Mean Oxford Elbow Score Research Articles

Excellent results and low complication rate for anatomic polyaxial locking plates in comminuted proximal ulna fractures

Comminuted fractures of the proximal ulna remain a great challenge in orthopedic surgery. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of comminuted proximal ulna fractures treated with a new construct type-anatomically preformed polyaxial locking compression plates. Between 2013 and 2016, 46 patients with isolated comminuted fractures were treated with a 2.7-/3.5-mm VA-LCP Olecranon Plate (Synthes, Umkirch, Germany). Of these, 44 were available for an assessment after a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years (range, 12-50 months). We evaluated range of motion, time to recovery, revision rate, and indications, as well as functional scores. Radiographs were analyzed. The study included 8 Mayo IB, 29 Mayo IIB, and 7 Mayo IIIB fractures. All fractures showed bony union, and only 2 revision surgical procedures were performed because of a new trauma. No other complications occurred. Mean range of motion was 139° (range, 105°-150°), and the mean pain level was less than 1 on a visual analog scale. Regarding elbow function, we found a mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score of 98; a mean Oxford Elbow Score of 44; and a mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score of 6. Of the plates, 41% were removed after an average time of 16 months, whereby a significant improvement in extension deficit was detected (P < .01). Ninety-five percent of all patients returned to their pretrauma sports level. The 2.7-/3.5-mm VA-LCP Olecranon Plate represents an effective option with excellent fracture reduction, sufficient stability for early postoperative functional rehabilitation, and a minimum of complications.

The effect of platelet-rich plasma injection on lateral epicondylitis following failed conservative management

Introduction: Pain from the lateral aspect of the elbow was first described in 1873, and has since then been given different names such as tennis elbow, lateral epicondylitis, epicondylitis, epicondylalgia and lateral elbow pain. The etiology and pathogenesis of tennis elbow is not known, but the condition is considered to be an overuse injury of degenerative nature (Jozsa and Kannus, 1997 et al.). The pathology found in tennis elbow is addressed to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle origin (Nirschl and Pettrone, 1979) Materials and Methods: 50 patients in the age group of 20 to 70 years of either sex presenting pain on the lateral epicondyle of either elbow after being clinically diagnosed as suffering from Lateral Epicondylitis / Tennis Elbow after having ruled out other possible causes of pain in this region presenting after 7 days of onset of pain with failed conservative management for 2 weeks attending OPD/ emergency of the Post Graduate department of Orthopaedics, GMC Jammu were included in this study. The response to treatment was graded using Oxford elbow score. Observations: In the present study of 50 patients there were 26 males and 24 females. In the present study of 50 patients the mean age was 43.98 years ( Range between 22 to 74 years). In this study it was observed that the pretreatment mean oxford elbow score was 38.32 (20.83-56.24) which improved to 46.73 (20.83-66.65) at 1 month, 58.60 (33.32-81.23) at 3 months and 70.15 (35.41-87.48) at 6 months. Discussion: Nonoperative treatment is successful in 95% of patients with tennis elbow. There have been several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have compared autologous whole blood with PRP injection, autologous whole blood with steroid injection and PRP with steroid injection. However, results as to whether PRP, autologous whole blood or corticosteroids is more beneficial are still unclear. Conclusion PRP: improves pain and function in patients suffering from LE where conservative management has failed.

Intramedullary devices in the management of Judet III and IV paediatric radial neck fractures

PurposeThe aim of this study is to discuss the results of different intramedullary devices used in the management of paediatric radial neck fractures and to suggest methods to avoid the pitfalls of the technique. MethodsThirty patients with isolated Judet III and IV fractures were included in this prospective study. Judet I and II fractures and radial neck fractures associated with other injuries were excluded. The final results were graded using the Metaizeau functional scoring system and Oxford Elbow Score. ResultsThe functional result was good to excellent in 24 of 30 cases (80%). The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 44.32. The mean follow-up was 40.11 months. The complications seen were radiocapitellar joint penetration – 6 cases at mean 4.87 weeks, redisplacement – 6, radial epiphyseal sclerosis – 5, and heterotopic ossification – 1 case. ConclusionIntramedullary K wires may result in radiocapitellar joint penetration. Titanium Elastic Nail System should not be used as purely fixation devices as they may not prevent redisplacement. Regular follow-up until at least 6 weeks is essential. Patients who have a Judet IV fracture and need open reduction should be given a guarded prognosis. The paper highlights the pitfalls of the technique and makes recommendations regarding the type of implant, follow-up and patient counselling in Judet IV fractures.

