Mean Levels Of Cd Research Articles

Heavy Metal Deposits in Toilet Tissues Sold in Markets within Enugu Metropolis, Enugu State

Studies were carried out to assess the deposits of selected heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in toilet tissues sold in markets within the Enugu metropolis, Enugu State using standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The samples underwent digestion and were subsequently analyzed for heavy metals using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Toilet tissue samples A, B, C, and D had mean Pb values of 0.121±0.071, 0.258±0.040, 0.205±0.076, and 0.302±0.014 µg/g respectively. The mean Cd levels in the toilet tissue samples A, B, C, and D were 0.062±0.022, 0.037±0.008, 0.097±0.005, and 0.012±0.002µg/g respectively. The mean values of the investigated heavy metals were statistically significant in the studied toilet tissue samples. The toilet tissue samples, whether of high quality or low quality, poorly packaged or well packaged, had mean values of the studied metals within the recommended threshold limits.

Cadmium Exposure and Noncommunicable Diseases in Environmentally Exposed Brazilian Population: Cross-Sectional Study without Association of GSTP1 Polymorphism.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal which is harmful to humans and the environment. Cd levels and adverse effects may be associated with genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in its toxicokinetics. This study investigated Cd levels in 198 residents of a condominium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, built on industrial steel slag waste and the influence of glutathione S-transferase pi isoform 1 (GSTP1) rs1695 A>G polymorphism. Polymorphism was genotyped using a validated TaqMan assay; Cd levels were measured in blood (BCd) and urine (UCd) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Associations were evaluated by multiple logistic regression, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The mean Cd levels were 0.70 ± 0.20 µg L-1 (BCd), 0.58 ± 0.57 µg L-1 (UCd), and 0.61 ± 0.65 µg g-1 in urine corrected by creatinine (UcCd), and the Cd results were above tolerable levels (BCd > 0.5 µg L-1) in 87.4% of subjects. Higher blood Cd levels (>0.69 µg L-1) were associated with respiratory disease (OR = 2.4; 95%CI = 1.2-5.0), as almost 30% of people with respiratory diseases had higher Cd levels. The GSTP1 rs1695AA genotype frequency was 38.1%, and there were no significant differences between the SNP and Cd levels. High Cd levels and a high prevalence of diseases highlight the importance of implementing public policies and the continuous monitoring of this at-risk population.

Elevated Cadmium Drives Calcium Deficiency in Renal Failure Patients

Background: Renal failure (RF) is a significant health issue with various etiological factors, including environmental toxins. Specific Background: Cadmium (Cd), a known toxic heavy metal, has been implicated in renal damage, while calcium (Ca) levels may also be affected. Knowledge Gap: The relationship between Cadmium and Calcium levels in RF patients, despite the well-established link between heavy metals and renal impairment, remains underexplored. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate changes in blood serum Cd and Ca levels in RF patients and investigate their correlation. Methods: The study, conducted in Iraq from July 2023 to February 2024, involved 150 participants, including 100 RF patients and 50 healthy controls, and used Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for analysis. Results: The mean Cd level was significantly higher in RF patients (2.30 µg/L) compared to controls (1.44 µg/L, P < 0.05). Conversely, the mean Ca level in RF patients was significantly lower (36.06 mg/dL) compared to controls (51.85 mg/dL, P < 0.05). A significant negative correlation between Cd and Ca levels was found (P ≤ 0.001). Novelty: This study provides novel insights into the detrimental impact of elevated Cd levels on Ca status in RF patients. Implications: The study underscores the necessity of controlling Cd exposure and Ca levels in renal function (RF) management to mitigate its environmental impact on renal health. Highlights: Higher Cd Levels: Increased cadmium in RF patients. Lower Ca Levels: Decreased calcium in RF patients. Negative Correlation: Cadmium inversely affects calcium levels. Keywords: Cadmium, Calcium, Renal Failure, Heavy Metals, Blood Serum

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Muscle and Liver Tissues of Juvenile Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the Indian Ocean.

