Mean Number Of anti-VEGF Injections Research Articles

Visual and Anatomic Responses in Patients With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and a Suboptimal Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy Switched to Faricimab

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of switching to intravitreal (IVT) faricimab in patients with treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and determine the rates of reversion to original antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with nAMD and persistent fluid on optical coherence tomography previously treated with anti-VEGF injections who received at least 1 IVT faricimab injection between March 1, 2022, and January 31, 2023. Results: The study comprised 135 eyes of 119 patients. Before switching to IVT faricimab, the mean number of anti-VEGF injections in the previous 12 months was 10.7 ± 2.6 (SD) with a mean interval of 4.8 ± 1.3 weeks (range, 2-8). The mean follow-up was 11.6 ± 2 months. Thirty eyes (22.2%) switched to IVT faricimab returned to the original therapy. Of 105 eyes remaining on IVT faricimab, 66 (62.9%) had no fluid at the last follow-up. Compared with the original treatment, there was a significant improvement in logMAR visual acuity at the last follow-up in eyes on IVT faricimab (0.42 vs 0.38; P < .01) and in central subfield thickness (286 µm vs 246 µm; P < .0001). There was also a significant increase in the dosing interval after the third injection vs before IVT faricimab was prescribed (4.8 weeks vs 5.5 weeks; P < .001). Conclusions: Faricimab has a potent drying effect and potential for increasing the injection interval in many eyes with nAMD and persistent fluid on other anti-VEGF agents. Although nearly 25% of eyes reverted to the original therapy because of an insufficient response or adverse events, the majority did not achieve fluid resolution after reversion.

One-Year Functional and Morphological Prognosis After Intravitreal Injection Treatments According to Different Morphological Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema in Real-Life: MARMASIA Study Group Report No.13

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the responses of different optical coherence tomography (OCT) patterns of diabetic macular edema (DME) to intravitreal injection therapy. Methods In this retrospective, comparative, and multicenter study, patients who had previously untreated DME, who received intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) or aflibercept (IVA) and/or steroid treatment with the pro re nata (PRN) treatment regimen after a 3-month loading dose, and had a 12-month follow-up in the MARMASIA Study Group were included. Morphological patterns of DME were divided into four groups based on OCT features diffuse/spongious edema (Group 1), cystoid edema (Group 2), diffuse/spongious edema+subretinal fluid (SRF) (Group 3), and cystoid edema+SRF (Group 4). Changes in central macular thickness (CMT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at months 3, 6, and 12, and the number of injections at month 12 were compared between the DME groups. Results 455 eyes of 299 patients were included in the study. The mean baseline BCVAs [Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR)] in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.54 ± 0.24, 0.52 ± 0.25, 0.55 ± 0.23, and 0.57 ± 0.27, respectively. There was no significant difference between the baseline mean BCVAs between the groups (p = .35). The mean BCVAs were significantly improved to 0,47 ± 0,33 in group 1, 0,42 ± 0,33 in group 2, 0,47 ± 0,31 in group 3, and 0,45 ± 0,43 at month 12. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of BCVA change at month 12 (p = .71). The mean baseline CMTs in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 387,19 ± 128,19, 447,02 ± 132,39, 449,12 ± 109,24, and 544,19 ± 178,61, respectively. At baseline, the mean CMT was significantly higher in Group 4 than in the other groups (p = .000). The mean CMTs were significantly decreased to 325,16 ± 97,55, 334,94 ± 115,99, 324,33 ± 79,20, and 332,08 ± 150,40 in four groups at month 12 respectively (p > .05). The groups had no significant difference in mean CMT at month 12 (p = .835). The change in CMT was significantly higher in Group 4 than in the other groups at month 12 (p = .000). The mean number of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections at month 12 was 4.51 ± 1.57 in Group 1, 4.63 ± 1.54 in Group 2, 4.88 ± 1.38 in Group 3, and 5.07 ± 1.49 in Group 4. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections in Group 1 and Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 4 (p = 0,014 and p = 0,017). Conclusions In real life, there was no significant difference between the DME groups in terms of visual improvement at month 12. However, better anatomical improvement was achieved in Group 4 than in the other DME groups.

