum ferritin measurement may often underestimate the extent of iron overload. There are limited therapeutic options for management of anemia and iron overload in TI. In this study, we look at the potential use of an engineered scavenger protein complex (apoHb-Hp) as a strategy to treat anemia in TI using a C57BL/6 mouse model.Sixteen beta-thalassemic mice (C57BL/6 heterozygous for the Hbb β-globin gene deletion (Hbb td3th/BrjK) (beta-thalassemia, Jackson Laboratory)) were treated with 50 µL of apoHb-Hp complex at a concentration of 27.95 mg/mL for six weeks to simultaneously scavenge cell-free Hb and free heme. Animal weight and RBC parameters (Hb, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, red cell distribution width) were measured at baseline and at 6 weeks post treatment. Total iron levels, transferrin concentration and transferrin saturation were measured at the third and sixth week of treatment. At the end of the experiment, the spleen and liver weights were measured and markers of liver function (Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) were assessed. Further, total iron content of the liver and spleen was quantified using a using Perls' staining for non‐heme ferric iron (Fe3+).The mean Hb at baseline for this cohort was 10.5 g/dL, Hct was 36% and RBC count was 7.6 10 6/ µL. After treatment with apoHb-Hp complex for 6 weeks, Hb levels improved to 11.3 g/dL and Hct to 38% vs. Hb of 10.1 g/dL and Hct of 35% for vehicle treated animals. The mean total RBC count at was 9.2 10 6/ µL following treatment with apoHb-Hp, and 7.7 10 6/ µL for vehicle treated animals at 6 weeks. Iron parameters were also improved, with lower mean serum iron levels in the apoHb-Hp treated group at 6 weeks when compared to vehicle control (90.5 µg/dL vs. 135.2 µg/dL, p < 0.05). Serum transferrin levels were 131.1 mg/dL vs. 90.3 mg/dL (p<0.05) for the apoHb-Hp and vehicle treated groups at 6 weeks respectively. Furthermore, when compared to control mice, apoHb-Hp mice had a significant reduction in both liver and spleen weights at 6 weeks- liver 5.7g vs. 5.2g (p<0.05) and spleen 3.8g vs. 3.4g (p<0.05) respectively. Finally, liver function tests also showed improvement following treatment with apoHb-Hp at 6 weeks, ALT 71.1 units/L vs. 85.5 units/L for the vehicle, AST levels 180.2 units/L vs. 217.6 for the vehicle (p <0.05) of, and ALP levels 247.3 units/L vs. 304.4 units/L (p <0.05).Our study demonstrates that apoHb-Hp can improve anemia and reduce iron toxicity in TI mice as well as improve liver and spleen parameters. Thus, apoHb-Hp may be a potential treatment strategy in this disease and merits further study. [Display omitted] DisclosuresGopal: Alexion: Speakers Bureau; GBT: Consultancy; Pharming: Consultancy; Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Other: Clinical Trial, Research Funding.

Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Serum Iron Profile.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is reported to be the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in cases of upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. There is paucity of research between the possible association of H. pylori and iron stores and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). In this study, we will determine if there is an association between serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), serum iron and ferritin levels, and H. pylori infection.Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the gastroenterology ward of a major hospital in Pakistan from December 2020 to April 2021. Three hundred patients diagnosed with H. pylori were enrolled along with 300 participants in the control group. H. pylori was confirmed or excluded with the help of Giemsa stained gastric biopsy specimens. Blood was sent to the laboratory to test for ferritin, serum iron, and TIBC. Each sample was drawn in the morning to avoid any fluctuations.Results: The mean serum iron level was significantly lower in participants with H. pylori infection compared to those who did not have H. pylori infection (110.72 ± 28.38 ug/dL vs. 162.5 ± 21.18 ug/dL; p-value: <0.0001). Serum ferritin level was significantly higher in participants with H. pylori infection (536.82 ± 117.0 ng/dL vs. 391.31 ± 101.54 ng/dL; p-value: <0.0001).Conclusion: In comparison with the control group, TIBC and serum iron levels were found to be lower in the case group.

