Mean Myeloperoxidase Research Articles

Assessment of Myeloperoxidase and Nitric Levels around Dental Implants and Natural Teeth as a Marker of Inflammation: A Comparative Study

Dental implants form the mainstay of dental treatment involving rehabilitation of missing teeth. One of the major concerns for the clinicians doing dental implants is the postsurgical failure of dental implants. Success of dental implants is dependent upon the skills of the surgeon and the amount and quality of the bone remaining at the edentulous area where dental implant has to be placed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitrites are few of the enzymes and molecules which are said to be altered in inflammation. However, their exact role in the inflammatory processes around natural tooth and dental implant is still unclear. Hence we comparatively evaluated the levels of MPO and nitrites in the areas around the dental implants and natural teeth. The present study comprises 42 patients who underwent prosthetic rehabilitation by dental implants from 2011 to 2014. Depth of probing value (DP), score of plaque index (SPI), gingival index (GI), and index of gingival bleeding time (GBT) were evaluated for the assessment of the periimplant soft tissue changes. Assessment of inflammation around the dental implant surface and around natural tooth was done based on the readings of these parameters. For the measurement of the MPO levels, spectrophotometric MPO assay was used. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The mean plaque index values were 1.56 and 0.97 in periodontitis cases of natural teeth and inflamed cases of dental implants respectively. While comparing mean plaque index, mean probing depth, and mean gingival bleeding index in between the two groups, significant difference was obtained. Mean MPO concentration in periodontitis and gingivitis cases in natural teeth were 0.683 and 0.875 U/μL, while in inflamed dental implant cases, the mean value was 0.622 U/μL. While comparing the total MPO levels, total nitrite levels, and total nitrite concentration in between two study groups, significant difference was obtained. On comparing the healthy and periodontitis cases in natural teeth, significant difference was obtained. In the inflammatory processes occurring around dental implant and natural teeth, MPO and NO make some amount of significant contribution. The present study enforces on the role of MPO and nitrite as diagnostic and prognostic marker.

The Relationship Among Oxidative and Anti-Oxidative Parameters and Myeloperoxidase in Subjects With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent breathing disorder in sleep. It is characterized by intermittent hypoxia leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, and increased respiratory efforts. We evaluated the relationship between OSA and myeloperoxidase activity, the oxidative stress index (OSI), total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC), and total oxidative capacity (TOC). A total of 70 consecutive subjects (mean age ± SD: 51.7 ± 11.7 y) were diagnosed with OSA after a night polysomnography recording between January 2014 and June 2014 consecutively. The subjects in the OSA group were divided according to the severity of the disease into three subgroups, consisting of 11 mild, 17 moderate OSA, and 22 severe OSA subjects. Twenty subjects with simple snoring were considered as the control group. We included a total of 70 subjects: 50 with OSA (11 subjects 6.9% mild, 17 subjects 24.7% moderate, and 22 subjects 68.5% severe) and 20 subjects with simple snoring as control cases. The mean age of the mild OSA subjects was 44.5 ± 11.7 y, moderate OSA subjects' mean age was 52.5 ± 11.9 y, and severe OSA subjects' mean age was 52.1 ± 10.1 y; 54.2% were male. There were statistically significant differences among the 4 groups' OSI, TAC, and TOC levels, but there was no statistically significant difference between the other values. The mean myeloperoxidase, TOC, OSI, and TAC levels were 55 ± 12, 61.2 ± 21.1, 3.04 ± 1.04, and 2.03 ± 0.4 in the mild OSA group; 58.7 ± 17.2, 60 ± 18.9, 3.05 ± 1, and 2 ± 0.33 in the moderate OSA group; 56.6 ± 17.9, 52.1 ± 17.9, 2.7 ± 0.76, and 1.94 ± 0.24 in the severe OSA group; and 49.8 ± 12.5, 54.3 ± 16.4, 3.08 ± 0.88, and 1.78 ± 0.26 in the control group, respectively. In our study, there were no differences in studied parameters between control and OSA groups. Furthermore, our low number of cases was a restrictive factor. Further studies should be undertaken to clarify this relation.

