Pretest Mean Research Articles

Effectiveness of Brassica juncea (Mustard) Plaster on Reduction of Knee Pain and Inability among Geriatrics with Osteoarthritis.

Pre-experimental one-group pretest posttest research design was adopted to investigate the effectiveness of Brassica juncea (mustard) plaster on reduction of knee pain and inability among 60 geriatrics with osteoarthritis. The inability was assessed using the Western Ontario McMaster University (WOMAC) Index, which includes 24 parameters under three major headings: joint pain, joint stiffness, and difficulty in performing daily activities, and the severity of pain level was assessed using a numerical pain rating scale. Mustard plaster is applied against the knee for 15 minutes once a day for seven days. On day 8, study participants were re-assessed using the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index in the interventional group. The pretest mean score of pain was 77.80 ± 5.65, and the posttest mean score was 38.88 ± 11.76. The mean difference score was 38.92. The calculated paired 't' test value of t = 24.428 was statistically significant at P < 0.001 level.

A quasi-experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding minor disorders of pregnancy among antenatal mothers attending OPD in Apollo hospitals Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

Background: Most research studies states that there is lower level of knowledge among the antenatal mothers regarding minor disorder which occurs in pregnancy. Hence selected “A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding minor disorders of pregnancy among antenatal mothers attending OPD in Apollo Hospitals Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. The key aspect of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching program among the antenatal mothers and to evaluate the effectiveness the outcomes. Materials and methods: A quantitative research approach adopted for the study to assess the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding minor disorders of pregnancy. One group pretest-posttest design is used and samples who met the inclusion criteria using purposive Sampling. A questionnaire was developed to assess knowledge level of antenatal mother on minor disorder of pregnancy. Pretest was conducted for one hour which is followed by the structured teaching program after that post test for one hour. Sample size is 50. Results: The study findings revealed that the mean pre test knowledge score was (35.75%.) after administering teaching programme. post test knowledge score was 74.00% which is higher than pre test score. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the effectiveness of the structured teaching programme among antenatal mothers attending OPD in Apollo Hospitals Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Knowledge of the “antenatal mothers who had undergone structured teaching programme proved to be having increase in their knowledge on minor disorders of pregnancy.

Effects of Brain Gym Exercises on Attention and Anxiety in Adolescents – An Experimental Study

Background: The common psychological difficulties in adolescents are anxiety states or minor depression and apart from that the attention span in adolescents is also shrinking as reported. The Brain Gym exercise is said to release learning blocks and cause improvement in areas such as memory, concentration, and focus. The goal of this study is to improve anxiety and attention in adolescents by performing brain gym exercises. Aim: To study the effects of brain gym exercise on attention and anxiety in adolescents. Methodology: The study employed an experimental study including 134 students within a 15-19 years age group, selected through purposive sampling. The primary outcomes are the Hamilton anxiety rating scale and the mindful attention awareness scale. Brain gym exercise was performed thrice a week for four weeks. Results: A statistically significant improvement in anxiety and attention is observed with using brain gym exercise. The pretest mean anxiety score at week 1 was 18.46 and after four weeks the results showed a statistically significant decrease in anxiety with a mean score of 16.14. The pretest attention score in week 1 was 3.67 and the post-intervention score in week 4 was 3.98 showing a statistically significant increase in attention. The data was statistically significant with a p-value of &lt;0.05. Conclusion: The study concludes there’s a significant effect of brain gym exercises in improving attention and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Brain Gym Exercise, Anxiety, Attention, Adolescents, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale.

Effectiveness of 5a’s Instructional Module in Teaching Grade 12 Physics: An Experimental Study