Saliva Iron Levels to Assess Iron Status in Children

BACKGROUND: Iron plays an essential role in the process of neurotransmitter synthesis and neuron myelination. Iron deficiency impacts low cognitive performance, even involved in long-term effects even though iron deficiency has been overcome. Given the impact caused by iron deficiency, it is necessary to monitor the status of iron in the body. Diagnostic tests carried out so far use blood specimens taken with invasive method. This creates fear for the child because of the pain it causes. AIM: This study aims to obtain a non-invasive alternative diagnostic test in detecting iron deficiency in children using saliva as an examination specimen. METHODS: The design of this study was case control, with a sample of elementary school children aged 9–12 years and for women who had not experienced menstruation. The sample consisted of 40 people who were taken randomly and grouped into iron deficiency and normal. Determine the group of iron deficiency and normal was based on the results of an examination of serum iron levels. Next, saliva samples were taken to determine saliva iron levels. The characteristics of the sample data were obtained through a questionnaire, while the measurement of serum iron levels was carried out by the spectrophotometric method, and the measurement of saliva iron levels was carried out by the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s test. RESULTS: Based on serum iron measurements, it was found that the mean serum iron levels in children with iron deficiency were lower than normal children (38.153 ± 8.99 q/dL vs. 79.198 ± 14.2219 q/dL), on the contrary, on examination of iron levels, it was found that in children with iron deficiency, saliva iron levels were higher than in normal children (5.745 ± 3.04 q/dL vs. 2,576 ± 1.43 q/dL). The correlation test results showed a significant negative correlation between serum iron levels and moderate iron levels (p = 0.000, r = –0.518). CONCLUSION: Saliva iron levels can be used as an alternative non-invasive diagnostic test to assess children’s iron status.

Tailored one anastomosis gastric bypass - Subgroup analysis of a randomised control trial based on bilio-pancreatic limb length with long-term results of 101 patients.

Background:Ideal bilio-pancreatic limb (BPL) length is a highly debatable issue in one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). Whether to use a tailored BPL or a fixed-length BPL needs to be answered.Materials and Methods:One-hundred and one patients who have undergone tailored OAGB based on basal metabolic index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were analysed. Sixty-three patients had BPL of 150 cm and 38 patients had BPL of 180 cm. Mean pre-operative BMI of BPL 150 and 180 cm groups were 39.73 and 51.92 kg/m2, respectively.Results:There was a significant drop in mean total body weight, BMI and excess body weight of both the groups at 1 year which persisted for 5 years post-operatively. The mean BMI of BPL 150 and BPL 180 cm group at 5 years was 29.17 and 32.88 kg/m2, respectively. Although mean percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) and percentage of excess BMI loss in the two groups was similar, the mean percentage total weight loss (%TWL) was significantly higher for the BPL 180 cm group. There was no difference between the two groups in the number of patients who had >50% EWL and >20% TWL. At 5 years of follow-up, the mean serum iron level was significantly low in BPL 180 cm group. There was a significant drop in mean haemoglobin A1c values postoperatively, with no difference between the two groups.Conclusions:Tailored BPL of 150 and 180 cm do not show any difference in the number of patients achieving >50% EWL or >20% TWL and so increasing limb length may not increase the number of good responders for weight loss. Although the resolution of T2DM and improvement of QoL score do not change significantly with increase in BPL length, mean serum iron levels may be lower with longer BPL.

A Descriptive Case-Control Study on Assessment of Iron Profile in Patients with and Without Melasma

Background: Melasma or chloasma is a common acquired hyper melanosis, characterized by dark, irregular hyperpigmented macules and patches over the malar areas, lips, nose and forehead. Iron overload manifests with skin hyperpigmentation. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of iron in patients with melasma. Objectives: (1) To assess serum iron profile in non-pregnant women and men with melasma. (2) To assess the same parameters in age and sex matched controls. Materials and Methods: A descriptive case–control study with 35 cases of melasma and 35 age and sex-matched controls was conducted between December 2019 and March 2020, to assess the association between melasma and iron deficiency. Results: Among 35 cases of melasma, 85.7% were females, the most common type was the malar type 68.8%, sunlight was the most-common risk factor and 100% had deranged iron profile. Mean ferritin levels in the melasma group was 15.204 ng/ml while in control group it was 71.717 ng/ml. Mean serum iron levels in melasma group was 28.585 μg/dl while in that of controls were 135.018 μg/dl. Other iron parameters also showed significant iron deficiency in melasma patients. Conclusion: Well-known factors implicated in the etiology of melasma include sunlight, Oral contraceptive pills with oestrogen, pregnancy and smoking. This study indicates that iron deficiency is also an important etiological factor and hence treatment of iron deficiency may be a novel therapeutic approach in patients with refractory melasma.