Foveal Thickness Fluctuations in Anti-VEGF Treatment for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of foveal thickness (FT) fluctuation (FTF) on 2-year visual and morphological outcomes of eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) undergoing anti-VEGF treatment for recurrent macular edema (ME) based on a pro re nata regimen. Retrospective, observational case series. We analyzed 141 treatment-naive patients (141 eyes) with CRVO-ME at a multicenter retinal practice. We assessed FT using OCT at each study visit. Patients were divided into groups 0, 1, 2, and 3 according to increasing FTF. We evaluated the logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the length of the foveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) band defect measured using OCT, and the association of FTF with VA and EZ band defect length. The mean baseline logMAR BCVA and FT were 0.65±0.52 (Snellen equivalent range: 20/20-20/2000) and 661.1±257.4 μm, respectively. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections administered was 5.6±3.6. At the final examination, the mean logMAR BCVA and FT values were significantly improved relative to the baseline values (both P<0.01). During the observation, BCVA longitudinally improved in Groups 0 and 1, remained unchanged in Group 2, and worsened in Group 3. Likewise, the length of the foveal EZ band defect did not increase in Group 0; however, it gradually increased in Groups 1, 2, and 3. Foveal thickness fluctuation was significantly and positively associated with the logMAR BCVA and length of the foveal EZ band defect at the final examination (P<0.01). The final logMAR BCVA of patients developing neovascular complications was 1.27±0.72 (Snellen equivalent range: 20/50-counting fingers), which was significantly poorer than that of patients without complications (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the neovascular complication rate among the FTF groups (P=0.106, Fisher exact test). In eyes receiving anti-VEGF treatment for CRVO-ME, FTF can longitudinally impair the visual acuity and foveal photoreceptor status during the observation period, thus influencing the final outcomes. However, neovascular complications, which would also lead to a poor visual prognosis, may not be associated with FTF. The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns’ Impact on Visual Acuity of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Large Cohort

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of unplanned treatment gap, secondary to COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, on visual acuity in previously treated diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective study of DME patients, previously treated with anti-VEGF injections, who were followed up during COVID-19 pandemic (2020) compared to pre-CO­VID-19 period (2019). Results: A total of 634 DME patients with a mean age of 68.4 years met the inclusion criteria, 385 were assessed in 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and 239 patients assessed in 2020 (COVID-19). Baseline best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) among patients in 2019 and 2020 was 0.52 ± 0.44, 0.45 ± 0.43 (logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution, respectively). There was no significant difference between the years 2020 and 2019 in baseline BCVA (p = 0.07). Mean number of anti-VEGF injections was significantly lower (5 vs. 6, p < 0.01), with a major lower ratio of injections per patient in the COVID-19 first lockdown period (March–June 2020) in the COVID-19 group. Baseline BCVA (p < 0.01) was the only significant predictor of final BCVA. Number of injections, age, gender, and the year were not found as predictors of final BCVA. Conclusions: In a large cohort of DME patients, an unplanned delay in treatment with anti-VEGF injections for 2–3 months, due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, had no significance impact on visual acuity. For most patients, returning to routine treatment regimen was sufficient for maintaining BCVA.

Prevalence of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy in Eyes with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Resistant to Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Treatment.