The study aimed to investigate the impact of the 5A's instructional module on students' Physics knowledge and application of knowledge in Physics. The research included understanding the pre-test and post-test profiles of the participants, comparing the students' levels of Physics knowledge and application of knowledge between the experimental and control groups, and assessing their perceptions of the 5A's instructional module. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a time-series design, employing mean, standard deviation, and paired-sample t-tests to examine the data statistically. The participants were Senior High School STEM students from Cagdianao National High School, Dinagat Islands Province. Four instruments were used: the 5A’s instructional module, physics knowledge test, application of knowledge test, and Likert scale assessment on the 5A's instructional module. The results showed varied performance across physics topics under the conventional approach, with a mixed pattern of improvement observed in Newton’s Law of Motion and Application, having a pre-test mean score of 21.27 and a post-test mean score of 23.47. The 5A's instructional approach demonstrated significant improvement patterns across the three topics, particularly notable in enhancing application of knowledge, with a mean pre-test score of around 10.13 and 18.63 in the posttest of topic B, Kinematics. The paired-sample t-tests revealed significant improvements in post-test scores across all topics with the experimental approach, indicating its efficacy in enhancing understanding and performance. Positive perceptions regarding content quality, instructional quality, and overall impact on learning were observed with the 5A's instructional module. Additionally, continuous refinement based on student feedback is crucial to achieving educational objectives and improving learning experiences.

Improving Statistical Analysis in Supporting Big Data Era for SMA Negeri 1 Krembung Teachers

Classroom Action Research (CAR) is a research type conducted within the classroom environment to enhance the learning process. Nevertheless, many school teachers encounter obstacles primarily due to insufficient knowledge about research methodology and statistical analysis, which support CAR. To maximize data potential in education, SMA Negeri 1 Krembung recognizes the importance of enhancing teachers' statistical and data science-based analysis skills. To achieve this, the Department of Statistics at Universitas Brawijaya collaborates in organizing community service through training to empower the educational community at SMA Negeri 1 Krembung. To assess the community service program's effectiveness, pre-test and post-test analyses were carried out using the t-test. By applying the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test hypothesis, a significant difference was identified in statistical and data science-based analysis skills before and after the community service program implementation. The ability to analyze based on statistics and data science has improved, evident from the post-test mean rank value surpassing the pre-test mean rank value (11.08 &gt; 6.33). Consequently, it can be concluded that repeating training activities is essential to enhance statistical and data science-based analysis skills in the big data era and to provide a deeper understanding of Classroom Action Research.

What is the effectiveness of the combination of massage therapy and heat therapy on joint range of motion? Experimental study in patients with shoulder pain

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of massage therapy and heat therapy on improving joint range of motion in patients with shoulder pain. Shoulder pain is often accompanied by limited range of motion, which can affect daily activities and quality of life. Massage therapy is known to relieve muscle tension and improve blood circulation, while heat therapy has the effect of reducing muscle stiffness and increasing tissue elasticity. The combination of these two therapies is expected to provide synergistic benefits in overcoming shoulder pain problems and improving joint range of motion. This research method is pre-experimental with a one group pretest and posttest design approach. The study involved giving a combination of masage therapy and heat therapy regularly to a group of patients with shoulder pain. Joint range of motion was evaluated before and after the intervention using a pretest-posttest design. Statistical analysis, including t-test and significance test, was used to assess the difference between the mean pretest and posttest. The results showed a significant increase in the mean posttest compared to the pretest. The results of the significance test also showed that the effect that occurred was significant (0.001 &lt;0.05), indicating the effectiveness of the combination of massage therapy and heat therapy in increasing joint range of motion in patients with shoulder pain.These findings provide strong support for the implementation of a combination of massage therapy and heat therapy as an effective approach in shoulder pain rehabilitation by improving joint range of motion limitations. This study contributes to the scientific understanding of the synergistic benefits of both therapies and provides a basis for the development of improved treatment guidelines for individuals with similar conditions. Keywords: Massage therapy, heat therapy, joint range of motion, shoulder pain.

An investigation of the effects of the education given to teachers on food allergy and anaphylaxis management self-efficacy and level of knowledge