Assessment of serum ferritn level in detection of iron deficiency anaemia in paediatric patients: Prospective analysis

Introduction: Major form in which iron is stored in the body is serum ferritin. It can detect early changes in body iron store. It causes little patient discomfort as compared to bone marrow iron studies. In this study, we used serum ferritin level to assess the level of iron storage in the children less than five years of age. Iron stores are depleted below this value.Materials & Methods: Sample size includes 100 children under the age of 5 years from the opd of the department. The blood was divided into two halves, one was sent for cbc evaluation and from other half the serum was separated through centrifugation for the estimation of serum ferritin level.Results: The range of the serum iron level in the study was 0.2 – 340 ng/ml. The mean serum iron level in the study was 51.8 ng/ml. Out of 100 patients, there were 76 patients with serum level less than 12 ng/ml; they were iron deficient. There were 20 children with iron deficiency in the infants group, there were 34 patients in toddlers group and there were 24 children in preschool group. Discussion & Conclusion: For the early detection of the status of the iron stores in the body is done by serum ferritin concentration. Iron deficiency anemia continues to be a significant public health problem in the world. Serum ferritin level is a good screening test for early detection of iron deficiency anemia in children less than 5 years of age. When it is used in assess with other test for iron status in body, it is considered as more specific indicator for the detection of the iron stores.

Relationship between serum iron level and febrile convulsion in children

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between febrile convulsion, serum iron levels and whole blood parameters. This cross-sectional case-control study included patients aged 6 months-6 years-old brought to the department of pediatrics of Kütahya ParkHayat Hospital with febrile convulsions between January 2015 and December 2019. The patients were divided into two groups as: febrile with convulsions (study group; n= 47) and febrile without convulsions (control group; n= 35). Both groups were age and sex-matched. Some blood parameters such as mean serum iron, ferritin, Hb and MCV levels were used to compare the groups. Mean serum iron levels of the study and control groups were 33.7 ± 2.1 μg/dL and 56.3 ± 7.4 μg/dL (p&lt;0.05), and serum ferritin levels were 27.3 ± 6.2 ng/mL and 31.1 ± 2.1 ng/ mL (p&gt;0.05), respectively. Mean hemoglobin levels of the study and control groups were 10.6 ± 1.7 g/dL and 11.1 ± 1.4 g/dL (p &lt;0.05), and mean MCV levels were 71.1 ± 1.2 fL and 73.2 ± 1.1 fL (p&gt;0.05), respectively. In the light of the findings of this study, the low serum iron and ferritin levels may be reinforcing factors for developing febrile convulsion. However, multicentre studies with more patients are needed to reach a precise conclusion.

Evaluation of serum hepcidin and its relationship to iron homeostasis in obese anemic patients

Context Obesity is an increasingly recognized medical problem in both high-income and low-income countries owing to poor dietary habits and physical inactivity. This is frequently associated with dysregulated iron homeostasis. Iron deficiency in obese patients might be attributable to imbalanced diet or increased bodily demands. However, a role of enhanced hepcidin expression as a result of proinflammatory milieu in this setting has been contemplated in the recent years. Objectives First, we aimed at the measurement of serum hepcidin levels in obese anemic individuals. Second, we aimed at the assessment of the presence or absence of a relationship between its levels and deranged iron homeostatic profile. Patients and methods A total of 90 adult participants have been enrolled from the Clinical Hematology and Oncology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Center ‘X,’ City ‘Z.’ Country ‘Y’. They have been divided into group I: 30 obese anemic patients, group II: 30 obese nonanemic patients, and group III: 30 healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls. Serum hepcidin levels were assayed using hepcidin ELISA kits. Results Group I enjoyed much higher serum hepcidin values as compared with either group II or III. Hepcidin level was associated with significantly lower mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels. However, it was remarkably associated with higher BMI, red cell distribution width, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Conclusion There is a low state of chronic inflammation in obese anemic individuals associated with higher serum hepcidin levels. This results into repressed iron absorption and release by the liver and phagocytic system, contributing largely to obesity-associated iron deficiency.