To determine the prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in intravitreal (IV) anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF)-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) cases. Eyes that were diagnosed as having active and treatment-naive nvAMD in the Ege University Ophthalmology Department, Retina Unit in 2011-2018, were non-responsive to IV anti-VEGF treatment, and for which indocyanine angiography (ICGA) could be obtained were included in the study. Active nvAMD was defined as the presence of fresh hemorrhage on clinical examination or findings of subretinal, intraretinal, or sub-retinal pigment epithelial fluid on spectral domain optical coherence tomography and accompanying fluorescein dye leakage in fluorescein angiography. Eyes that had activation findings despite at least 6 consecutive intravitreal anti-VEGF injections were defined as non-responders and underwent ICGA to assess for PCV. The diagnosis of PCV was based on the Everest II study criterion. A total of 97 eyes of 88 patients were included in the study. Of 88 patients, 44 (50%) were female, 44 (50%) were male, and the mean age was 75.9±8.3 years (range: 59-93). The mean number of anti-VEGF injections until the time of ICGA was 7.3±2.2 (range: 6-15). PCV was detected in 62 eyes (63.9%) on ICGA. The prevalence of PCV is quite high among eyes with IV anti-VEGF treatment-resistant nvAMD in Turkey (63.9%). ICGA evaluation for PCV should be conducted for all nvAMD cases that are non-responsive to IV anti-VEGF treatment, both to shed light on the reason for resistance and to modify treatment as necessary.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC LOCKDOWNS ON VISUAL ACUITY OF PATIENTS WITH NEOVASCULAR AMD: A Large Cohort.

Evaluating the impact of delayed care, secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic lockdowns, on visual acuity in previously treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. This was a multicenter, retrospective, study of patients with nAMD previously treated with anti-VEGF injections who were followed up during 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and compared with patients with nAMD during 2020 (COVID-19). A total of 1,192 patients with nAMD with a mean age of 81.5 years met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 850 patients were assessed in 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and 630 patients were assessed in 2020 (COVID-19). Three hundred eight patients were assessed through both 2019 and 2020 and thus were included in both cohorts. There was no significant difference between 2020 and 2019 in baseline and change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; P = 0.342 and P = 0.911, respectively). The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was significantly lower (5.55 vs. 6.13, P < 0.01), with constant lower ratio of injections per patient in the COVID-19 period. Baseline BCVA (0.859, P < 0.01), number of injections (-0.006, P = 0.01), and age (0.003, P < 0.01) were predictors of final BCVA. In patients with nAMD, delayed care secondary to COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns has no statistically significant impact on BCVA. Best-corrected visual acuity, older age, and lower number of yearly anti-VEGF injections are predictors for decrease BCVA.

Longer-Term Anti-VEGF Therapy Outcomes in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Macular Edema, and Vein Occlusion-Related Macular Edema: Clinical Outcomes in 130 247 Eyes

The clinical practice visual acuity (VA) outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy for up to 5 years were assessed in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), branch retinal vein occlusion-related macular edema (BRVO-ME), and central retinal vein occlusion-related macular edema (CRVO-ME). A retrospective analysis was performed using the Vestrum Health Retina Database. Treatment-naive patients with nAMD, DME, BRVO-ME, or CRVO-ME who received anti-VEGF injections between 2014 and 2019 and had follow-up data for ≥12 months. Data on age, sex, the number of anti-VEGF treatments, and VA were analyzed. Mean VA change up to 3 years (BRVO-ME and CRVO-ME) and 5 years (nAMD and DME). At 1, 3, and 5 years, in 67 666, 21 305, and 5208 eyes with nAMD, after a mean of 7.6, 19.5, and 32 injections, there was a mean change of+3.1,-0.2, and-2.2 letters, respectively. At 1, 3, and 5 years, in 40 832, 7728, and 1192 eyes with DME, after a mean of 6.2, 15.4, and 26.0 injections, there was a mean change of+4.7,+3.3, and+3.1 letters, respectively. At 1 and 3 years, in 12 451 and 3027 eyes with BRVO-ME, after a mean of 7.1 and 18.2 injections, there was a mean change of+9.5 and+7.7 letters, respectively. At 1 and 3 years, in 9298 and 2264 eyes with CRVO-ME, after a mean of 7.3 and 18.8 injections, there was a mean change of+8.3 and+6.0 letters, respectively (P < 0.01 for all VA changes of > 1 letter). In all 4 conditions, the mean VA increased with the mean number of anti-VEGF injections, eyes with a baseline VA of 20/40 or better tended to lose VA, and eyes with progressively worse baseline VA experienced a progressively greater VA gain at 3 years. In practice, patients with nAMD, DME, BRVO-ME, and CRVO-ME showed limited visual outcomes, with patients with nAMD tending to lose VA at 3 and 5 years. Across all 4 disorders, the mean change in VA correlated with treatment intensity at 1, 3, and 5 years. Patients with better baseline VA are more vulnerable to vision loss.