Background: The most effective approach to food allergy management is to avoid consuming the specific allergens that trigger an allergic reaction. It is crucial to make school environments prepared for the potential of food allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, which is a rare but documented outcome. The high prevalence of anaphylactic reactions in children makes food allergy and anaphylaxis management important topics in schools. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effects of food allergy and anaphylaxis management education on teachers’ food allergy and anaphylaxis management self-efficacy and level of knowledge in Türkiye. Methods: This study used a random experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group. The study was conducted with 84 teachers who worked in kindergartens (school year prior to starting Grade 1) and primary schools in a city centre in eastern Turkey between September 2022 and January 2023. Data were collected through a socio-demographic form and the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Management Self-Efficacy Scale for School Personnel. Data analysis was performed using t-tests for independent groups, Chi-square tests and McNamara analyses. Results: The average age of the teachers was 31.08 ± 6.70 years, and the average years of experience in the profession was 6.68 ± 6.99 years. All the teachers wanted to learn about food allergy and anaphylaxis management, 59.5% did not know whether their schools had an emergency action plan for food allergy and anaphylaxis, 63.1% reported not having the necessary emergency treatment medicine for anaphylaxis in their school and 57.1% reported having no educated school personnel to administer the first intervention in case of a serious allergic reaction at school. While the mean scale score of the experimental group was 25.88 ± 7.26 before the training, it was 30.78 ± 6.98 after the training. While no differences were detected between the experimental and control groups’ pre-test scale mean scores, the experimental group’s post-test scale mean score was found to be statistically significantly higher ( d = 0.79, p &lt; .05). The results also indicate that the rates of providing correct responses to questions regarding what the most common symptom in a student with a food allergy is, and what the first intervention should be when a serious reaction develops in a student, increased significantly level. Conclusions: This study found that the health education given to teachers led to an increase in teachers’ food allergy and anaphylaxis management self-efficacy.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Flavoured Ice Cube on Level of Oral Mucositis among Cancer patients receiving Chemotherapy in selected Hospital, Rajkot

Cancer is a group of more than 200 diseases characterized by uncontrollable and unregulated growth of cells. It is a major health problem that occurs in people of all ethnicities. Quantitative approach with experimental research design was adopted. A total of 30 of each control and experimental group were selected who have cancer receiving chemotherapy and have oral mucositis. Data were collected by using demographic variable and oral mucositis measured by oral mucositis assessment scale. In this Study shows that post-test level of knowledge among selected 30 sample of experimental group cancer patient with oral mucositis undergoing chemotherapy Reported 17(56.7%) mild oral mucositis, 13(43.3%) moderate oral mucositis and 0(0%) severe oral mucositis The pre-test report 03(10%) mild oral mucositis, 9(30%) moderate oral mucositis and 18(60%) severe oral mucositis. After the application of the flavored ice cube on the level of oral mucositis the post test score was as followed 17(56.7%) mild oral mucositis, 13(43.3%) moderate oral mucositis, and 00(00%) severe oral mucositis. It also revealed that the mean pre test score is 20.733 and the mean post test score is 13.9 The mean difference between the pretest and post test score is 6.833.

Effectiveness of spaced repetition for clinical problem solving amongst undergraduate medical students studying paediatrics in Pakistan

BackgroundStudies using spaced repetition for teaching and learning in undergraduate clinical rotations such as paediatrics are limited, even more so in the South Asian region. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effectiveness of utilizing spaced repetition compared to traditional learning methods among undergraduate medical students during their paediatric rotation at a medical university in Pakistan.MethodsBahria University Medical and Dental College (BUMDC) conducted quasii-experimental research in Karachi. Four topics were identified from the Year 5 Pediatrics curriculum to be used in the study, using which the study content was developed along with 50 multiple choice questions (MCQs) for assessment. All BUMDC Year 5 medical students rotating in Pediatrics were included and randomly allocated to the control or intervention group. In the control group, they provided the students with traditional study methods consisting of books and lectures to learn topics. In the intervention group, we created an Anki flashcard deck of the same topics to enable learning via spaced repetition. The researchers conducted a pretest and post test assessment of the 50 MCQs in both groups at the beginning and after the four-week study interval. The data were analysed using SPSS 19.ResultsA total of 115 BUMDC medical students agreed to participate in the study; 70 (59.1%) were in the intervention group, and 45 (41.7%) were in the control group. The pretest mean score of the control group was 27.96 ± 3.70, and the posttest mean score was 27.22 ± 5.02, with no statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level. The mean score of the pretest for the intervention group was 27.93 ± 4.53, and that of the posttest was 30.8 ± 4.56, with a statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level. The intervention showed a significant effect size of 0.8.ConclusionThe use of spaced repetitions resulted in significantly greater scores for medical students studying paediatrics than for those using more traditional methods of learning, compromising medical books and lectures. Considering that medical students need to retain a vast amount of information, using spaced repetition through flashcards can be a more effective learning tool that is more cost-efficient and time-efficient than traditional learning methods.