Assessment of Iron Status in Hemoglobin E and b Thalassemia Carriers

Background: About 10-13% people of Bangladesh are carrier of HbE and b- thalassaemia. Many program have been taken by Government and NGOs for supplementation of iron to raise hemoglobin level of children which may not be beneficial or might be harmful to the carriers of this disease.&#x0D; Objectives: of the study was to assess the iron status of Hemoglobin E and b thalassemia carriers thereby to develop iron supplementation strategy for these carriers.&#x0D; Methods: This cross sectional analytic study was on 206 carriers of Hemoglobin E and b thalassemia and 54 healthy controls. Complete blood count with RBC indices, Hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis and serum ferritin, serum iron and TIBC were carried out for all subjects following standard protocol. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 12.&#x0D; Results: Among 260 subjects 206 were carriers and 54 were control. Number of male was 137 and female was 123 and male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Age of the subjects ranges from 1 year to 59 years with a mean age (±SEM) of 23.07± 0.84 years. Mean age (±SEM) of cases was 22.78 ± 0.971 years and that of control was 24.17 ± 1.63 years. Hematological parameters such as mean (±SEM) Hb concentration, MCV, MCH, and MCHC of carriers were significantly low as compared to the control (p value &lt; 0.01 in all comparison). Mean serum ferritin and iron level in carriers were higher than control however; statistical significance between the values were not found (p value &gt;0.5). Out of 206 carriers 27 (13.1%) cases had IDA and it’s frequency was similar among HbE (14.2%) and thalassemia carriers (12.2%) and prevalence of IDA among the carriers were high (37.5 %) in age group 1-5 years which rises to 52.5% in under nourished children.&#x0D; Conclusion: Carriers of HbE and b thalassemia do have relatively higher iron profile as compared to control but not statistically significant. Iron deficiency anemia is not uncommon in carriers especially in children. So there is no contraindication of iron supplementation to the children in general.&#x0D; DS (Child) H J 2020; 36(1) : 25-33

Assessment of Serum Vitamin Levels, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common mucosal disease. Vitamin deficiencies and inflammatory factors are the etiologic causes; however, the relationship between these causes and the disease remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to compare the serum vitamin and inflammatory markers levels (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume), in patients with RAS versus healthy controls. We performed a retrospective case-control study. The medical records of 81 patients with RAS and 69 healthy controls who presented to the dermatology clinic and whose neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume, serum iron, ferritin, iron-binding capacity, folic acid, and vitamin B12 levels were examined in the clinic were retrospectively reviewed and compared. The laboratory data of the participants were analyzed using the SPSS version 24.0 software. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. There were 81 patients with RAS in the study group and 69 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals in the control group. The mean serum vitamin B12 level was significantly higher in patients with RAS than in healthy controls (p = 0.016). The serum iron level was lower in patients with minor and herpetiform aphthae than in patients with major aphthae (p = 0.042), whereas NLR and PLR were higher in patients with minor aphthae compared with the other groups. NLR was lower in patients with RAS than in the healthy controls (p = 0.013). This study showed that vitamin deficiency does not play a role in the etiology of aphthae and inflammatory activity is not prominent in patients with RAS with normal hematologic status.

Serum zinc and iron levels in children with febrile seizures

Objective To assess serum zinc and iron levels in children with febrile seizures (FS) and their relation to clinical findings. Background Zinc and iron deficiencies are assumed to be common in children with FS. Patients and methods This case–control study was conducted on 80 Egyptian children (from 6 months to 5 years old) attending the emergency room and pediatric departments. The children were divided into group I which included 20 patients with FS and group II which included 20 patients with afebrile seizures; group III included 20 febrile patients without seizures or history of previous seizures; and group IV included 20 clinically healthy children, age and sex matched. Detailed history, thorough physical examination, routine investigations, and serum iron and zinc levels were done. Results There were statistically significant differences between group I (children with FS, n = 20), group II (children with afebrile seizures, n = 20), group III (children with febrile illness, n = 20), group IV (healthy children, n = 20) regarding zinc and iron levels. The mean serum zinc levels were significantly low in group I than the other three groups (68.25 ± 11.2, 96.1 ± 6.05, 99.3 ± 6.38, 97.2 ± 6.58, respectively) (P = 0.001). Also, the mean serum iron levels were significantly low in group I than the other three groups (0.43 ± 0.20, 0.88 ± 0.12, 0.86 ± 0.13, 0.83 ± 0.15, respectively) (P = 0.001). Conclusion Children with FS had significantly low serum zinc and iron levels in comparison with afebrile seizures, febrile patients, and healthy children.