P.2.e.005 - Time-course antidepressant-like effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock as measured by the time spent immobile in the forced-swim test in rats

Comminuted fractures of the proximal ulna remain a great challenge in orthopedic surgery. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of comminuted proximal ulna fractures treated with a new construct type—anatomically preformed polyaxial locking compression plates.Between 2013 and 2016, 46 patients with isolated comminuted fractures were treated with a 2.7-/3.5-mm VA-LCP Olecranon Plate (Synthes, Umkirch, Germany). Of these, 44 were available for an assessment after a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years (range, 12-50 months). We evaluated range of motion, time to recovery, revision rate, and indications, as well as functional scores. Radiographs were analyzed.The study included 8 Mayo IB, 29 Mayo IIB, and 7 Mayo IIIB fractures. All fractures showed bony union, and only 2 revision surgical procedures were performed because of a new trauma. No other complications occurred. Mean range of motion was 139° (range, 105°-150°), and the mean pain level was less than 1 on a visual analog scale. Regarding elbow function, we found a mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score of 98; a mean Oxford Elbow Score of 44; and a mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score of 6. Of the plates, 41% were removed after an average time of 16 months, whereby a significant improvement in extension deficit was detected (P < .01). Ninety-five percent of all patients returned to their pretrauma sports level.The 2.7-/3.5-mm VA-LCP Olecranon Plate represents an effective option with excellent fracture reduction, sufficient stability for early postoperative functional rehabilitation, and a minimum of complications.

Outcomes following surgical management of complex terrible triad injuries of the elbow: a single surgeon case series.

Terrible triad injuries of the elbow are complex injuries to treat and we report our outcomes following surgical management. Twenty-two consecutive patients who underwent fixation of terrible triad injuries between 2007 and 2012 were identified. Clinical outcomes were assessed by examination, visual analogue scores (VAS), Oxford Elbow Score (OES), Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) and QuickDash score (QD). The mean age of patients was 47 years, with a mean follow-up of 32 months. All patients underwent lateral ligament repair, with additional medial ligament repair in four cases. Thirteen patients required repair of the coronoid and 18 patients required surgery to the radial head. The mean flexion-extension arc was 113°, with mean prono-supination of 136°. The functional elbow scores revealed good outcomes in the majority (mean OES of 37, MEPI of 79 and QD of 21). The overall complication rate was 41%. In total, 23% required reoperation, with one patient requiring fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome and four requiring subsequent removal of metalwork as a result of stiffness. Recognition of this complex injury pattern and appropriate restoration of the joint stability are the prerequisites. Systematic surgical approach is effective and can provide both stability and good function, in most cases.

Long-term clinical results in patients treated for recurrent posterolateral elbow joint instability using an ipsilateral triceps tendon graft

The aim was to report the long-term functional and radiologic outcomes in patients treated for recurrent posterolateral elbow joint instability using an ipsilateral triceps tendon graft. We included 18 patients previously treated for posterolateral elbow joint instability and evaluated for clinical results in 2003. Fifteen patients were examined with a mean follow-up period of 19 years (range, 17-22 years). We performed the clinical follow-up with clinical examination of stability, range of motion, pain score on a visual analog scale, Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and Danish version of Oxford Elbow Score. Furthermore, conventional anteroposterior and side-view radiographs of the elbow were obtained to evaluate osteoarthritis, calcifications in the ligaments, and joint subluxation. We evaluated the radiographs by the size of osteophytes, joint space narrowing, and subchondral sclerosis and classified the findings into 3 categories: no osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, and severe osteoarthritis. All patients had a clinically stable elbow. None had pain while inactive or locking of the joint, and 4 had decreased range of motion. Two patients had a positive pivot-shift stress test, indicating laxity. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 93 (range, 70-100). The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 45. We observed 5 patients with osteoarthritis and 1 patient with severe osteoarthritis. The technique reported by Olsen and Søjbjerg in 2003 gives good long-term results in the treatment of symptomatic posterolateral elbow joint instability, though the development of elbow joint osteoarthritis may decrease the surgical result in the coming years.