THE OPTIMIZATION OF ACCREDITATION DOCUMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AT SUGIO MUHAMMADIYAH CLINIC, LAMONGAN

Background: In 2023, Sugio Muhammadiyah Clinic embarked on an accreditation program, encountering challenges pertaining to the preparation of strategic plan documents, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and quality assessment documents. Objective: To optimize the accreditation documents of Sugio Muhammadiyah Clinic to foster good corporate governance. Method: The study encompassed three primary stages-preparation, implementation, and evaluation-spanning from July to September 2023. A workshop on September 11, 2023, then group discussions on September 12, 2023. A cohort of 24 medical staff members, comprising nurses, doctors, pharmacists, and medical records officers from Sugio Muhammadiyah Clinic, actively participated in these endeavors. Results: Evaluation of the community service was conducted through pre-test and post-test assessments, revealing a noteworthy 35% increase in participants’ knowledge of accreditation document preparation. The pre-test mean score was 66.67, with the highest score recorded at 76, while the post-test mean score increased to 90, with the highest score reaching 100. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the community service in enhancing participants’ understanding of accreditation document preparation. Conclusion: The community service was successfully carried out to improve participants’ knowledge of preparing accreditation documents. It is anticipated that well-crafted accreditation documents will underpin good corporate governance at Sugio Muhammadiyah Clinic, thereby enhancing patient care services.

Comparison of effects of Otago exercise program vs gaze stability exercise on balance and fear of fall in older adults: A randomized trial.

Fall occurrences and the associated risk of injury are debilitating and major health concerns in the older population. Several interventions have been investigated and implemented to address the needs of balance impairments and to reduce the increased risk of falls. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Otago exercise program (OEP) and gaze stability exercises (GSE) on balance and the risk of falls in older adults residing at an old age home facility. Thirty elderly participants were equally and randomly divided into 2 groups: Group OEP received the OEP, and group GSE received GSE for 8 weeks (thrice a week). In addition, both groups also performed core muscle-strengthening exercises. The outcome measures were the Berg balance scale (BBS) and the Fall efficacy scale-International (FES-I). The interventions resulted in significant improvements (P < .001) in both outcome measures in both groups. The mean pretest BBS scores of groups OEP and GSE increased from 40.4 and 39.2 to the mean post-test scores of 48 and 45.2, respectively. Similarly, the mean pretest FES-I scores of groups OEP and GSE also improved from 39.47 and 40.4 to the mean post-test scores of 32.73 and 36.07. The between-group comparison showed greater improvement (P < .05) in OEP group in both variables. OEP and GSE were found to be beneficial rehabilitation programs in improving balance and fear of falls in healthy older adults. However, the OEP was found to be a more effective intervention and may allow better balance and fall prevention improvements. The study has been registered in clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT05781776; on 23/03/2023).

THE EFFECT OF USING SOCRATIC METHOD ON THE STUDENTS’ACHIEVEMENT IN SPEAKING AT THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL MTSN 1 BANDAR MASILAM