The Association Between Iron Deficiency and Febrile Seizures in Children Below 5 Years

Background: Febrile seizures are prevalent in children aged between 6 months and 5 years with an incidence of 2-5%. Iron deficiency is the most common hematologic disease of infancy and childhood with a period of incidence that coincides with the time of febrile seizures. Although the most common manifestation of iron deficiency is anemia, it is frequently the source of a neurologic disorders in pediatrics, including developmental delay, seizure, stroke, breath-holding episodes, pseudo tumor cerebri, and cranial nerve palsies. Objective: To investigate the association between iron deficiency and febrile seizures. Methods: Two groups (80 for each) of 6 months to 5 years old febrile children were subjected to the study between 1st of Oct. 2017 to 1st of Oct. 2018. The first group, cases, included children with febrile seizures admitted to the Pediatric Ward in Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City, whereas the control group, included febrile children, visited the hospital during the same period for febrile illness. History was taken, physical examination was done. Blood count indices, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and serum ferritin were estimated. Lumber puncture was done in some of the patients. Statistical Analysis was done using t-test and Chi-square test (x2), P-value was considered significant if less than 0.05. Percentages and Odds ratio were estimated. A prevalence of 20-25% among cases is considered clinically relevant. Results: Both groups were comparable for age and gender (17.5±8.81) and (17.6±8.54) months, male: female ratio was (1.75:1 and 1.2:1). Family history of febrile seizure were seen in 25% and 13.75% respectively. Simple febrile seizure was found in (72.5%). The blood indices were lower in patients than the control group and statistically have significant difference in hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron and serum ferritin level with a P-value less than 0.05. A total of 36 (45%) of the cases had iron deficiency, compared to 12 (15 %) of control respectively with P-value less than 0.05. Conclusion: Iron deficiency was more frequent among children with febrile seizure than those with febrile illness alone. The results suggest that iron deficiency may be a risk factor for febrile seizure. Keywords: Febrile seizure, infants, children, iron deficiency anemia Citation: Shaheed AH, Abbas SA. The association between iron deficiency and febrile seizures in children below 5 years. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(2): 110-116. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.2.4

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients: A Single-Center Study

Abstract Background: Regular blood transfusion in children with beta thalassemia major lead toperoxidative tissue injury secondary to iron overload, increased oxidative stress and disturbance of oxidant anti-oxidantstatus of patients. Aim of Study: The present study aimed to assessoxidative stress, trace elements and oxidant-antioxidants status of beta thalassemia-major (b-TM) patients on regular blood trans-fusion. Patients and Methods: A case-control study included 35 beta thalassemic patients attending the pediatric Haematolo-gyclinic of El-Galaa Teaching Hospital and 35 age sex healthy matched subjects as control group. Serumzinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), serum catalase (CAT), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were performed for both patients and control. Results: Meanserum iron, ferritin, Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the b-TM group while mean hemoglobin, hematocritand total iron binding capacity were lower in the b-TM group. A significant increase in the levels of MDA, SOD whereas significant decrease in the levels of serum Zn, Mg. TAC and CAT was observed in the b-TM group. No significant difference in serum Cu between patients and control. Serum ferritin was found to have positive correlation with patients' age, weight, height, ALT, AST and total bilirubin, MDA, serum iron while significant negative correlation with total iron binding capacity, serum Zn and Mg levels whereas no significant correlation with serum Cu, SOD, CAT, TAC. Conclusion: Childrenwith beta thalassemia major suffering from oxidative stress, deficiency of some micronutrients and endogenous antioxidants. Selected trace elements and antioxi-dants supplementation require further studies for their eva-luation.

Association between iron deficiency anaemia and simple febrile seizure in South Indian rural population

Background: Simple febrile seizure is a common problem worldwide, many studies have investigated the etiology and natural history of febrile seizures and evaluated various management strategies, but very little information is available about iron deficiency as a risk factor. Hence, we aimed to determine the association between iron deficiency anaemia and simple febrile seizures in south Indian rural population. Methods: It is an observational study done in paediatrics department at Sri Venkateshwaraa medical college hospital and research centre. A total 120 (60 cases and 60 control) were included in the study. Children with febrile seizures and controls were included fever without seizures. Informed consent was taken from parents of each child. Children were divided into two groups, cases and controls. Serum ferritin level, Hb, HCT and MCV levels were assessed.Results: Mean Hb level in cases and controls were 9.1±1.2 and 12.7±1.7 mg/dl respectively. Mean MCV value in cases and controls was 78.1±6.2 and 81.4±6.9 respectively. Mean serum iron level in cases was 29.9±4.9 and in controls mean serum iron level was 42.8±7.4. Conclusions: Iron deficiency anaemia is considered as a risk factor for febrile seizures in children.

Anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in gastric parietal cell antibody-positive and -negative burning mouth syndrome patients

Our previous study found the serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity in 12.3% of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients. This study assessed whether GPCA-positive BMS (GPCA+BMS) patients had significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than healthy control subjects or GPCA-negative BMS (GPCA-BMS) patients. The mean corpuscular volume, blood hemoglobin (Hb), and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, and GPCA levels were measured and compared between any two of three groups of 109 GPCA+BMS patients, 775 GPCA-BMS patients, and 442 healthy control subjects. We found that 109 GPCA+BMS patients had significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, blood Hb and serum iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than 442 healthy control subjects (all P-values<0.001) and significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, blood Hb and serum vitamin B12 deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than 775 GPCA-BMS patients (all P-values<0.01). Moreover, 775 GPCA-BMS patients had significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, blood Hb and serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than 442 healthy control subjects (all P-values<0.005). Pernicious anemia (45.5%) and normocytic anemia (24.2%) were the two most common types of anemia in 33 anemic GPCA+BMS patients. Moreover, normocytic anemia (61.3%), thalassemia trait-induced anemia (15.5%), and iron deficiency anemia (14.1%) were the three most common types of anemia in 142 anemic GPCA-BMS patients. GPCA+BMS patients have significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, blood Hb and serum vitamin B12 deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than healthy control subjects or GPCA-BMS patients.

Study the iron status in children with febrile seizures: a hospital based cross sectional study

Background: Febrile seizures are most common among childhood seizures, accounts to 2% to 5% in children below 5 years of age. Iron deficiency can cause many neurological deficits and may lower the seizure threshold. The present study was conducted to determine the iron status in children with febrile seizures.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, HIMS, Dehradun, over a period of 12 month from January 2018 to December 2018. A total of 105 children of age group 6 month to 5 years, coming to pediatrics department were included in the study. Total study subjects were divided into two groups, Group I (febrile seizure) and Group II (other than febrile seizure). A consecutive sampling method was done for selection of study subjects.Results: In Group I (febrile seizure), the number of males were 71.7% while females were 28.3% with male: female ratio of 2.5:1. In Group I (febrile seizure), 61.7% of subjects had deficient iron level while 38.3% of subjects had normal serum iron level. Our study shows significantly low mean serum ferritin and mean serum iron level in subjects with febrile seizures.Conclusions: We concluded that iron deficiency is more common in febrile seizures and there is a positive association between serum iron level and febrile seizures.

Comparison of Postsurgical Scars Between Vegan and Omnivore Patients.

Postsurgical skin healing can result in different scars types, ranging from a fine line to pathologic scars, in relation to patients' intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Although the role of nutrition in influencing skin healing is known, no previous studies investigated if the vegan diet may affect postsurgical wounds. The aim of this study was to compare surgical scars between omnivore and vegan patients. This is a prospective observational study. Twenty-one omnivore and 21 vegan patients who underwent surgical excision of a nonmelanoma skin cancer were enrolled. Postsurgical complications and scar quality were evaluated using the modified Scar Cosmesis Assessment and Rating (SCAR) scale. Vegans showed a significantly lower mean serum iron level (p < .001) and vitamin B12 (p < .001). Wound diastasis was more frequent in vegans (p = .008). After 6 months, vegan patients had a higher modified SCAR score than omnivores (p < .001), showing the worst scar spread (p < .001), more frequent atrophic scars (p < .001), and worse overall impression (p < .001). This study suggests that a vegan diet may negatively influence the outcome of surgical scars.

Association between BMI and Iron Status among Diabetic Patients in Oujda-ANGAD-MOROCCO

Nowadays, Public health concern on obesity and anemia has become very important disease in the world. Objective: In this study, we aim to examine the relationship between the overweight of diabetic patients from the Oujda-Angad region and their body iron status. Methods: A total of 114 patients aged between 18 and 70 years old. The patients were from the regional referral Center of Oujda-Angad. All patients had type 2 diabetes. They attended the centre between December the 1st, 2016 and May the 30th, 2018 and were diagnosed previously for more than 6 months. The patients were participated in this study after they have provided a written consent. Demographic and biochemical data were collected. Results: The mean ferritin concentration was between 19.14 µg /mL± and 21.32 µg / mL± and the mean Serum iron level was around 105.05µg/dl. Moreover, 34.5% of diabetic patients were overweight according to WHO Standars (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) while around 31% of were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). The correlation coefficient of linear regression was positive for BMI/Plasma Ferritin and negative for BMI/hemoglobin, and BMI/Serum iron. Furthermore, the CRP concentration was less than 6mg/l for 90% of obese and overweight patients. As conclusion, we can confirm that patients having an iron deficiency are not overweight or obese. Furthermore, overweight and obesity could be a risk factor of iron deficiency in diabetic patients.