Short-term results after arthroscopic resection of synovial plicae in the radiohumeral joint: a case series of 64 procedures.

Introduction: Painful Synovial Plicae (SP) in the posterolateral corner of the radiohumeral joint may be confused with lateral epicondylitis. The SP may impinge between the radial head and the humeral capitellum causing pain and snapping. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term results after arthroscopic plica resection of the elbow. Methods: In this case series, we included a consecutive series of 64 arthroscopies (60 patients) with arthroscopic plica resection of the elbow. Inclusion criteria were six months of lateral elbow pain and unsuccessful conservative treatment. Patients had either ultrasonography verified plicae or pain on palpation of the plica. Patients were evaluated with an Oxford Elbow Score (OES) preoperatively, after three months and after mean 22 months (range: 12–31) of follow-up. Furthermore, baseline characteristics were recorded including, gender, age, body mass index (BMI), occupation, smoking and cartilage damage. Results: The mean age was 44 years (range: 18–66). In 13 elbows, International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade 1 lesions were present in association with the plica. Preoperatively the mean OES was 19 (95% CI: 17–20). At three and 22 month follow-up the OES increased to 33 (95% CI: 30–36) and 35 (95% CI: 32–38), respectively (p < 0.001). Cartilage injury and gender did not affect the outcome. We reported no complications. Discussion: Arthroscopic plica resection of the elbow indicates an improved OES after three and 22 months. A randomized prospective trial is needed to validate the effect of arthroscopic treatment of synovial elbow plicae.

The long-term outcome of the Gschwend-Scheier-Bähler III elbow replacement

The Gschwend-Scheier-Bähler III (GSBIII) is a semiconstrained, sloppy-hinge total elbow replacement. We report the long-term functional and radiological outcome of a cohort of patients more than 10 years after surgery. All GSBIII prostheses implanted from September 1996 to June 2004 were identified from our surgical database. Functional and radiological assessments were performed at routine patient clinic visits, using the Oxford Elbow Score, the 11-item version of the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (QuickDASH), and plain radiographs. From 1996 to 2004, 52 elbows in 40 patients were implanted; of these, 18 patients (23 elbows) had died, leaving 22 patients with 29 elbows available for follow-up. Three patients (3 elbows) could not be contacted. Functional and radiological data were available for 19 patients with 26 elbows (90%). Overall survival was a mean of 13.1 years (range, 10.6-16.4 years). Mean age at operation was 63.0 years (range, 49.5-80.6 years). There were 5 male elbows and 21 female elbows. Five total elbow replacements were performed for osteoarthritis and 24 for rheumatoid arthritis. The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 26.9 (range, 18-48). The mean QuickDASH score was 42.6 (range, 2.5-93.2). Of the 52 elbows in 40 patients, 4 elbows (7.7%) required further surgery, 2 (3.8%) of which were revisions. In addition, there was 1 intraoperative complication and 2 postoperative complications not requiring further surgery. Kaplan-Meier 10-year survival shows a 95.9% implant survival with revision as the end point. The GSBIII elbow replacement provides good long-term function with a low revision rate and few complications. Level IV; Case Series; Treatment Study.