Effectiveness of Current Treatments for Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Japan: A Systematic Review and Pooled Data Analysis.

PurposeWe conducted a systematic review to investigate the effectiveness of clinical treatments for wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) in Japanese patients in the decade since anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies were introduced.MethodsPubMed was searched for articles published in English between 1 January 2008 and 30 September 2018 using a multistring search strategy. Reviews were scanned for additional relevant studies and select gray literature was evaluated. Mean and/or median for the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and the number of injections after 12 months of treatment were calculated using extracted data. Data were stratified by disease type and treatment modality.ResultsOf 335 studies identified, 94 were selected for data extraction (147 treatment arms; typical AMD, n = 25; polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [PCV], n = 85). Mean (median) logMAR VA was 0.44 (0.32) for typical AMD and 0.34 (0.31) for PCV; the respective mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 5.6 and 4.6. The mean CRT was approximately 220 μm for both groups. For typical AMD, anti-VEGF monotherapy resulted in better VA outcomes than photodynamic therapy (PDT) alone. For PCV, anti-VEGF monotherapy or anti-VEGF plus PDT combination therapy resulted in better VA and CRT outcomes than PDT monotherapy. Combination therapy required fewer injections than anti-VEGF monotherapy (PCV, 3.2 versus 5.3).ConclusionwAMD treatment has advanced dramatically in the years since anti-VEGF drugs were introduced in Japan. Discrete patient populations may benefit from differing management regimens, including the fewer injections required with combination therapy.

Outcomes of adalimumab therapy in refractory punctate inner choroidopathy and multifocal choroiditis.

This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of adalimumab (ADA) therapy in patients with refractory punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) and multifocal choroiditis (MFC). Demographic and clinical data, including LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), were retrospectively collected. Doses of prednisone, immunomodulatory therapies (IMT), and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections before and after baseline (ADA initiation) were recorded, as well as the time to clinical remission, time to first flare, and drug-associated adverse events. Seven patients (4 females, ten eyes) were included. The mean follow-up after baseline was 17.8 ± 11.1 months (range 6-33). The mean LogMAR BCVA was 0.35 ± 0.77 at 6 months before baseline and remained stable throughout 12 months after baseline (0.31 ± 0.46 at 12 months; p = 0.47). The mean dose of prednisone decreased from 17.3 ± 19.6 mg/day 6 months before baseline (range 0-60) to 2.6 ± 2.4 mg/day at the last follow-up (range 0-6, p = 0.03). The mean number of flares decreased significantly from 1.43 ± 0.79 over a 6-month period before baseline to 0.2 ± 0.45 (p = 0.02) at 6-12 months after baseline. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 4.17 ± 3.92 over the 12-month period before baseline, and it was 2.17 ± 3.06 (p = 0.31) during the first 12 months after baseline. No adalimumab-related adverse events were noted. Adalimumab therapy for refractory PIC/MFC enabled a significant steroid-sparing effect, decreased disease flares, and preserved vision over a mean follow-up of 17.8 months.