The present study evaluated the cadmium (Cd) levels and temporal variation of Cd in dark muscle, white muscle, and liver of juvenile Thunnus albacares. 72 individuals (Standard length: 50-67 cm; weight: 0.8-2.5 kg) were collected from Indian Oceanic water around Sri Lanka during the period between April 2021 to May 2022. Total Cd levels were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer. The mean Cd levels (mean ± SD mg kg-1 dry weight) in different tissues varied with significantly higher levels in the liver (13.62 ± 0.98, p < 0.05), compared to dark muscle (0.52 ± 0.05), and white muscle (0.42 ± 0.04). Cd levels in liver tissues were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the fish weight. The Cd levels reported in dark muscles, white muscles, and liver tissues were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during 2nd inter-monsoon than in the other monsoonal regimes and exceeded the maximum permissible level (0.1 mg kg-1 wet weight) set by the European Union (EU). However, the measured Cd levels in white and dark muscles were below the maximum permissible level (0.2 mg kg-1 wet weight) set by FAO/WHO. The Cd levels in all the liver tissues were above the levels set by the EU and FAO/WHO. Accordingly, people should avoid the consumption of liver tissues of T. albacares from the Indian Ocean. A human with a body weight of 60 kg can consume white muscles up to 4.667 kg per week without exceeding the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake.

A probabilistic risk assessment of long-term exposure to metals and pesticides residues via consumption of cucurbit crops

Cucurbits contribute significantly to global food and are economically important for farm lands and greenhouses in Iran. The present study assessed the probabilistic risk posed to Iranian consumers through oral exposure to a mixture of pesticides and metals by consumption of cucurbit crops. A total of 180 samples of cucurbit crops including cucumber, courgette, pumpkin, Persian melon, watermelon, and melon were collected from different farm lands (i.e. open fields, 90 samples) and greenhouses (90 samples) in Iran and levels of pesticides and metals were quantified by GC-MS and ICP-OES, respectively. The mean levels of Cd, As, and Ni were above reference dose (RfD) in farmland crops, whereas only Ni levels were above RfD in greenhouse crops. In general, metals mean levels in farmland crops were statistically higher compared to greenhouse cucurbits. Concerning pesticides, in farmland crops, mean concentrations of carbaryl, methomyl, diazinon, malathion, and methamidophos were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs), while in greenhouse crops diazinon and methamidophos were above MRLs. Estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard index (HI) for metals reflected no health risk for both farmland and greenhouse crops. Based on probabilistic assessment, HI values for carbamates, pyrethroids, and organophosphorus contents in cucurbit crops from farmlands and greenhouses at the 50th, 80th and 95th centiles, indicated no risk for Iranian consumers. Agricultural policies should be updated by using the cultivars types with minimum contaminants-accumulation and raise the general awareness of Iranian farmers about careful use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural practices.

Evaluation of Selected Metals Contents of Brassica oleraceae (Cabbage), Solanum tuberosum (Irish Potatoes) and Daucus carota (Carrot) Grown at Irrigation Farms of Jos, Nigeria

Aim: This study assessed levels of Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn and As in Brassica oleraceae (cabbage), Solanum tuberosum (Irish potatoes) and Daucus carota (carrot). Six samples were collected from each of the two irrigation farms. Samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).&#x0D; Study Design: Six (6) samples of each vegetables, Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Solanum tuberosum (Irish potatoes) and Daucus carota (carrot) were obtained from irrigation farms situated at Lamingo and Russau. On each farm, 2 samples were collected thereby giving a total sample size of 36.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry Research Laboratory between February and April 2021.&#x0D; Methods: Turkey-Kramer multiple comparison tests in a one-way analysis of variance was used to analyse the data obtained.&#x0D; Results: Samples of cabbage from Russau showed mean values for Zn, Pb and Fe levels thus: 32.80±0.62, 0.27±0.02, and 20±0.06 respectively. Samples from Lamingo had mean levels of Zn, Pb and Fe thus: 23.30±0.26, 0.07±0.02, and 0.08±0.03 in that order. The concentrations of Pb, Zn were above standard values (P=0.05) but Fe was not significant. The machine did not detect arsenic (As). Samples of cabbage from Russau contained higher levels of all the metals than those from Lamingo. In Irish potatoes, samples from Lamingo had mean levels of Pb, Cd, Zn and Fe as follows: 0.188±0.017, 0.36±0.037 16.105±4.16 and 0.082 respectively. The levels were significantly above (P=.05) standard values. In Carrots, levels of the metals in samples from Lamingo were 0.15±0.015, 0.14±0.015 and 0.88±0.018 respectively for Fe, Cd and Pb. Similarly, samples from Russau had 0.14±0.016, 0.20±0.022 and 1.04±0.031 respectively for Fe, Cd and Pb.&#x0D; Conclusion: Samples, especially those from Russau, contain zinc but they also contain cadmium, lead and iron which can predispose to their toxic effects.