Outcomes of arthroscopic treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum and description of the technique

We hypothesize that a technique for all-arthroscopic fixation of capitellum osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions using suture fixation and autogenous iliac crest bone grafting offers a successful alternative to open internal fixation techniques as shown by 2-year validated patient-reported outcomes. Our technique uses arthroscopic all-inside suture fixation with iliac crest autogenous bone grafting. The procedure was performed on 4 elite-level, adolescent athletes presenting with 5 unstable capitellum OCD lesions resulting in elbow pain, limited range of motion, and decreased ability to play. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an unstable OCD lesion, which was correlated with arthroscopy. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated by the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire; Oxford Elbow and Mayo Elbow scores; visual analog scale; postoperative range of motion; and return to play. Three female patients and one male patient aged 13 to 15years underwent the procedure. The mean final follow-up period was 2.8years. Union was achieved in all patients, as seen on magnetic resonance imaging at a mean of 3 months. At follow-up, the mean loss of extension was 2°. Mean flexion was 153°. There was no loss of supination or pronation. The mean score on the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire was 11. The mean Mayo Elbow score was 88. The mean Oxford Elbow score was 42. The mean visual analog scale score was 2. The mean time to return to play was 4months. All patients continued to compete at an elite level. There were no infections or cases of fixation failure, and no patients required conversion to open surgery or needed revision surgery. Arthroscopic all-inside fixation of unstable OCD lesions is a successful technique, facilitating athletes to return to an elite level of play.

Long-term outcomes of isolated stable radial head fractures.

There is evidence to support primary nonoperative management of isolated stable fractures of the radial head, although minimal data exist regarding long-term outcomes. The aim of this study was to report subjective long-term outcomes of isolated stable fractures of the radial head and neck following primary nonoperative management. From a prospective database of proximal radial fractures, we identified all skeletally mature patients who sustained an isolated stable Mason type-1 or type-2 fracture of the radial head or neck during an eighteen-month period. Inclusion criteria were a confirmed isolated stable fracture of the proximal aspect of the radius, primarily managed nonoperatively. The primary long-term outcome measure was the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. The study cohort comprised 100 patients with a mean age of forty-six years (range, seventeen to seventy-nine years). A fall from a standing height accounted for 69% of all injuries. Thirty-five percent of the patients had one or more comorbidities. There were fifty-seven Mason type-1 fractures and forty-three Mason type-2 fractures. At a mean of ten years post injury (range, 8.8 to 10.2 years), the mean DASH score was 5.8 (range, 0 to 67.2) and the mean Oxford Elbow Score (OES) was 46 (range, 14 to 48). Fourteen (14%) of the patients reported stiffness and twenty-four (24%) reported some degree of pain. A worse DASH score was associated with older age (p = 0.002), one or more comorbidities (p = 0.008), increasing socioeconomic deprivation by Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile (p = 0.026), increasing amount of fracture displacement (p = 0.041), and involvement in compensation proceedings (p = 0.006). Long-term patient-reported outcomes were excellent following the nonoperative management of isolated stable fractures of the radial head or neck. We suggest that routine primary nonoperative management of these fractures provides a satisfactory outcome for the majority of patients, with few patients in our study requiring further intervention for persisting complaints. Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Nonoperative Management of Displaced Olecranon Fractures in Low-Demand Elderly Patients

The aim of this study was to document both the short and the long-term outcomes following primary nonoperative management of isolated displaced fractures of the olecranon. We identified, from our prospective trauma database, all patients who had been managed nonoperatively for a displaced olecranon fracture over a thirteen-year period. Inclusion criteria included all isolated fractures of the olecranon with >2-mm displacement of the articular surface. The primary short-term outcome measure was the Broberg and Morrey Elbow Score. The primary long-term outcome measure was the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. There were forty-three patients with a mean age of seventy-six years (range, forty to ninety-eight years) in the study cohort. A low-energy fall from a standing height accounted for 84% of all injuries, and one or more comorbidities were documented in thirty-eight patients (88%). At a mean of four months (range, 1.5 to ten months) following injury, the mean Broberg and Morrey score was 83 points (range, 48 to 100 points), with 72% of the patients having an excellent or good short-term outcome. No patient underwent surgery for a symptomatic nonunion. At a mean of six years (range, two to fifteen years) postinjury, the mean DASH score was 2.9 points (range, 0 to 33.9 points) and the mean Oxford Elbow Score was 47 points (range, 42 to 48 points); 91% (twenty-one) of twenty-three patients available for follow-up expressed satisfaction with the result of the procedure. We found satisfactory short-term and long-term outcomes following the nonoperative management of isolated displaced olecranon fractures in older, lower-demand patients.