Progression of Macular Atrophy in Patients Receiving Long-Term Anti-VEGF Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Real-Life Data

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the progression of macular atrophy (MA) based on near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for at least a 6-year period. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 53 naïve patients (53 eyes) with neovascular AMD from 2 centers, who were treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections and had no MA at baseline. MA was evaluated in an annual basis using NIR images, while all available OCT images were used to confirm that the atrophic area fulfilled the criteria proposed by the Classification of Atrophy Meetings (CAM) group for complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy. Incidence and progression of MA were evaluated. Associations with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and total number of injections were also studied. Results: Treatment duration of our patients was 7.34 ± 1.54 years. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 24.4 ± 13.6. BCVA at baseline was 0.38 ± 0.27 logMAR, while at the final visit, it was 0.60 ± 0.35 logMAR (p = 0.731). The cumulative incidence of new MA at years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 was 1.89%, 18.87%, 32.08%, 39.62%, 49.06%, and 50.94%, respectively. In patients who developed MA, mean MA area increased from zero at baseline to 5.66 ± 7.18 mm² at the final visit. The estimated annual enlargement of MA was 0.45 mm/year based on square root transformation (1.12 mm²/year, untransformed data). MA progression does not appear to be significantly associated with age (R = 0.055; p = 0.784), gender (R = 0.113; p = 0.576), BCVA (R = 0.168; p = 0.404), and total number of injections (R = 0.133; p = 0.255). Conclusion: In this real-life setting, half of the neovascular AMD patients under anti-VEGF treatment, without MA at therapy initiation, developed MA over a period of at least 6 years. In this work, the number of injections did not seem to have a significant association with MA progression.

Subretinal Injection of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Gas Tamponade to Displace Acute Submacular Haemorrhages Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

PurposeTo analyse the efficacy of subretinal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and gas tamponade for the displacement of submacular haemorrhage (SMH).MethodsThis single-centre, retrospective, case series included 25 consecutive patients (25 eyes) who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with subretinal rtPA injection and 20% sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tamponade. The primary outcome was SMH displacement rate, defined as the absence of subretinal blood within (complete) or outside (partial) 1500 μm centred on the fovea one month after PPV. Secondary outcomes were final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), recurrence probability, number of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections after PPV, and intra- and post-operative complications.ResultsSuccessful displacement was obtained in all 25 eyes (100%), with complete and partial displacement obtained in 15 (60%) and 10 (40%), respectively. BCVA significantly improved from 1.81±0.33 to 1.37±0.52 LogMar at 12 months from surgery (p = 0.001). The bivariate correlation analysis revealed that earlier the surgery had better visual prognosis at the end of the follow-up (p = 0.007). CMT significantly decreased from 922 ± 273.69 µm at baseline to 403.53 ± 314.64 µm at 12 months follow-up (p < 0.001). SMH recurrence was observed in two (8%) patients with a mean survival time of 11.6 ± 0.339 months and a cumulative survival probability of 88% at the end of follow-up. After PPV, the mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 3.00 ± 0.957 with no correlation with final visual acuity (p = 0.365). No intraoperative complications were recorded. Only one patient developed open funnel retinal detachment 40 days after primary PPV.ConclusionPPV with rtPA subretinal injection and SF6 tamponade is a safe and effective technique in displacing acute SMHs secondary to neovascular AMD. It is recommended to perform within 14 days from the onset of the symptoms to achieve BCVA improvement at 12 months and proper imaging to plan future anti-VEG treatment.

Evaluation of non-exudative microcystoid macular abnormalities secondary to retinal vein occlusion