Abstract 12996: Association Between Blood Cadmium Level and Congestive Heart Failure: Analysis of the NHANES 2017 - 2020

Introduction: Cadmium toxicity affects various organs, including the heart and kidneys. Whether the relationship between a broad range of cadmium levels, from normal to highly toxic and congestive heart failure (CHF), remains unclear. Hypothesis: Blood cadmium (Cd) level is associated with a higher prevalence of CHF. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study involving participants (≥ 18 years old) in the 2017 - 2020 NHANES was examined by using multiple logistic regression to determine the association between Cd levels and history of CHF informed by a doctor or other health professional. Results: Of 12,102 participants with blood cadmium (Cd) results were identified, of which mean age was 37±24 years, and 50.6% were female. The majority were White (33%), followed by Black (25%), Mexican American (13%), and Asian (10%). Among 8,074 participants with Cd results, 304 participants (3.8%) had a history of CHF. The participants were stratified into quartiles (Q) based on their Cd levels, with mean Cd levels of 0.08, 0.16, 0.29, and 0.93 μg/L for each quartile, respectively. Individuals in Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 2.48, 3.20, and 4.29 times more likely to experience CHF than those in Q1. (Q2: 95% CI 1.22, 5.06; Q3: 95% CI 1.61, 6.37; Q4: 95% CI 2.18, 8.45).After adjusting for age, gender, race, BMI, smoking status, high systolic blood pressure (&lt;130 vs. &gt;130 mmHg), diabetic status, and urine albumin creatinine ratio, participants in Q3 and Q4 remained at a higher risk of CHF compared to an individual in Q1, with a risk increase of 2.18 and 3.04, respectively. (Q3: 95% CI 1.02, 4.68; Q4: 95% CI 1.41, 6.52; Figure 1). While CHF was 2.11 times as likely to occur among participants in Q2 but not statically significant (Q2: 95% CI 0.97, 4.59; Figure 1). Conclusions: A graded association exists between blood cadmium levels, even within the non-toxic range, and an increased prevalence of CHF. Further longitudinal cohort studies are required to elucidate this relationship.

Sources and Health Risks of Inorganic Toxicants in Gallus Gallus Domesticus (Broilers) in Uyo, Nigeria

Poultry-related foods are consumed as good and cheap sources of protein globally. This research investigated the levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in poultry feeds, water samples, and broilers obtained from poultry farms randomly sampled within Uyo Metropolis. These poultry-related products were obtained, treated, and analysed spectrophotometrically using standard analytical techniques. Results showed that, the concentrations of all the metals in poultry feeds and broiler meat were within their recommended limits however, mean levels of Cd and Fe in water sample was higher than their permissible limits. Concentrations in poultry feeds were generally higher than their levels in broiler meat. Multivariate analyses indentified varied factors responsible for the accumulation of these metals in feeds, water samples, and broiler meat examined. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Cd, Fe, and Zn were higher than their oral reference doses (Rfds) for both the children and adults’ populations. The hazard quotients (HQ) of Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn for both populations were also higher than one (1). The hazard index of the metals for populations were higher than one but, the children class were more susceptible to non-carcinogenic risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for the carcinogens varied between medium to very high cancer risk classes. The total cancer risk (TCR) for the children and adults’ populations were 1.54E-01 and 1.43E-01, respectively higher than the standard limits. The relative risk (RR) analysis identified Cd as metal with the highest potential to cause cancer and non-cancer risks in the consumers of broiler meat from the studied poultry farms. This study has indicated the significance of assessing poultry feeds and related products to establish to the quality.