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The researcher interested to conduct two things namely academic year 2020/ 2021&lt;br /&gt;The Effect of Using Socratic Method on The Students’ Achievement in Speaking&lt;br /&gt;at Junior High School MTsN 1 Bandar Masilam. This type of research is a quasiexperimental,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;with the sampling technique using cluster random sampling. The&lt;br /&gt;two classes that became the research were the experimental class VIII 2 and the&lt;br /&gt;control class VIII 3 which were suitable for each of the 30 students. The learning&lt;br /&gt;outcome data in the study were obtained using pre-test and post-test. The results&lt;br /&gt;of the study, the pretest mean value of the experimental class and the control class&lt;br /&gt;respectively were 34.5 and 33.5, then the data prerequisite test was carried out,&lt;br /&gt;namely the normality test and the homogeneity test of the data obtained by&lt;br /&gt;Lhitung&amp;lt;Ltabel (0.0961 &amp;lt;0.161) for the experimental class. And 0.0815 &amp;lt;0.1610&lt;br /&gt;for the control class so that the pretest data from both classes were normally&lt;br /&gt;distributed. Fcount&amp;lt;F (1.27 &amp;lt;1.94), then the sample used in the study was stated&lt;br /&gt;to be homogeneous, after being treated the posttest results of the experimental&lt;br /&gt;class were 73.16 and the control class 69.66. The average student learning activity&lt;br /&gt;is 64.92 which is classified as active. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the&lt;br /&gt;t test, it was obtained tcount = 2.42 and ttable = 1.68 so that tcount&amp;gt;ttable then Ha&lt;br /&gt;was accepted so that it could prove that there was damage due to the influence of&lt;br /&gt;the use of the Socrates method on student speaking in class VIII semester I MTSN&lt;br /&gt;Negeri 1 Bandar Masilam TP 2020/2021.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of Video Modeling With Simulation on Improving Menstrual Hygiene Skills for Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Background Menstruation is a biological process experienced by women every month. This project intends to improve menstrual hygiene skills using video modeling with simulation. Educating adolescent girls with autism spectrum disorder to engage in personal care during their menstrual cycle, particularly sanitation and hygiene, is essential. It is important to develop the knowledge and skills necessary for effective self-care during menstruation to prevent sexual health problems. Additionally, the project aims to provide a safe environment for adolescents to practice their menstrual hygiene routines and relieve the stress from their caregivers. Aimand objective The study aims to evaluate the effect of video modeling with simulation to improve menstrual hygiene skills in adolescents with autism. The ultimate objective of the study is to determine whether video modeling with simulation in the experimental group enhances the practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls with autism, as well as the impact of traditional occupational therapy intervention on improving menstrual hygiene in this population. Methodology This is a quasi-experimental design with convenience sampling and selected samples (n=50), who were then split into two groups: an experimental group (n=25) and a control group (n=25) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The experimental group received video modeling and simulation, while the control group did not receive any specific intervention except parent education and pictorial representations. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure the changes. Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism was the screening tool used and the Menstrual Practice Needs Scale (MNPS) was administered. The duration of the study was six months, three sessions per week, lasting 45 minutes to an hour each. The statistical analysis was done with significance at a 1% alpha level using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results The pre-test and post-test data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann-Whitney test. The results demonstrated the comparison of the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the MNPS scores were highly statistically significant (p-value of 0.000) when compared to the control group. Following the implementation of video modeling with simulation, the experimental group's post-test scores were significantly higher than the control group's (p-value of 0.000). Thus, the study showed that video modeling with simulation improved menstrual hygiene in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion The clinical significance of this study was that the adolescents were excited to watch the videos and perform the activities; furthermore, after video modeling with simulation was implemented, there was a significant improvement in the experimental group when compared to the control group. This enhances the practice of the menstrual hygiene skills independently by the adolescents. Video modeling with simulation has paved the way for improving menstrual hygiene in adolescents with autism. Although the findings from the study are positive, more clinical trials are needed to prove that video modeling with simulation can be used as a therapeutic modality.

Impact of reflection writing on the learning ability of Indian medical students.

Reflective writing develops meta-cognition among students. Therefore, it is of interest to compare effectiveness of post lecture reflective writing to didactic lecture between individual and group reflective writing. Hence, we included 124 first-year students from AIIMS Bhopal, India and divided them in two groups of 62 students. Both groups took a pre-test using a reflection questionnaire. Students were taught reflective writing. Both groups attended physiology lectures on two different topics. First lecture on body fluids where Group A wrote reflections individually and Group B did so in sub-groups (B1 to B6). After another lecture on Pathophysiology of oedema, Group A wrote reflections in groups and Group B wrote individually (A1 to A6). Both groups took a test in the form of MCQ about reflective writing on lectures. After intervention both groups took a post-test using a reflection questionnaire. Mean and standard deviation of Pre-test is 3.86 ± 0.86 and Post-test is 7.58 ± 1.01, respectively. The Mean and standard deviation of reflection who wrote individually is 38.05 ± 4.41 and in group is 27.45 ± 3.93, respectively with p-value < 0.05. Evaluation of students who wrote reflection in groups after second lecture the mean and standard deviation of reflection who wrote individually is 38.22 ± 4.64 and in group is 27.03 ± 2.87 respectively with p-value < 0.05. The performance of students who wrote reflection in groups is not satisfactory as compared to students who wrote their reflection individually.