PurposeWe aimed to investigate non-exudative microcystoid macular abnormalities for visual and anatomical outcome in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with and without glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON).MethodsMedical records of 124 eyes (105 patients) with RVO were reviewed and analyzed. Eyes demonstrating microcystoid macular abnormalities were divided into 2 groups, those with evidence of glaucoma (group A) and those without glaucoma (group B). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the prevalence and number of microcystoid macular abnormalities, and number of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections were compared at baseline and follow-up.ResultsSeventy-one out of 105 eyes (67.6%) with RVO displayed microcystoid macular abnormalities. Thirty-eight out of 71 eyes (53.5%) presented with concomitant glaucoma (group A), while the remaining 33 eyes (42.6%) had no history of glaucoma (group B). At the end of the follow-up period, mean BCVA was worse in group A versus group B (20/80 versus 20/40, respectively; p = .003). The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 10.1 ± 9.2 in group A versus 5.9 ± 6.9 in group B (p = .03).ConclusionEyes with RVO and concomitant glaucoma exhibited a significantly higher number of microcystoid macular abnormalities and worse BCVA versus eyes with RVO without glaucoma.

Long-term results of rescue photodynamic therapy for type 1 neovascularization refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor.

To evaluate long-term results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a rescue treatment in patients with type 1 neovascularization refractory to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Patients who underwent reduced-fluence PDT for refractory type 1 neovascularization, which showed persistent subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid after three or more consecutive anti-VEGF treatments, and were followed up for ≥24months were reviewed. Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients were included, and 37 (47%) were classified as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). The mean number of anti-VEGF injections before rescue PDT was 8.5±5.4, and the mean follow-up period after rescue PDT was 74.0±29.4months. At 3months after rescue PDT, exudation completely resolved in 55 (71%) patients and vision significantly improved (p=0.021). Resolution of exudation was associated with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability [odds ratio (OR), 3.82; p=0.031] and lower maximal height of pigment epithelial detachment (OR, 0.69; p=0.018). In these patients, exudation recurred in 49 (89%) after mean period of 13.5months. Vision significantly worsened at 24months after rescue PDT, and thereafter, and the vision decrease was more prominent in patients with PCV. Rescue PDT could be repeated for recurrent or persistent exudation without increasing the risk of complications. In patients with type 1 neovascularization refractory to anti-VEGF, reduced-fluence PDT is an effective and safe rescue treatment. Therapeutic efficacy wore off during long-term follow-up, but rescue PDT may be repeated safely.

Massive submacular haemorrhage in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy versus typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

To investigate the incidence rate of massive submacular haemorrhage (SMH) and risk factors in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (tnAMD). A total of 465 patients who were diagnosed with either PCV (n=245) or tnAMD (n=220) from 2003 to 2014 were enrolled. Cumulative incidence of massive SMH in PCV and that in tnAMD were compared. Risk factors of massive SMH were also analysed. Massive SMH occurred in 32 patients (13.1%) with PCV and 9 patients (4.1%) with tnAMD. Incidence rates of massive SMH 5 and 10years after the first visit were 11.1% and 29.9% in PCV and 4.3% and 9.9% in tnAMD, respectively. Incidence rates of massive SMH in PCV were significantly higher than those in tnAMD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.66; p=0.007). Cox regression analysis revealed that mean number of photodynamic therapies (PDTs) per year (HR, 4.24; p<0.001), cluster type of polypoidal lesion (HR, 3.42; p=0.003) in PCV, and mean number of anti-VEGF injections per year (HR, 1.58; p<0.001) in tnAMD were significantly associated with risk of massive SMH. For patients with severe vision loss, proportion of incident massive SMH was significantly higher in PCV (29.5%) than in tnAMD (6.9%, p<0.001). The incidence rate of massive SMH in eyes with PCV was about three times higher than that in eyes with tnAMD. Treatment methods that can reduce the incidence of massive SMH should be considered, especially for eyes with PCV.