Feasibility Study on Phytoremediation of Potentially Toxic Elements (Cd, Ni and Pb) in Aquatic Environments Using Suaeda maritima Plant Species, a Case Study: Khorkhoran International Wetland, Persian Gulf.

The current study was designed to assess the phytoremediation potential of Suaeda maritima has been assessed for cleanup of contaminated sediments with Cd, Ni and Pb. In so doing, totally, 20 sampling sites were selected in the Khorkhoran International Wetland. The contents of elements in sediments, plant organs and water samples were determined using ICP-OES. The mean contents of Cd, Ni and Pb (mg/kg) in the sediment samples were found to be 0.096, 38.1 and 1.78, respectively. Moreover, the mean levels of Cd, Ni and Pb (mg/kg) in root samples of S. maritime were 0.160, 2.72 and 1.22 respectively; whereas, in leaf samples they were found to be 0.157, 3.34 and 2.23mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the mean contents of Cd, Ni and Pb (µg/L) in water samples were 243, 1440 and 3010, respectively. The values of BCF for Cd, BAF for Cd and Pb, and TF for Ni and Pb were higher than 1, which would indicate that S. maritima could possibly be a suitable candidate for the phytostabilization of Cd and the phytoextraction of Ni and Pb.

Perspective of heavy metal potential risk in wetland soil and fish for amplified waste management around Lake Victoria, Uganda

Ssanyu GA, Kiwanuka M, Lunkuse I, Okumu D, Mbeiza NM. 2023. Perspective of heavy metal potential risk in wetlands soil and fish for amplified waste management around Lake Victoria, Uganda. Lake Reserv Manage. X:XXX–XXX. Increasing unsustainable agricultural and land management activities reduce the effectiveness of wetlands in absorbing heavy metals. This leads to high and detectable heavy metal levels in wetland soil and fish, respectively. This study assessed the content of heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), in the water, soils, and commercial wetland fishes (Protopterus aethiopicus and Clarias galiepinus) from Lake Victoria wetlands with different land uses. Heavy metal analysis was done using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. Mean Cd and Pb levels were below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits in all the wetlands’ water samples. Wetlands associated with urban or industrial development presented higher levels of Pb than other wetlands. Wairaka wetland, associated with commercial agriculture, presented a significantly higher mean concentration of Cr (191.2 mg/kg) in the soil than other wetlands. Cr and Ni contents were high in all fish muscle samples, while Cd and Pb contents in fish muscles were below WHO permissible limits, except for Clarias fish from 2 urban/industrial and one commercial agriculture affected wetlands, which had higher Pb than in other fish muscle tissues. The hazard index values of both fish species were greater than one from urban/industrial and commercial agriculture associated wetlands, implying that fish consumers would encounter noncarcinogenic health risks. More efforts are needed to strengthen Lake Victoria industrial and municipal waste management strategies to reduce the potential heavy metal risk in wetland soil and fish.

Microbial and Heavy Metal Assessment of Meat Samples from Ranched and Non-ranched Domestic Animals Sold at Gariki Market, Enugu State, Nigeria