Neutrophil Chemoattractant Peptide Proline-Glycine-Proline Is Increased in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

SESSION TITLE: ARDS Posters SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Poster PRESENTED ON: Wednesday, October 28, 2015 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM PURPOSE: ARDS is associated with neutrophil mediated inflammation in the lungs. Previously, we have shown that a collagen derived tri-peptide proline-glycine-proline (PGP), a neutrophil chemo attractant is elevated in patients with chronic diseases with neutrophilic predominant inflammation such as COPD and cystic fibrosis. However, it is unknown if PGP is elevated in ARDS. We hypothesized that levels of PGP are increased in ARDS as compared to cardiogenic edema and non- lung disease ventilated patients. METHODS: Mini- bronchoalveolar lavage from 6 ARDS (A), 5 cardiogenic edema (C) and 5 non-lung disease (N) ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit of University of Alabama Hospital was collected on day 1 of mechanical ventilation. PGP, Leukotriene A4 hydroxylase (LTA4H) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured using standard assays. Patient demographics, APACHE score, Pao2 to Fio2 (PF) ratio and outcomes were recorded. Results were expressed as means and proportions. One-way anova was used to compare means. RESULTS: Average age of A, C, N patients was 59.5 (7.4), 44.5 (19) and 46.5(10) years respectively. Males comprised 50% in A, 20% in C and 60% in N. Mean APACHE score was 25.5 (2.8) in A, 12.5 (6.8) in C and 10.2 (8) in N. Mean PF was 149.5 (65.6) in A, 234.4(88.3) in C and 499(55) in N. Average length of mechanical ventilation in days was 10.5 (6.5) in A, 2.2 (2) in C and 2.4 (2.1) in N. Mortality in A was 66.6%, while C and N had no mortality. The mean PGP (ng/ml) level in A (2.63 (2.3)) was significantly higher than C (0.13(0.21)) and N (0.16 (0.24)) (p<0.01). Similarly, mean MPO (ng/ml) levels were significantly higher in A (5656.07 (3088.4)) as compared to C (1199.25 (2104.2)) and N (1580.5 (2527.1)) (p<0.02) suggesting elevated neutrophil burden in A. We also measured levels of LTA4H, an enzyme that degrades PGP. LTA4H levels (ng/mg protein) were higher in N (2.12(2.72)) and C (1.91(3.05)) as compared to A (0.59(0.77)) suggesting greater inhibition of PGP related neutrophilic inflammation in C and N. CONCLUSIONS: PGP levels are elevated in ARDS as compared to cardiogenic edema and non-lung disease patients. Therefore it is plausible that PGP may be a regulator in neutrophil mediated inflammation in ARDS. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: PGP can be used as a biomarker to distinguish ARDS from cardiogenic edema. In addition, it could also be used as a potential therapeutic target in ARDS. Larger studies are needed to validate this further. DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Nirmal Sharma, Tarek Abdallah, Wilson King, amit gaggar, Xin Xu No Product/Research Disclosure Information

Active and total myeloperoxidase in coronary artery disease and relation to clinical instability

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum total and active myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and the presence of coronary artery disease in consecutive patients evaluated by coronary angiography and to correlate the levels of the enzyme with instability.Methods and results Prospective analysis of serum samples of patients before coronary angiography. Total and active MPO concentrations were assessed by the sandwich Elisa and SIEFED® methods. Stable and unstable patients were separated into two groups. Diff erences between groups were analysed using the Student t test, chi square test or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. The relationship between total and active MPO was assessed using linear and curvilinear regression.Two hundred and twenty patients were included (age 66 ± 11 years, 67% male) in the study. Among these, 62% presented signifi cant coronary artery disease. Twenty-four patients (11%) presented unstable coronary syndrome.Mean active and total MPO levels in the population were 50.1 ± 63.5 and 147.6 ± 223.3 ng.mL–1, respectively. In stable patients, mean active MPO was 47.1 ± 47.9 ng.mL–1 and in unstable patients 75.1 ± 135.2 ng.mL–1 (P = 0.04). Mean total MPO was 146.3 ± 224.7 ng.mL–1 in the stable patients and 158.2 ± 215.8 ng.mL–1 in the unstable patients (P = 0.8). Unstable patients had a signifi cantly higher level of active MPO than stable patients but there was no signifi cant diff erence between unstable and stable patients regarding total MPO.Conclusion A correlation was observed between active MPO and clinical instability but not with total MPO. These results suggest that this marker could be a powerful indicator of instability and could have a prognostic impact.