Long-term functional results and isokinetic strength evaluation after arthroscopic tenotomy of the long head of biceps tendon.

Introduction:The objective of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical function of the upper arm after arthroscopic long head of biceps (LHB) tenotomy at long-term follow-up.Materials and Methods:Twenty-five male subjects ranging from 30 to 63 years old were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 7.0 years after tenotomy. Bilateral isokinetic testing was performed to obtain peak torque values, as well as total work done throughout the full range of elbow flexion and supination.Results:Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed nine unrecognized LHB ruptures in the contralateral arm, leaving 16 subjects to complete the testing protocol. The mean quickDASH score was 8.1 (standard error [SE] 2.5). The mean oxford elbow score was 97.9 (SE 1.6). The tenotomy arm recorded a decrease in peak flexion torque of 7.0% (confidence interval [CI] 1.2-12.8), and a decrease in the peak supination torque of 9.1% (CI 1.8-16.4) relative to the contralateral arm. The total work carried out through the full range of joint motion was reduced in elbow flexion by 5.1% (CI −1.3-11.4) and in forearm supination by 5.7% (CI-2.4-13.9).Discussion:Maximum strength in elbow flexion and forearm supination is significantly reduced compared with the contralateral arm. However, this impairment is partially compensated for by relatively greater strength sustained through the latter stages of joint motion. This results in comparable total work measurements between the tenotomised and contralateral side, potentially accounting for ongoing high levels of patient satisfaction and clinical function in the long term after LHB tenotomy.Level of Evidence IV:Case series without comparison group.

Revision total elbow arthroplasty with the linked Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty: a retrospective study of twenty procedures

In this retrospective study we evaluated the short- to medium-term results after 20 Coonrad-Morrey revision total elbow arthroplasties (TEAs). We included a consecutive series of revision TEAs performed at our institution from 2004 to 2010. At a mean follow-up of 4.4years, patients were evaluated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), the Oxford Elbow Score (OES) and standard radiographs. The mean age at revision TEA was 65.8years. The median time of implant survival for primary prosthesis was 9.5years. The mean post-operative MEPS was 79. The mean OES was 58, 66 and 53 for function, pain and social-psychological dimensions, respectively. At follow-up the range of motion had improved significantly. There were two cases of radiolucent lines and two cases of minor bushing wear; however, none of the implants were clinically loose. In one case deep infection led to a further revision. Two patients had post-operative ulnar nerve paraesthesia. Results after revision TEA using the Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis are acceptable with a low short- to midterm failure rate. Revision improves range of motion and provides pain relief. One case of deep infection with recurrent revision is of concern. The treatment can be used as an option for failed TEA.

Percutaneous Tennis Elbow Release Under Local Anaesthesia

Introduction:When the non-operative treatment of tennis elbow fails to improve the symptoms a surgical procedure can be performed. Many different techniques are available. The percutaneous release of the common extensor origin was first presented by Loose at a meeting in 1962. Despite the simplicity of the operation and its effectiveness in relieving pain with minimal scarring this procedure is still not widely accepted. This study presents the long-term results of percutaneous tennis elbow release in patients when conservative measures including local steroid injections have failed to relieve the symptoms.Patients and Methods:Percutaneous release of the extensor origin was performed in 24 consecutive patients (seven male and seventeen female), providing 30 elbows for this study. The age of the patients ranged from 26 to 71 years with mean age of 55 years. The technique involved a day case procedure in the operating theatre using local anaesthesia without the need for a tourniquet. The lateral elbow was infiltrated with 5mls 1% lignocaine and 5mls 0.5% bupivicaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline. All operations were performed by the senior author. The patients were assessed post operatively by using DASH (disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand) score and Oxford elbow scores. The mean follow up period was 36 months (1-71months).Results:Twenty one patients returned the DASH and Oxford elbow questionnaires. Four patients were lost in the follow up. The post operative outcome was good to excellent in most patients. Eighty seven percent of patients had complete pain relief. The mean post-op DASH score was 8.47 (range 0 to 42.9) and the mean Oxford elbow score was 42.8 (range 16 to 48). There were no complications reported. All the patients returned to their normal jobs, hobbies such as gardening, horse riding and playing musical instruments.Conclusion:In our experience Percutaneous release of the epicondylar muscles for humeral epicondylitis has a high rate of success, is relatively simple to perform, is done as a day case procedure and has been without complications. Percutaneous release is a viable treatment option after failed conservative management of tennis elbow.