Studies were carried out to evaluate the microbial and heavy metal contamination of meat samples from ranched and non-ranched domestic animals sold at Gariki market, Enugu State, using standard analytical and biochemical procedures and instrumentation.The meat samples from the ranched and non-ranched domestic animals (goat, cow, pig and chicken) were procured at slaughter from the Gariki market and under ice condition transported to the laboratory for microbial and heavy metal analysis. Ranched goat meat, non-ranched goat meat, non-ranched cow meat, ranched cow meat, indoor-reared pork meat, out-door reared chicken meat and in-door reared chicken meat samples had mean Cd values ranging from 0.110- 0.292 µg/g; Pb, 0.176 -0.505µg/g and Cu, 1.303 -5.972µg/g.The mean levels of the investigated heavy metals in the meat samples were statistically significant. Meat samples procured from the non- ranched domestic animals and some ranched or in-door reared ones (cow and pig) had mean Cd levels at toxic level. Mean Pb value in the non –ranched cow meat samples followed the same trend. The pathogenic bacteria of interest to food scientists namely, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Salmonella enteritidis were isolated in the meat samples from the domestic animals. The range of mean bacterial counts of S.aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Salmonella enteritidis in the ranched goat meat, non-ranched goat meat, non –ranched cow meat, ranched cow meat, in-door-reared pork meat, out-door reared chicken meat and in-door reared chicken meat samples were 1.04 × 102 – 1.73× 10 8 Cfu/g. 1.14×102 – 2.64 × 106 Cfu/g and 0.82 ×102 -3.92×105 Cfu/g respectively. With the inclusion of ranched cow meat and in-door reared pork meat samples, the meat samples from the non-ranched domestic animals had mean bacterial counts of the isolated pathogenic organisms above threshold limits. The quality of meat samples from the non-ranched (out-door reared) domestic animals sold at Gariki market, could be said to be more burdened by heavy metal and microbial contamination, which apart from decreasing the nutritive quality of the meats, also portends food safety challenges to the consumers.

The role of lead and cadmium in deciduous teeth and saliva on dental caries in children residing in Tehran, Iran

BackgroundLead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) are important environmental contaminants. There is no biological monitoring of exposure to these heavy metals and their potential effect on dental caries in children in Tehran, Iran, a polluted megacity. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential association between Pb and Cd levels in primary teeth and saliva and dental caries. MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, 211 children aged 6–11 years referred to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry and residing in Tehran were examined. Pb and Cd levels of exfoliated primary teeth and stimulated saliva were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Dental caries prevalence was evaluated according to WHO criteria. Socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior, snacking frequency and salivary pH data were acquired as confounding factors. Frequency and percentages were reported for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and geometric mean for skewed continuous variables. A simple linear regression and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analyses. P-values < 0.05 were considered as significant. ResultThe mean (95 % confidence interval) Pb and Cd levels in teeth were 213.26 ppb (164.29–274.84) and 23.75 ppb (20.86–27.05), respectively. The mean Pb and Cd levels in saliva were 11.83 ppb (10.71–13.06) and 3.18 ppb (2.69–3.75), respectively. Furthermore, Pb and Cd in primary teeth and saliva were not associated (p > 0.05) with socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior and snacking frequency ConclusionThis study showed no association between Pb and Cd concentrations in primary teeth and in saliva with dental caries prevalence.

A study of aquatic macrophyte for remediation of chromium and cadmium in wastewater effluents in Yenagoa Metropolis, Niger Delta

Although aquatic macrophytes have been used individually for wastewater remediation, there is a dearth of studies comparing their efficiency level to determine the most effective for remediation of specific heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the most effective aquatic macrophyte amongst Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphaea nouchalli, Lemna minor and Ceratophyllum demersum for the remediation of Cr and Cd from wastewater effluents in Yenagoa Metropolis, Niger Delta. Wastewater samples from emulsion paint industries were collected from six locations (L1-L6) and analyzed for Cr and Cd concentration using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. The wastewater samples were treated with these aquatic macrophytes and the concentration of Cr and Cd in the samples were assessed every two weeks for six weeks. Results showed that the mean Cr concentration (0.27mg/L) and Cd levels (0.080mg/L) in the wastewater samples were higher than the recommended WHO limits of 0.05 and 0.003mg/L respectively. The treated wastewater showed that Cr and Cd concentrations in the wastewater were reduced to minimum values by P. statiotes (0.003±0.001mg/L) and E. crassipes (0.000±0.000mg/L) respectively. The removal potentials of the macrophytes were in the order of P. stratiotes &gt; E. crassipes &gt; N. nouchalli &gt; L. minor &gt; C. demersum for Cr, and E. crassipes &gt; P. stratiotes &gt; N. nouchalli &gt; C. demersum &gt; L. minor for Cd. It was concluded that the most effective aquatic macrophyte for remediation of Cr was P. stratiotes (with 97% efficiency) and Cd was E. crassipes (87.5% efficiency). Therefore the macrophytes were considered good phytoremediators.