Soybean oil prevents peritoneal adhesions without impairing colonic anastomotic healing

AimAdhesion formation could potentially result in significant morbidity and mortality. In the present study, we investigated the role of soybean oil in the prevention of peritoneal adhesions and its effect on the anastomotic healing process.Patients and MethodsA total of 40 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups: group A, adhesion induction method; group B, adhesion induction method with administration of soybean oil; group C, colonic anastomosis method; and group D, colonic anastomosis method with administration of soybean oil. Adhesions were scored on postoperative day 7. Anastomotic healing was assessed by determining anastomotic bursting pressure (ABP), tissue hydroxyproline content and the histopathological examination. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined to evaluate cellular response to injury.ResultsThe difference in mean values between saline‐ and soybean oil‐treated groups, using both the adhesion method and colonic anastomosis method, were statistically significant (P = 0.0003, P = 0.009). Soybean oil administration resulted in no significant difference in terms of ABP and histopathological scores (P = 0.694 and P = 0.246, respectively). Tissue hydroxyproline content was increased significantly with soybean oil administration (P = 0.001). Mean MDA, NO and MPO levels were significantly decreased in the soybean‐administered colonic anastomosis group (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.002, and respectively). In the soybean‐administered adhesion group, mean MDA, NO and MPO levels were lower than in the control group, but the differences were not significant (P = 0.113, P = 0.958, and P = 0.597, respectively).ConclusionSoybean oil administration intraperitoneally has been shown to prevent adhesion formation effectively without impairing the colonic anastomotic healing process.

Can Cytoprotective Cobalt Protoporphyrin Protect Skeletal Muscle and Muscle-derived Stem Cells From Ischemic Injury?

Extremity trauma is the most common injury seen in combat hospitals as well as in civilian trauma centers. Major skeletal muscle injuries that are complicated by ischemia often result in substantial muscle loss, residual disability, or even amputation, yet few treatment options are available. A therapy that would increase skeletal muscle tolerance to hypoxic damage could reduce acute myocyte loss and enhance preservation of muscle mass in these situations. In these experiments, we investigated (1) whether cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), a pharmacologic inducer of cytoprotective heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), would upregulate HO-1 expression and activity in skeletal muscle, tested in muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs); and (2) whether CoPP exposure would protect MDSCs from cell death during in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation. Then, using an in vivo mouse model of hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury, we examined (3) whether CoPP pharmacotherapy would reduce skeletal muscle damage when delivered after injury; and (4) whether it would alter the host inflammatory response to injury. MDSCs were exposed in vitro to a single dose of 25 μΜ CoPP and harvested over 24 to 96 hours, assessing HO-1 protein expression by Western blot densitometry and HO-1 enzyme activity by cGMP levels. To generate hypoxia/reoxygenation stress, MDSCs were treated in vitro with phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle), CoPP, or CoPP plus an HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), and then subjected to 5 hours of hypoxia (< 0.5% O2) followed by 24 hours of reoxygenation and evaluated for apoptosis. In vivo, hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury was produced in mice by unilateral 2-hour tourniquet application followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. In three postinjury treatment groups (n = 7 mice/group), CoPP was administered intraperitoneally during ischemia, at the onset of reperfusion, or 1 hour later. Two control groups of mice with the same injury received phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle) or the HO-1 inhibitor, SnPP. Myocyte damage in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles was determined by uptake of intraperitoneally delivered Evans blue dye (EBD), quantified by image analysis. On serial sections, inflammation was gauged by the mean myeloperoxidase staining intensity per unit area over the entirety of each muscle. In MDSCs, a single exposure to CoPP increased HO-1 protein expression and enzyme activity, both of which were sustained for 96 hours. CoPP treatment of MDSCs reduced apoptotic cell populations by 55% after in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (from a mean of 57.3% apoptotic cells in vehicle-treated controls to 25.7% in CoPP-treated cells, mean difference 31.6%; confidence interval [CI], 28.1-35.0; p < 0.001). In the hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion model, CoPP delivered during ischemia produced a 38% reduction in myocyte damage in the gastrocnemius muscle (from 86.4% ± 7% EBD(+) myofibers in vehicle-treated, injured controls to 53.2% EBD(+) in CoPP-treated muscle, mean difference 33.2%; 95% CI, 18.3, 48.4; p < 0.001). A 30% reduction in injury to the gastrocnemius was seen with drug delivery at the onset of reperfusion (to 60.6% ± 13% EBD(+) with CoPP treatment, mean difference 25.8%; CI, 12.2-39.4; p < 0.001). In the tibialis anterior, however, myocyte damage was decreased only when CoPP was given at the onset of reperfusion, resulting in a 27% reduction in injury (from 78.8% ± 8% EBD(+) myofibers in injured controls to 58.3% ± 14% with CoPP treatment, mean difference 20.5%; CI, 6.1-35.0; p = 0.004). Delaying CoPP delivery until 1 hour after tourniquet release obviated the protective effect in both muscles. Mean MPO staining intensity per unit area, indicating the host inflammatory response, decreased by 27-34% across both the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles when CoPP was given either during ischemia or at the time of reperfusion. Delaying drug delivery until 1 hour after the start of reperfusion abrogated this antiinflammatory effect. CoPP can decrease skeletal muscle damage when given early in the course of ischemia/reperfusion injury and also provide protection for regenerative stem cell populations. Pharmacotherapy with HO-1 inducers, delivered in the field, on hospital arrival, or during trauma surgery, may improve preservation of muscle mass and muscle-inherent stem cells after severe ischemic limb injury.

Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on salivary myeloperoxidase levels: A biochemical study.

Background:Myeloperoxidase (MPO), the most abundant protein in neutrophils, is the focus of inflammatory pathologies. MPO could participate in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 patients with healthy gingiva, gingivitis, periodontitis between age group of 20–55 years were selected. Group I - 20 Patients with healthy gingiva, Group II - 20 Patients with generalized gingivitis, Group III - 20 Patients with generalized chronic periodontitis, Group IV - 20 Patients of Group III after 1-month of scaling and root planning. The following parameters were recorded: Gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, salivary MPO levels. All the parameters were then statistically analyzed.Results:The mean MPO levels in Group I recorded was - 0.320 + 0.06, Group II was - 0.183 + 0.04, Group III was - 0.814 + 0.08 and Group IV was - 0.386 + 0.08 respectively. All these values were statistically significant when compared between the four groups (P < 0.05). A significantly elevated salivary MPO levels were found in subjects with chronic periodontitis as compared to the gingivitis group and the healthy group (P < 0.05). However, moderate but statistically significant increase in the MPO levels were observed in the gingivitis group as compared to the healthy group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant reduction in MPO levels were observed in Group IV after 1-month of nonsurgical periodontal therapy.Conclusion:The activities of MPO enzyme were significantly increased in the saliva of patients with periodontal disease in comparison to healthy individuals. Furthermore, nonsurgical periodontal therapy was found to be effective in improving clinical parameters and in reducing MPO levels. Salivary enzymes like MPO could be considered as a biochemical marker of periodontal disease activity.

Experimental peri‐implant mucositis at different implant surfaces

To histologically and immunologically assess experimental peri-implant mucositis at surface enhanced modified (mod) hydrophilic titanium implants. In a split-mouth design (n=6 foxhounds), four different implants were inserted on each side of the maxilla: three titanium-zirconium alloy implants (TiZr) with either modSLA (sand-blasted, acid etched and chemically mod), modMA (machined, acid etched and chemically mod), or M (machined) surfaces in the transmucosal portion, and one titanium implant with a machined transmucosal portion (TiM). Experimental mucositis was induced at one randomly assigned side (NPC), whereas the contra-lateral maxillary side received mechanical plaque removal three times per week (PC). At 16weeks, tissue biopsies were processed for histological (primary outcome: apical extension of the inflammatory cell infiltrate measured from the mucosal margin - PM-aICT) and immunohistochemical (CD68 antigen reactivity) analyses. Peri-implant sulcus fluid was analysed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Mean PM-aICT values varied between 1.86 (TiZrmodSLA) and 3.40mm (TiM) in the UPC group, and between 0.88 (TiZrmodSLA) and 2.08mm (TiZrM) in the PC group. Mean CD68, IL-1β, IL-8, MMP-8 and MPO values were equally distributed between mod- and control implants in both NPC and PC groups. The progression of experimental mucositis was comparable at all implant surfaces investigated.

