Mean Increase In Systolic Blood Pressure Research Articles

Blood pressure response to hydraulic resistance exercise in healthy older men and women

1094 Hydraulic circuit exercise (HCE) is a suitable resistance exercise modality and can be used as part of a well-rounded exercise program for the older person. However, the cardiovascular response, expecially blood pressure, to this type of resistance exercise is unknown. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to determine blood pressure (BP) response to HCE in healthy older men and women (75 ± 6 yrs, n=32). HCE was performed on single unit, 4-station hydraulic resistance exercise machine for the maximum number of repetitions the subject could attain. Heart rate and ECG were recorded throughout. Blood pressure (determined by an automated device), heart rate and ECG were measured immediately after leg (LE), shoulder (SE), chest (CE) and abdomen/back (ABE) exercise at low, moderate, and high intensity HCE. It was difficult to attain BP until high intensity resistance exercise for older adults because it took more than 40 sec for the automated measurement. Therefore, we used the data of BP determined immediately after HCE in the older men and women. Preliminary experiments in young subjects showed no difference only systolic BP (SBP) and heart rate determined during or immediately after HCE. Resting BP and heart rate were 128/73 mmHg and 70 bpm, respectively in older subjects. The mean increase in SBP are as follows TableTableSubjects showed no blood pressure or heart rate abnormalities, or indications of myocardial ischemia by ECG. Thus, it is concluded that HCE is a safe, in regard to blood pressure response, resistance exercise for healthy older individuals.

Tracking of elevated systolic blood pressure among lean and overweight adolescents

To determine whether elevated blood pressure tracks to a greater degree in overweight than in lean children. Prospective cohort study. We examined 758 adolescents (mean age 13.4 years) who participated in a longitudinal study of blood pressure. The degree of tracking was examined by cross-classification of sex-specific tertiles of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body mass index determined at baseline and 5 years later. Those children that were in the highest tertile of SBP and body mass index were considered to be 'overweight with elevated blood pressure'. Those that were in the highest tertile of SBP but lowest tertile of body mean index were considered to be 'lean with elevated blood pressure'. Of those boys that were initially classified as lean with elevated blood pressure, 38% remained so classified compared with 54.6% of those that were initially classified as overweight with elevated blood pressure. Among the girls the respective proportions were 48 and 44.2%. The subjects of each sex who were lean with elevated blood pressure were significantly shorter at baseline than their overweight counterparts, and over the follow-up period experienced a greater mean increase in SBP than their overweight peers. This difference was almost totally explained for the boys once the difference in height change was taken into account. For the girls a difference of 5.9 mmHg remained after covariate adjustment for the change in height. These results fail to support the hypothesis that blood pressure tracks differently in obese and in lean adolescents, particularly once differences in sexual maturation are considered.

Blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine concentrations after endogenous norepinephrine release by tyramine.

To determine whether small changes in sympathetic activity would cause detectable changes in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, and whether the effects of endogenously released and exogenous NE differ, we injected tyramine infusions and l-norepinephrine (l-NE), into six healthy subjects, and the changes in blood pressure (BP) and plasma NE were related. The mean increase in systolic BP was approximately 17 mm Hg with both infusions; diastolic BP increased with l-NE but did not rise significantly with tyramine. Heart rate fell more with l-NE than with tyramine infusions. The maximum increase in plasma NE levels was more than 500% during l-NE infusions but less than 200% with tyramine. There was no correlation between plasma NE and absolute levels of systolic BP when individual data were plotted for tyramine infusions, whereas mean group changes in systolic BP correlated strongly with mean group plasma NE, both during tyramine and l-NE infusions. The slope of the relationship was much steeper for tyramine than for l-NE. We conclude that the use of plasma NE to measure small differences in sympathetic activity among individuals is limited by interindividual variability, whereas changes in sympathetic activity within groups are more likely to be detected.

A longitudinal blood pressure study. Change of blood pressure during 10 yr in relation to initial values. The study of men born in 1913

A model of the blood pressure change with age, and thus of the development of hypertension, was constructed on the basis of indirect evidence from the literature. The validities of the model were tested in a Swedish prospective blood pressure study where a sample of 50-yr-old men from the general population has been followed. Data from the first 10 yr of follow-up are presented. In conclusion the mean systolic blood pressure increase was about 1 mmHg per annum and the diastolic phase-4 blood pressure change was close to zero. The individual systolic blood pressure change was related to the blood pressure level at the start of the study; those men who had the highest initial systolic blood pressure level also had the fastest systolic blood pressure increase during follow-up.