Factors associated with extremely poor visual outcomes in patients with central retinal vein occlusion

Here, we examined prognostic factors for extremely poor visual outcomes in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in actual practices. We included 150 consecutive eyes with treatment-naïve acute CRVO from four different facilities and observed them for over 24 months. Macular edema (ME) was treated with one or three monthly anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (1 or 3 + pro re nata). According to the final Snellen visual acuity (VA), we divided the patients into very poor VA (< 20/200) and control (≥ 20/200) groups and examined risk factors for poor final visual outcomes. The baseline Snellen VA was hand motion to 20/13. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections for ME was 5.3 ± 3.7 during the follow-up period. In total, 49 (32.7%) patients exhibited a very poor final VA; this group comprised significantly older patients with a significantly poorer baseline VA (P < 0.01 for both) than the control group. Comorbid internal carotid artery disease and diabetic retinopathy were significantly associated with a poor final VA. In actual clinical practice, visual outcomes may be extremely poor despite ME treatment in certain patients with CRVO, with advanced age, poor baseline VA, and comorbid internal carotid artery disease and diabetic retinopathy being significant risk factors.

Comparing efficacy of reduced-fluence and standard-fluence photodynamic therapy in the treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

BackgroundThe EVEREST II study reported superior polyp closure rates and visual outcomes using combination standard photodynamic therapy (PDT) with intravitreal ranibizumab in the treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). The optimal PDT protocol remains controversial and it is postulated that less intensive PDT strategies may reduce complications. We aimed to compare the efficacy of reduced and standard-fluence PDT.MethodsCase-control review of 38 consecutive PDT-naïve macular PCV patients who underwent verteporfin PDT using one of two PDT regimens at a tertiary referral centre in an Asian population. Comparison of outcomes between standard-fluence PDT (light dose, 50 J/cm2; dose rate, 600 mW/cm2; wavelength, 689 nm PDT applied to the treatment eye for 83 s) and reduced-fluence PDT (light dose, 25 J/cm2; dose rate, 600 mW/cm2; wavelength, 689 nm PDT applied to the treatment eye for 42 s). Primary outcome measure was best corrected LogMAR visual acuity (VA). Secondary outcome measures included OCT measurements such as central retinal thickness (CRT), height of subfoveal sub-retinal fluid (SRF), central choroid thickness (CCT), mean number of PDT treatments needed, mean number of anti-VEGF injections needed, polyp closure and recurrence rates.ResultsOf these 38 eyes of 38 patients, an equal number of eyes (19 in each arm) were treated with standard-fluence and reduced-fluence PDT. Mean letter gain at 12 months for the standard-fluence group was 6.0 compared to 4.3 letters for the reduced-fluence group (p = 0.61). Similar results were observed at all time points. There was no statistically significant difference between the retinal and choroidal anatomical OCT outcomes, rates of polyp closure and recurrences between the two PDT regimens.ConclusionsReduced-fluence PDT was comparable to standard-fluence PDT in the treatment of PCV in terms of visual gains, clinical and anatomical OCT outcomes.

Visual acuity outcomes and anti-VEGF therapy intensity in diabetic macular oedema: a real-world analysis of 28 658 patient eyes

Background/AimTo assess visual acuity (VA) outcomes and antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment intensity in diabetic macular oedema (DMO).MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed in treatment-naïve patients with DMO from 2013 to...

Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Intravitreal Therapy and Macular Ganglion Cell Layer Thickness in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

ABSTRACT Purpose To assess macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness in patients treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Materials and Methods This was a two-year retrospective institutional case series where records of patients treated with anti-VEGF injections for unilateral AMD were reviewed for BCVA, intraocular pressure, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Macular GCL thickness was evaluated with automated retinal segmentation based on ETDRS grid rings. Retinal layer segmentation was carefully assessed and manually corrected for any misalignment. Results 48 eyes of 24 patients with unilateral exudative AMD were included. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 10.4 ± 3.2. Fellow eyes were classified as AREDS category one and two. There was significant thinning of the 3-mm macular GCL in treated compared with fellow eyes at one and two years (P = .03 and P = .04, respectively). GCL thickness compared to baseline showed a significant decrease at one and two years in treated (P = .01 and <0.0001) and at two years in untreated fellow eyes (P = .02). Conclusions There is a decrease of macular GCL thickness in eyes with exudative AMD treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in comparison with fellow eyes. There is longitudinal thinning of the GCL from baseline in eyes with both treated exudative and non-treated early AMD.