Clinical Outcome After Suture Anchor Repair for Complete Traumatic Rupture of the Distal Triceps Tendon

To evaluate the clinical results of surgical repair of complete distal triceps tendon rupture using suture anchors and high-strength sutures by use of validated outcome measures. A consecutive series of traumatic distal triceps tendon ruptures at a single institution were studied. All cases were surgically repaired by use of suture anchors double loaded with ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene-containing sutures. All patients were evaluated with a physical examination, radiographs, and questionnaires. The following postoperative validated outcome measures were used: the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score; the Oxford Elbow Score; the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons elbow assessment form; and the Mayo Elbow Performance Index. Five male patients with a mean follow-up of 32 months underwent suture anchor repair for traumatic rupture of the distal triceps tendon. Of the repairs, 3 were in the dominant arm and 2 in the nondominant arm. The mean patient age was 47 years (range, 35 to 54 years). Postoperatively, the mean DASH score was 1.4, the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons elbow score was 99.2, the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index was 95.8, the mean Oxford Elbow Score for pain was 98.8, the mean Oxford Elbow Score for function was 100, and the mean Oxford Elbow Score for the social domain was 96.2. A lower score for the DASH indicates less disability and better function. This retrospective case series of suture anchor repair of distal triceps tendon ruptures showed excellent elbow function based on validated clinical outcome measures. Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Patient-Reported Outcomes After Simple Dislocation of the Elbow

The current study was designed to investigate the epidemiology and long-term clinical and patient-reported outcomes following simple dislocation of the elbow in adults. We identified all adult patients treated at our trauma center for a simple dislocation of the elbow during a ten-year period. One hundred and forty patients were eligible for review, and 110 (79%) were reviewed at a mean of eighty-eight months (range, sixteen to 171 months) after the injury. This review included clinical examination, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, the Oxford elbow questionnaire, and a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Patients reported long-term residual deficits in the range of elbow motion. The mean DASH score was 6.7 points (95% confidence interval, 4 to 9 points). The mean Oxford elbow score was 90.3 points (95% confidence interval, 87.8 to 92.9 points). The mean satisfaction score was 85.6 points (95% confidence interval, 82.2 to 89 points). Sixty-two patients (56%) reported residual subjective stiffness of the elbow. Nine patients (8%) reported subjective instability, and sixty-eight (62%) reported residual pain. The satisfaction and DASH scores showed good correlation with absolute range of motion in the injured elbow, as did the overall Oxford elbow score and the pain and function components of that score. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that loss of elbow flexion (p = 0.001) and female sex (p = 0.002) were both independent predictors of a poorer DASH score. Reduced elbow flexion also predicted a poorer score on the function component of the Oxford elbow score (p = 0.02). A reduced flexion-extension arc of motion predicted a poorer overall Oxford elbow score (p = 0.02), a poorer score on the pain component of the Oxford elbow score (p = 0.02), and poorer overall satisfaction (p = 0.005). Female sex predicted a poorer score on the psychosocial component of the Oxford elbow score (p < 0.05). Although patients generally report a favorable long-term functional outcome after simple dislocation of the elbow, these injuries are not entirely benign. The rate of residual pain and elbow stiffness is high. Functional instability is less common and does not often limit activities.