Effect of High Pressure-Volume and Low Pressure-Volume Mechanical Ventilation on Plasma Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers in Horses during General Anaesthesia

Systemic changes of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), neutrophil elastase (ELT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) during mechanical ventilation (MV) in horses anaesthetized for surgery are evaluated. Thirty-four client-owned ASA I-II horses randomly received mechanical ventilation (MV) with either a peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 30 cm H2O and tidal volume (VT)>10 mL kg-1 (high pressure-volume MV) or PIP of 15 cm H2O and VT ≤ 10 mL kg-1 (low pressure-volume MV) in dorsal or lateral recumbency. Horses were premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg kg-1 IM) and xylazine (0.6 mg kg-1 IV), induced with midazolam (0.06 mg kg-1 IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg-1 IV) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen 70% plus ketamine-midazolam infusion (1 and 0.02 mg kg-1 h-1, respectively). Anti-inflammatory drug and antibiotics were administered before surgery. Plasmatic proinflammatory mediator concentrations were estimated by ELISA at the beginning (T0) and after 60 minutes (T1) of MV. Mean plasmatic TNF-α, MPO, and ELT concentrations at T1 were significantly (p<0.05) lower than T0. Mean plasmatic concentration of IL-6 did not significantly change with time. The reduction in plasmatic concentration of proinflammatory mediators at T1 was not linked to ventilation strategy or recumbency. None of the ventilation protocols enhanced systemic inflammatory response during surgery after 1 hour of MV. The anti-inflammatory properties of drugs included in the anaesthesia protocol may have contributed to the overall decreased systemic inflammatory mediator concentrations, despite MV and surgery.

The effect of progesterone on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the rat model of sepsis.

Objectives:To explore the protective effect of progesterone on inflammation and oxidative stress in a rat model of sepsis created by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Materials and Methods:Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Overiectomy group (OVX), sham operated (control), sepsis (CLP) group and progesterone-treated CLP group (CLP+ progesterone). The rats in CLP+ progesterone group received intraperitoneal progesterone (2 mg/kg). Cardiac blood samples were obtained for the measurement levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Tissue samples, including liver, kidney and uterus of rats were prepared to determine activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).Results:Increased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were found in the CLP group in comparison with the control group (P = 0.01, P = 0.02; respectively). In CLP+ progesterone group, mean MDA concentration of kidney tissue was significantly lower than in CLP group (P = 0.003). Liver MDA concentration of the CLP+ progesterone group was not significantly different from that of the control group. While there were no significant differences among groups regarding liver MPO; in the CLP group, MPO activity in kidney (P = 0.02) and uterine tissues (P = 0.03) were found to be significantly higher compared to the control group. In CLP+ progesterone group, mean MPO activities of all tissues were not different than those of control group. The uterine tissue GPx activity in the CLP+ progesterone group was not statistically significantly different from control group.Conclusions:We suggest that progesterone ameliorates sepsis syndrome by reduction of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and by restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities in some tissues.

The predictive value of serum myeloperoxidase for vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Vasospasm is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with inflammation playing a key role in its pathophysiology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an inflammatory marker, was examined as a potential marker of vasospasm in patients with SAH. Daily serum samples from patients with aneurysmal SAH were assayed for MPO, and transcranial Doppler (TCDs) and neurological exams were assessed to determine vasospasm. Suspected vasospasm was confirmed by angiography. Peak MPO levels were then compared with timing of onset of vasospasm, based on clinical exams, TCDs and cerebral angiography. Patients with vasospasm had a mean MPO level of 115.5ng/ml, compared to 59.4ng/ml in those without vasospasm, 42.0ng/ml in those with unruptured aneurysms, and 4.3ng/ml in normal controls. In patients who experienced vasospasm, MPO was elevated above the threshold on the day of, or at any point prior to, vasospasm in 10 of 15 events (66.7%), and on the day of, or within 2days prior to, vasospasm in 8 of 15 events (53.3%). Elevated serum MPO correlates with clinically evident vasospasm following aneurysmal SAH. The potential utility of MPO as a marker of vasospasm is discussed.

Discovery and Validation of Serum Protein Changes in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Using High Throughput Two Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Immunoassays