The effect of Qur’an recitation and kangaroo mother care on vital signs among low birth weight infants

Background: Infants with low birth weight require intensive care to prevent potential hypothermia, which increases the risk of pain and death. Kangaroo mother care, involving skin-to-skin contact, can reduce the risk of hypothermia and strengthen the bond with their mothers. Purpose: To observe the effect of the simultaneous application of Qur'an recitation and kangaroo mother care on the vital signs of low birth weight infants. Method: The study involved 17 stable low birth weight infants chosen through non-probability accidental sampling. The intervention consisted of playing recorded Qur'an recitation and administering kangaroo mother care for 45 minutes daily over a period of 3 days. The recitation was played at a volume of 40-50dB, maintaining at least 30 cm distance from the infants' ears. Results: The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed that the data for oxygen saturation, heart rate, and temperature were normally distributed, with values exceeding α (0.05). According to the Wilcoxon test, the oxygen saturation data had a p-value of 0.001, with pre-test and post-test means of 94.29% and 98.53%, respectively. The heart rate data had a p-value of 0.011, with a pre-test mean of 139.8 beats per minute and a post-test mean of 132.4 beats per minute. The body temperature data had a p-value of 0.140, with pre-test and post-test means of 36.8°C and 36.7°C, respectively. Conclusion: Combining kangaroo care with playing recorded Qur'an recitation in the treatment and care of low birth weight infants significantly enhances physiological parameters, including oxygen saturation and heart rate.

Inquiry vs. Inquiry-Creative: Emphasizing Critical Thinking Skills of Prospective STEM Teachers in the Context of STEM Learning in Indonesia

In an evolving perspective, lecturers consider that inquiry is one of the best forms of learning to drill critical thinking. This study assesses the practice of inquiry to develop the critical thinking skills of prospective science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teachers in Indonesia, which is a suitable way to address the problems in the country. Through the experimental design, three groups were formed, which were intervened with inquiry learning, inquiry-creative, and traditional teaching. The learning intervention was carried out within one month using a pre-validated instrument. The critical thinking data were analyzed descriptively based on the pre-test and post-test mean parameters and n-gain on critical thinking indicators, as well as individual critical thinking performance. Statistical analyses (paired-t test, ANOVA, and least significant difference test) were employed to provide confidence in the differences in critical thinking skills across the three learning treatments (p &lt; 0.05). The prospective STEM teachers’ critical thinking skills showed varied performances among the three groups. The inquiry-creative group had the strongest impact, followed by inquiry and traditional teaching, all differing significantly. In summary, the findings suggest that current teaching practices in STEM education need to be reconsidered, showing the advantage of the inquiry-creative model in developing the critical thinking skills essential for future teachers and creators in the STEM fields.

Sosialisasi Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Tidak Menular

&lt;em&gt;Background: The increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases has become a serious threat, especially in the development of public health. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) in Indonesia are predicted to experience a significant increase in 2030. Its chronic nature and attacking productive age, causes NCDs to not only be a health problem, but also affect the resilience of the national economy if not controlled properly, correctly and continuously. The purpose of this community service is to increase public knowledge and awareness in preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, stroke, heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Method: This activity is in the form of providing counseling in the Rawa Buntu Village Hall regarding non-communicable diseases &amp;amp; their prevention, PTM Nutrition, BMI counting (body mass index) exercises, and blood pressure checks to determine hypertension status and early detection of participants. Results: The results of blood pressure measurements showed that 25% had hypertension. While the BMI category is 41% with obesity BMI status and 22% with overweight BMI status. The mean posttest and pretest scores showed an increase in students' understanding of the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases after being given counseling or material explanations. Conclusion: One of the effective and efficient PTM controls is empowering and increasing community participation. Therefore, one way to reduce the prevalence of NCDs is to make individuals and families aware of reducing the prevalence rate, there is a need for further education at least at the family level regarding non-communicable diseases.&lt;/em&gt;