Heavy metals in road dust across China: occurrence, sources and health risk assessment.

We investigated the occurrence of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in 28 road dust samples collected across China from June to August, 2020. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 3.16, 24.2, 27.4, 10.4, 49.8 and 608mg·kg- 1, respectively. The mean levels of Cd and Zn exceeded the Chinese background values by 32.6- and 8.2- fold. Cd, Ni mainly distributed in southern China, whereas Cu, Pb and Zn mainly distributed in central China. Higher concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were found in road dusts from urban areas than those from rural areas. Cu and Ni mainly came from natural sources; Pb and Cd mainly originated from industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust. Hand-mouth ingestion was the most common exposure pathway for both adults and children, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Pb was found to be the highest risk element via ingestion. No significant non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks were found for local residents.

Serum trace element levels of liver cirrhosis and pancreatic cancer patients

The incidence of liver cirrhosis and pancreatic cancer varies between countries and stands out as an important health problem worldwide. Liver cirrhosis is the most advanced stage of chronic liver disease and is a widespread result of chronic liver damage. The etiology of liver cirrhosis and pancreatic cancer, which are major causes of cancer fatalities in developed countries, is poorly understood. Many metabolic and physiological processes in the human body utilize trace elements. The creation and development of many diseases like cancer, cardiovascular, and diabetes mellitus occur with the disruption of trace element metabolism in the body as a result of improper nutrition, environmental, and occupational exposure, and impaired digestion and absorption. Methods and materials: In this study, copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) concentrations were researched in the serum of liver cirrhosis and Pancreatic Cancer (PC) patients and healthy controls. Analysis of the elements was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Fe and Zn serum levels were considerably lower in individuals with liver cirrhosis and pancreatic cancer than in controls (p &lt;0.001). Furthermore, mean serum levels of Cd and Mn in patients with liver cirrhosis and pancreatic Ca were considerably lower than in controls (p &lt;0.01). In addition, when compared to pancreatic cancer, mean serum Cu and Ni levels in liver cirrhosis patients and controls were considerably lower (p &lt;0.05). Mean serum levels of Pb in pancreatic Ca patients were significantly lower compared to liver cirrhosis patients and controls (p &lt;0.05). When comparing all cancer patients to controls, mean serum Co and Mg levels were not substantially different. Conclusion: Deficiency in four trace elements (Cd, Mn, Fe, and Zn) was determined in patients with liver cirrhosis and pancreatic cancer. In addition, we have determined the deficiency of Cu and Ni trace elements (TEs) in pancreatic cancer patients. TE insufficiencies in cancer patients may be due to excessive consumption of foods and undernourishment. Epidemiological and physiological causes of trace element changes should be investigated further.