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is expected to cause significant changes in the serum proteome; however, few studies have systematically assessed the proteomic profile change associated with the disease. In this study, a semiquantitative spectral counting-based two dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform was used to analyze serum samples from T1D patients and controls. In this discovery phase, significant differences were found for 21 serum proteins implicated in inflammation, oxidation, metabolic regulation, and autoimmunity. To assess the validity of these findings, six candidate proteins including adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, serum amyloid protein A, C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase, and transforming growth factor beta induced were selected for subsequent immune assays for 1139 T1D patients and 848 controls. A series of statistical analyses using cases and controls matched for age, sex, and genetic risk confirmed that T1D patients have significantly higher serum levels for four of the six proteins: adiponectin (odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, p = 10(-27)), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (OR = 2.02, p < 10(-20)), C-reactive protein (OR = 1.13, p = 0.007), serum amyloid protein A (OR = 1.51, p < 10(-16)); whereas the serum levels were significantly lower in patients than controls for the two other proteins: transforming growth factor beta induced (OR = 0.74, p < 10(-5)) and myeloperoxidase (OR = 0.51, p < 10(-41)). Compared with subjects in the bottom quartile, subjects in the top quartile for adiponectin (OR = 6.29, p < 10(-37)), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (OR = 7.95, p < 10(-46)), C-reactive protein (OR = 1.38, p = 0.025), serum amyloid protein A (OR = 3.36, p < 10(-16)) had the highest risk of T1D, whereas subjects in the top quartile of transforming growth factor beta induced (OR = 0.41, p < 10(-11)) and myeloperoxidase (OR = 0.10, p < 10(-43)) had the lowest risk of T1D. These findings provided valuable information on the proteomic changes in the sera of T1D patients.

Increased myeloperoxidase plasma levels in rheumatoid arthritis

High myeloperoxidase (MPO) serum levels have been shown in several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the correlation between MPO levels and disease activity in RA patients is still controversial. The aim of the study was to determine MPO plasma levels in RA patients and to investigate potential correlations between MPO levels and disease activity and treatment. MPO plasma levels were measured by ELISA according the manufacturer's instructions. Disease activity was measured by DAS28 ESR and DAS28 CRP scores, and patients were classified into 4 groups: group 1 DAS28<2.6; group 2: 2.6≤DAS28≤3.2; group 3: 3.2<DAS28≤5.1 and group 4: DAS28>5.1. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was measured by latex agglutination test, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies were detected by ELISA with a commercial kit. Fifty-seven female RA patients (mean age: 46.02±13.47years, mean disease duration: 115.77±99.44months) and sixty gender- and age-paired healthy controls were included. Mean MPO plasma levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls (72.27pM vs. 40.78pM, P=0.007). RF was found in 59.6% and anti-CCP in 80.7% of the RA patients. No significant difference in MPO levels was seen among the four RA disease activity groups. We did not find significant correlation between MPO levels and disease activity as measured by DAS28 score. In conclusion, we observed significantly higher MPO plasma levels in RA patients when compared to healthy controls. However, we did not find correlation between MPO plasma level and disease activity.

Effects of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on ventilator-induced lung injury in rats

To investigate the effects of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in rats. Thirty-six healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, in which rats did not receive ventilation; high-tidal volume (HVT) ventilation group; nicotine treatment (HVT+nicotine) group, in which rats received intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (2 mg/kg) 10 minutes before HVT ventilation; equal amount of normal saline was given to rats in other two groups. A rat model of VILI was reproduced by volume-controlled mechanical ventilation with HVT. Hemodynamic parameters were measured throughout the study period. Arterial blood gases were measured every 1 hour. After maintaining ventilation for 2 hours, rats were sacrificed and lung tissue specimens were harvested. Lung wet-dry weight ratio (W/D) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) level in lung tissue homogenate were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. After hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, pathological examination of lung tissue was performed, and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) score was estimated. Mean pH of arterial blood in HVT group and HVT+nicotine group tended to be higher than the baseline value during the ventilation. Mean partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2), mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in HVT group and HVT+nicotine group were lower than baseline value during the ventilation. Mean PaO2 (mm Hg, 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) in HVT+nicotine group was significantly higher than that in HVT group after 2 hours of ventilation (85+/-4 vs. 76+/-3, P<0.05). Mean W/D ratio and mean MPO activity in HVT group were significantly higher than those in control group [W/D ratio: 5.66+/-0.33 vs. 4.53+/-0.21, P<0.01; MPO (U/g): 1.73+/-0.50 vs. 0.89+/-0.17, P<0.05]. Mean W/D ratio (5.02+/-0.37) and mean MPO activity (1.11+/-0.33) in HVT+nicotine group were significantly lower than those in HVT group (both P<0.05). Compared with control group, DAD scores in HVT group and HVT+nicotine group (10.40+/-1.85, 7.90+/-1.67 vs. 1.60+/-1.20), IL-8 concentration (ng/L: 1 625.3+/-271.7, 965.5+/-310.5 vs. 428.5+/-120.6) and ICAM-1 concentration (microg/L: 589.4+/-87.5, 452.5+/-89.3 vs. 247.5+/-73.7) were significantly higher (all P<0.01). But DAD score, IL-8 concentration, ICAM-1 concentration in HVT+nicotine group were significantly lower than those in HVT group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Activation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can protect the lung against VILI by suppressing IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression, inhibiting neutrophil aggregation and infiltration.