유아 놀이중심 교육과정을 반영한 기후·생태계 프로그램 효과성 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a climate-ecosystem program reflect-ing an early childhood play-based curriculum on early childhood development (nature), environmental con-servation attitudes, ecological literacy, and early childhood playfulness. Methods The study participants are 5-year-old children from a kindergarten in Gyeonggi Province, with 13 in-dividuals in the experimental group and 15 individuals in the control group. SPSS 23.0 was used to determine the mean, standard deviation, and reliability coefficient of the study variables. The homogeneity test was conducted using the pre-test mean scores between groups, and the difference between the experimental and control groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test based on post-test mean scores. Pre-post differences between the experimental and comparison groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The main research results are as follows: First, the simple difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the study variables revealed improvement in the experimental group(from 0.13 to 1.02 points), while the comparison group showed both an increase(from 0.01 to 0.36 points) and a decrease(from -0.26 to -0.03 points). There was no statistically significant difference in pretest mean scores between the experimental and comparison groups, confirming homogeneity. The pre-post difference test of the experimental group showed statistically significant differences in early childhood development (nature) and environmental conservation atti-tudes and subscales (conservation attitude, recycling attitude, environmental pollution prevention attitude), eco-logical literacy and subscales (nature's rights, intention to support, resource protection, ecological sensitivity, eco-logical social environment, ecological development_reverse, nature governance_reverse, ecological crisis indif-ference), and early childhood playfulness and some subscales (physical spontaneity, social spontaneity, sense of humor). On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in the cognitive spontaneity and ex-pression of pleasure sub-domains of preschoolers' playfulness. The pre-post difference test for the comparison group found statistical significance only for ecological sensitivity, a sub-scale of ecological literacy, and physical spontaneity, a sub-scale of preschoolers' playfulness. Second, the factors that resulted in statistically significant differences in post-hoc mean scores between the experimental and comparison groups were environmental con-servation attitudes and their sub-scales, recycling attitudes, ecological literacy and its sub-scales, supportive in-tention, ecological sensitivity, nature dominance(reverse), and ecological crisis indifference. Conclusions The results of this study confirm the effectiveness of climate and ecosystem programs through play. As an extension of this study, we aim to propose collaborative activities with the local community through a living lab approach.

Effect of Community of Inquiry on Polytechnic Undergraduates’ Performance in English Language: A Case Study of Delta State Polytechnic, Nigeria

The study investigated effect of Community of Inquiry (CoI) on polytechnic undergraduates’ performance and interest in English Language: A case study of Delta State Polytechnic. Three objectives of the study, three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study consisted of all the National Diploma II students who are offering the course Use of English 2 (GNS 102.1) for the 2022/2023 academic session in School of Engineering which is one hundred and eighty (180) students. The sample size of this study consisted of one hundred and eighty (180) students using census sampling technique. The instrument for the study was English Language Performance Test (EPT). Mean, standard deviation and z-test were the statistical tools used for the study. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the effect on the students’ pre-test and post-test mean performance in English Language. There is a significant difference in the performance of students taught English Language using Community of Inquiry (CoI) and those taught with conventional method of teaching. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the mean performance scores of male and female students when taught English Language using Community of Inquiry (CoI) instructional strategy. Based on these findings it was recommended that lecturers should adopt the use of Community of Inquiry instructional strategy in teaching English Language in the polytechnics for improved academic performance by students. Polytechnic lecturers should be trained on how to use the current and innovative teaching strategies in the field of education for self-efficiency in the profession. Also, that students’ gender should also be considered by lecturers since the study has revealed it as a factor that can predict performance among learners before adopting any teaching strategy for maximum academic productivity.

The Effect of Using Two Stay Two Stray Technique on Students Writing Skill of Recount Text at Eighth Grade SMPN 37 Medan

This research aimed to find out the effect on students' writing skills by using Two Stay- Two Stray Technique. The research design of this study was experimental quantitative. The eight grade students in Smpn 37 Medan were chosen as the sample of this study with a total number of 46 students. The experimental and control classes employed pre-tests and post-tests. These tests proved in the form of writing test. The data on the tests were calculated by using the t-test formula. The result showed that the post-test score was higher than the pre-test. The finding showed that there was an effect significantly on the students’ writing skills after treatment. There was enchantment of the student's number score. The mean score of the experimental class range from the pre-test was 58,5 and the post-test 79,5 and for the control class the mean score pre-test was 59,2 and from the post-test was 71,6. Thus Two Stay Two Stray Technique could be used as one of the alternatives to teaching writing recount text for Eight Grade of SMPN 37 Medan.