One-Year Results of Using a Treat-and-Extend Regimen without a Loading Phase with Anti-VEGF Agents in Patients with Treatment-Naive Diabetic Macular Edema

Purpose: To evaluate real-life outcomes in treatment-naive patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents using a treat-and-extend regimen without a fixed loading phase. Methods: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) measured using optical coherence tomography at baseline and after 1 year of treatment, intervals and number of injections were analyzed. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare anatomical and functional outcomes between patients receiving ranibizumab or aflibercept. Results: Seventy-five eyes of 61 patients met the inclusion criteria and had follow-up for 1 year. Baseline BCVA and CRT were 68.1 ± 13.2 letters and 424 ± 135 µm, retrospectively. After 1 year, there was a significant mean gain in BCVA of +5.8 ± 7.4 letters (paired t test: p < 0.0001) and a significant decrease in mean CRT of –117 ± 134 µm (paired t test: p < 0.0001). The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 10.0 ± 1.6 (range 6–12). The mean maximum interval between injections was 8.5 ± 2.9 weeks (range 4–14) and the mean interval 6.0 ± 1.2 weeks (range 4.1–8.9). 96% of eyes could be extended after a mean of 5.3 injections and 17% of patients could be extended before reaching a formal loading dose of 3 injections. Subgroup analysis did not reveal any differences in outcomes between patients treated with ranibizumab or aflibercept. Subretinal fluid at baseline was associated with better BCVA gain after 1 year (stepwise forward regression analysis, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Our results suggest that not all patients with DME require a fixed loading phase when initiating anti-VEGF treatment. Finding anatomical predictors to identify this subgroup of patients would help to reduce treatment burden and optimize clinical outcomes.

Treatment patterns in diabetic macular edema in Taiwan: a retrospective chart review.

ObjectivesTo characterize diabetic macular edema (DME) treatment patterns in Taiwan and examine their impact on health care resource utilization and visual and anatomic outcomes.MethodsRetrospective, observational cohort study of longitudinal data from medical records of five hospital ophthalmology clinics. Patients with type 2 diabetes and DME who received ≥1 laser treatment or pharmacotherapy (intravitreal/subtenon corticosteroids and/or intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] agents) between January 2012 and December 2013 (index period) and attended ≥1 follow-up visit after the first treatment during that period were identified (prevalent population, N=431). In addition, a subset that received no anti-VEGFs before 2012 (anti-VEGF-naïve population, N=77) was analyzed. Outcome measures were change in DME treatment distribution between January 2009 and December 2014 and health care resource utilization over up to 3 years from the first DME treatment received in the index period (prevalent population), mean number of anti-VEGF injections and change from baseline in visual acuity and central macular thickness over 12 months (anti-VEGF-naïve population).ResultsBetween 2009 and 2014, laser treatment use declined, overall use of anti-VEGFs increased, and bevacizumab use decreased proportionately as ranibizumab use increased. Patients receiving corticosteroids and anti-VEGFs in the first 6 months post-index had greater health care resource utilization than those treated with laser, corticosteroids, or anti-VEGF alone (P<0.0001, cross-cohort comparison). Among anti-VEGF-naïve patients, 69% received one to four anti-VEGF injections in the first year post-index. Overall, visual acuity improvement from baseline was minimal at 1 year (0.4 letters, observed data; 0.1 letters, last observation carried forward), and modest central macular thickness reduction (28 µm [last observation carried forward]) was detected.ConclusionIn Taiwanese clinics, DME treatment patterns have shifted from use of laser to anti-VEGFs (with higher health care resource utilization); however, few patients receive anti-VEGF injections at the frequency reported in landmark trials, consistent with poorer visual outcomes. Effective alternative treatments with lower treatment burden should be considered.