Myeloperoxidase enzyme levels and oxidative stress in bipolar disorders

Oxidative stress and generalized inflammatory state are features of bipolar disorders (BD). The objective of this study was to compare the levels of products of inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress markers in patients with bipolar disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in bipolar disorders. ADHD+BD (n = 30) and BD (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30) were enrolled. A clinical evaluation and measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were performed. Patients with BD+ADHD comorbidity had significantly higher mean MPO levels than BD. Patients with BD had significantly higher mean hsCRP levels than healthy controls. However, there was no significant difference in mean serum hsCRP levels between patients with BD+ADHD and healthy controls. Patients with BD and BD+ADHD had significantly higher mean MDA levels than healthy controls. Our data showed that there is an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress which is strongly related to the serum levels of MDA produced in the serum. hsCRP levels were higher in BD patients than in BD+ADHD and this is suggestive of a higher degree of inflammatory activity in BD patients. ADHD+BD comorbidity seems to augment oxidative stress which is expressed as increased MPO level in the present study. Further large scale studies are needed to extend our results.

Association between the neutrophil myeloperoxidase index and subsets of bacterial infections

The mean myeloperoxidase index (MPXI) is calculated during the routine complete blood count performed using the autoanalyzer ADVIA120/2120. The pattern of changes in the neutrophil myeloperoxidase levels in patients with specific infectious diseases was analyzed by assessing the MPXI levels. In patients with bacterial sepsis, identified by positive blood-culture tests, with (n = 29) and without (n = 51) systemic inflammatory response syndrome, the mean MPXI significantly reduced to -3.18 and -2.06, respectively. In contrast, among patients with nontuberculous nonseptic bacterial infections (n = 40), the mean MPXI significantly elevated to 5.51, while tuberculosis patients (n = 37) and patients with viral infection (n = 60) showed an unchanged MPXI (mean values, -0.46 and -1.06, respectively). Among the parameters of inflammation, only the C-reactive protein values showed a weak correlation with the MPXI levels. [Conclusion] These results indicate that MPXI is correlated with some specific infectious states, i.e. MPXI is low in bacterial sepsis and high in nontuberculous nonseptic bacterial infections. MPXI appears to be an independent and useful biomarker for the diagnosis and follow-up of infectious diseases, especially when the MPXI values are obtained at regular intervals during the disease courses of the patients.

Myeloperoxidase Levels and Mortality in Frail Community-Living Elderly Individuals

Elevated systemic levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) have been associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes. In the present study, we evaluate the impact of MPO, a pro-oxidant enzyme that catalyzes the initiation of lipid peroxidation and affects nitric oxide levels, on the risk of all-cause mortality in a large population of frail octogenarians and nonagenarians living in community. We analyzed data from the Aging and Longevity Study in the Sirente Geographic Area (ilSIRENTE Study), a prospective cohort study that collected data on all individuals aged 80 years and older living in a mountain community (n = 363). The main outcome measure was the risk of death after 4 years of follow-up. Participants were divided into three groups based on MPO tertiles: lower tertile < or = 61.5 microg/L (n = 120), intermediate tertile 61.6-140.6 microg/L (n = 120), and higher tertile > or = 140.7 microg/L (n = 123). A total of 150 deaths occurred during 4-years follow-up. The mean MPO level was 170.8 + or - 177.5 microg/L among those who died compared with 135.4 + or - 142.4 microg/L among survivors (p = .03). Individuals in the highest MPO tertile had higher risk of mortality (40% [60/123]) compared with those in the lower tertile (26% [39/120]). After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with participants in the lower tertile, those in the higher tertile had a hazard ratio for mortality of 1.97 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-3.80). Our results obtained from a representative sample of very old and frail elderly individuals expand the knowledge that low levels of MPO are associated with better survival.