Placental cadmium, placental genetic variations, and birth size

Background Maternal cadmium (Cd) burden has been associated with offspring birth size measures, yet associations of placental Cd with birth size are less clear. Further, the role of genetics in these associations has not been examined. We investigated associations of placental Cd with birth size and placental genotypes. We also examined the potential role of placental genotypes as modifiers of placental Cd and birth size associations. Methods Participants were 490 mother-child pairs from the Omega and Placenta Microarray studies based in Seattle, WA. Placental Cd was measured using Agilent 7500 ICP-MS. The birth size was characterized using birth weight (BW), ponderal index (PI), and head circumference (HC). Eleven placental single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to metal transport, growth regulation, endocrine response, and cell signaling were genotyped. Adjusted multivariable linear regression models were used to examine overall and sex-specific associations of placental Cd with birth size (BW, PI and HC), as well as associations of placental genotypes with placental Cd. Effect modification of placenta Cd and birth size associations by placental SNPs was examined using interaction terms and stratified analyses. Results Mean maternal age was 33.6 years (SD = 4.4). Mean and median placental Cd levels were 4.0 ng/g tissue (SD = 2.7 ng/g tissue) and 3.6 ng/g (IQR 2.5 − 5.2 ng/g), respectively. Overall, compared with infants in the lowest quartile for placental Cd, infants in the second (ß = −102.8 g, 95% CI: −220.7, 15.1), third (ß = –83.2 g, 95% CI: −199.3, 32.9) and fourth (ß = −109.2 g, 95% CI: −225.4, 7.1) quartiles had lower BW, though associations were not statistically significant (all p-values > .05, trend p-value = .11). Among male infants, infants in the second (ß = −203.3 g, 95% CI: −379.7, −27.0) and fourth quartiles (ß = −198.3 g, 95% CI: −364.2, −32.5) had lower BW compared with those in the first quartiles (p-values < .05, trend p-value = .08). Similar relationships were not observed among female infants, though infant sex-placental Cd interaction terms were not significant. Similarly, male, but not female, infants had marginally significant positive associations between placental Cd and ponderal index (trend p-value = .06). The minor rs3811647 allele of the placental transferrin gene (NCBI Gene ID: 7018) was associated with an increase in Cd among all infants (p-value = .04). We did not find differences in associations of placental Cd with birth size markers among infants stratified by rs3811647 genotype. Conclusions Placental Cd was inversely associated with BW among male infants. The rs3811647 SNP of the transferrin gene was associated with placental Cd.

English

Leafy vegetables are used in making soups, local salads and diverse forms of foods for human consumption is common in Africa. These vegetables include Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Phaseolus vulgaris (green beans) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes). The area of study is famous for agriculture and mining activities; Farmers cultivate them on degraded farmlands polluted with metals; these vegetables absorb these metals thereby making them enter the food chain. During dry season, water from mining ponds is used for irrigation. Industrial waste water is also used. Levels of cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), were assessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optically Emitting Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) equipment. Five samples of each vegetable were collected randomly from different irrigation farms situated at Bassa, Bisichi and Zaramaganda. Graph pad prism-7 multiple comparison tests in a one-way ANOVA was used to compare variations in metal concentrations at 95% confidence limit. Pb, As and Cd were not detected in water samples from Bisichi but mean level of Cd and Pb in water from Bassa and Zaramaganda were 0.932 mg/L (P=0.05) and 1.242 mg/L (P=0.05); 0.84 mg/L (P=0.05) and 16.338 mg/L (P=0.05), respectively relative the FAO/WHO safe limits. Water samples from Bassa contained Cu whose level was above (P=0.05) safe limits; only one was below the standard (P&gt;0.05). Samples from Zaramaganda contained highest levels of the metals. cabbage and green beans from Zaramaganda and Bisichi contained Pb, Cu above (P=0.05) the FAO/WHO limit. Mean Pb content in cabbage and green beans from Bisichi was 2.099 and 0.189 mg/kg respectively. From Bassa, Pb content in tomatoes and green beans were 0.086 and 491.31 mg/kg respectively. From Zaramaganda, Pb content in green beans and tomatoes were 12.31 and 14.522 mg/kg; level of Cd in green beans 0.481 mg/kg. Considering Cu, tomato from Bassa contained highest level, 64.310 mg/kg (P=0.05), green beans from Zarmaganda was 48.251 mg/kg (P=0.05), tomato from Bisichi contained 38.541(P=0.05) relative safe limits. In conclusion, the significant concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the vegetables in the area of study, which are routinely used in making soups, portage and local salads, predispose consumers to, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inhibition of the heme biosynthesis pathway, hemolysis and febrile reactions due to their respective toxicities. Key words: Cabbage, tomatoes, green beans, cadmium, arsenic, copper, and lead.