Kısmi Üreter Obstrüksiyonu Oluşturulan Tavşanlarda Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester’in Böbrek Hasarlanması Üzerine Etkileri

Obstructive urologic diseases may cause renal injury related to intensty and duration of occlusion. In experimental studies, many pharmacological agents were used to decrease the harmful effects of obstruction on kidney. This study was designed to investigate effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the parsial ureteral obstruction in rabbits. Twenty-one New Zealand rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups each containing 7 animals. Group 1, 2 and 3 were defined as control (sham), partially obstructed, and partial obstructed plus CAPE treatment, respectively. All animals were sacrified at the end of 3 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured. In addition, kidney tissues stained with Hematoxylin-eosine were evaluated using Cleasson’s histopathological criterias. MDA, NO and SOD levels were not significantly different among all groups. Mean MPO levels of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 0.22±0.07 U/g protein, 0.36±0.09 U/g protein, 0.27±0.10 U/g protein respectively. A significant increase was found in group 2 when compared to Group 1(p<0.05). Kidneys of group 3 were significantly protected in terms of 2 out of 9 histopathologic criteria when compared to group 2 (p<0.05). There was significant difference between group 2 and group 3 in terms 2 out of 9 histopathologic criteria (p<0.05); injury of kidneys in group 3 was less than in group 2. MDA, NO and SOD levels which are used to detect renal injury in complete ureteral obstruction models, did not show any significant difference in partial obstruction model in this study. In the light of our biochemical and histopathologic findings, we can say that CAPE treatment has a tendency to decrease the degree of renal injury in the parsial obtruction model.

Kısmi Üreter Obstrüksiyonu Oluşturulan Tavşanlarda Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester’in Böbrek Hasarlanması Üzerine Etkileri

Obstructive urologic diseases may cause renal injury related to intensty and duration of occlusion. In experimental studies, many pharmacological agents were used to decrease the harmful effects of obstruction on kidney. This study was designed to investigate effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the parsial ureteral obstruction in rabbits. Twenty-one New Zealand rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups each containing 7 animals. Group 1, 2 and 3 were defined as control (sham), partially obstructed, and partial obstructed plus CAPE treatment, respectively. All animals were sacrified at the end of 3 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured. In addition, kidney tissues stained with Hematoxylin-eosine were evaluated using Cleasson’s histopathological criterias. MDA, NO and SOD levels were not significantly different among all groups. Mean MPO levels of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 0.22±0.07 U/g protein, 0.36±0.09 U/g protein, 0.27±0.10 U/g protein respectively. A significant increase was found in group 2 when compared to Group 1(p<0.05). Kidneys of group 3 were significantly protected in terms of 2 out of 9 histopathologic criteria when compared to group 2 (p<0.05). There was significant difference between group 2 and group 3 in terms 2 out of 9 histopathologic criteria (p<0.05); injury of kidneys in group 3 was less than in group 2. MDA, NO and SOD levels which are used to detect renal injury in complete ureteral obstruction models, did not show any significant difference in partial obstruction model in this study. In the light of our biochemical and histopathologic findings, we can say that CAPE treatment has a tendency to decrease the degree of renal injury in the parsial obtruction model.

Endotoxin Exposure and Inflammation Markers Among Agricultural Workers in Colorado and Nebraska

The adverse respiratory effects of agricultural dust inhalation are mediated in part by endotoxin, a constituent of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. This study quantified personal work-shift exposures to inhalable dust, endotoxin, and its reactive 3-hydroxy fatty acid (3-OHFA) constituents among workers in grain elevators, cattle feedlots, dairies, and on corn farms. Exposures were compared with post-work-shift nasal lavage fluid inflammation markers and respiratory symptoms. Breathing-zone personal air monitoring was performed over one work shift to quantify inhalable dust (Institute of Medicine samplers), endotoxin (recombinant factor C [rFC] assay), and 3-OHFA (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). Post-shift nasal lavage fluids were assayed for polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin 8 (IL-8), albumin, and eosinophilic cation protein (ECP) concentrations. The geometric mean (GSD) of endotoxin exposure (rFC assay) among the 125 male participants was 888 ± (6.5) EU/m3, and 93% exceeded the proposed exposure limit (50 EU/m3). Mean PMN, MPO, albumin, and ECP levels were two- to threefold higher among workers in the upper quartile of 3‐OHFA exposure compared to the lowest exposure quartile. Even numbered 3-OHFA were most strongly associated with nasal inflammation. Symptom prevalence was not elevated among exposed workers, possibly due to endotoxin tolerance or a healthy worker effect in this population. This is the first study to evaluate the relationship between endotoxin's 3-OHFA constituents in agricultural dust and nasal airway inflammation. More research is needed to characterize the extent to which these agents contribute to respiratory disease among agricultural workers.