Концентрация тяжелых металлов в овощах с ирригационных полей, использующих сточные воды, и потенциальный риск здоровью населения

This study assesses heavy metal levels in the water, soil, and vegetables (swiss chard, lettuce, cabbage, collard green, tomato, green pepper, and carrot) irrigated with wastewater in Gamo, Ethiopia. The samples of soils, waters, and vegetables were randomly collected, processed, and analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Ni had the highest concentration, and Pb, Zn, and Cu had the lowest concentration in irrigation waters. The levels of Cd in the Kulfo river area and Chamo Lake area and Cu in most of the farm soils were also found to be higher than the guideline values. The study also revealed that the mean levels of Cd in most vegetables and Cr and Pb in some vegetables were higher than the maximum recommended limits set by the World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization 2001. Among the vegetables, cabbage had the highest heavy metal content followed by Swiss-chard, carrot, tomato, collard green, green pepper, and lettuce. The Hazard quotient of Cu, and Ni of all samples of vegetables and Cd in some samples vegetables obtained exceeded unity. It signifies that there are potential health risks to the consumers. This study recommends regular monitoring of heavy metals in soils, waters, and foodstuffs to prevent excessive accrual in the food chain.

Heavy metal concentration in vegetables and their potential risk for human health

This study assesses heavy metal levels in the water, soil, and vegetables (swiss chard, lettuce, cabbage, collard green, tomato, green pepper, and carrot) irrigated with wastewater in Gamo, Ethiopia. The samples of soils, waters, and vegetables were randomly collected, processed, and analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Ni had the highest concentration, and Pb, Zn, and Cu had the lowest concentration in irrigation waters. The levels of Cd in the Kulfo river area and Chamo Lake area and Cu in most of the farm soils were also found to be higher than the guideline values. The study also revealed that the mean levels of Cd in most vegetables and Cr and Pb in some vegetables were higher than the maximum recommended limits set by the World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization 2001. Among the vegetables, cabbage had the highest heavy metal content followed by Swiss-chard, carrot, tomato, collard green, green pepper, and lettuce. The Hazard quotient of Cu, and Ni of all samples of vegetables and Cd in some samples vegetables obtained exceeded unity. It signifies that there are potential health risks to the consumers. This study recommends regular monitoring of heavy metals in soils, waters, and foodstuffs to prevent excessive accrual in the food chain.

The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the levels of copper, zinc and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the liver.

This study was conducted to consider the effect of cadmium (Cd) on the liver and serum levels of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), and the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in preserving cells against Cd toxicity. Rats were randomly divided into five groups, including G1 (control), G2 (single dose of Cd), G3 (continuous administration of Cd), G4 (single dose of Cd + continu- ous administration of NAC), and G5 (continuous administration of Cd + continuous administra- tion of NAC). Rats in G2 and G4 groups were exposed with single dose of Cd on the first day of study. Continuous administration of Cd and NAC was used every day for 4 weeks. Levels of Zn and Cu were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Expression of matrix metallo- proteinases-2 (MMP2) and MMP9 genes was evaluated using RT-PCR. The mean level of Cd in serum and liver tissue of G2 group increased significantly by about 26-27%, whereas in G3 group, it increased significantly by about 50-60%. While NAC treatment significantly raised Zn and Cu values, Cd levels significantly decreased in the serum and tissue samples of rats exposed to single or continuous Cd. Exposure to single and continuous administration of Cd caused a significant increase in MMP2 expression by 10.14-fold (P=0.016) and 27.61-fold (P⟨0.001), respectively. Single and continuous administration of Cd led to a significant increase in MMP9 expression by 3.63-fold (P=0.046) and 43.12-fold (P⟨0.001), respectively. NAC treatments decreased the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in rats exposed to single or continuous Cd. Cd exposure was strongly associated with Zn and Cu depletion, and overexpression of MMP2 and MMP9. NAC can protect the liver against Cd toxicity by elevating Zn and Cu contents and down-regulating proteolytic enzymes.