Post-test Mean Research Articles

A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Hygienic Practices for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection among Adolescent Girls in Selected Area of Dang District

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is one of the major global health problems in developing countries. It is very common in females, especially adolescent girls. Mainly because of changes in the hormones, and it is also associated with poor intake of water, infrequent voiding, poor menstrual hygiene, and anatomical defects. For the prevention of UTI, many points are important to keep in mind, like drinking 6-8 glasses of water each day. Avoid wearing tight pants. Wear cotton undergarments. Wash the perineum after urinating. Wiping from front to back after a bowel movement. More than three times voiding during school hours. Drying the cloth in the sunlight. Voiding in a clean toilet, etc. Aim: The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of a structured teaching program regarding hygienic practice for the prevention of urinary tract infection among adolescent girls in a selected area of Dang district. Methodology: A quantitative approach was adopted for this study with a pre-experimental research design with one group pre-test and post-test. A total of 100 (adolescent girls) samples were selected to collect the data by using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The tools used for the study were a self-structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables and a self-structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding the prevention of urinary tract infection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean pre-test (6.01) and post-test (14.19) knowledge scores, with a positive mean difference of 8.18. The calculated “t” value of 26.32 is higher than the table value of 1.645 at the 0.05 level of significance. There was a significant association between the pre-test knowledge of adolescent girls, their age, and the monthly income of the family. Conclusion: The study concluded that the structured teaching program was effective and significant in improving the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding the prevention of urinary tract infections, which was more effective and beneficial for them.

Impact of oil massage on newborn behavioural responses in rural India.

The initial weeks of a newborn's life are marked by rapid physiological and behavioural adjustments as the infant adapts to the external environment. This critical period necessitates attentive care, prompting exploration into traditional practices such as oil massage, which holds cultural significance and is believed to enhance neonatal well-being. Despite its prevalence, empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of oil massage remains limited. This study, conducted in a rural setting, aims to bridge traditional practices with evidence-based care, exploring the impact of oil massage on newborn behavioural responses. A quasi-experimental design involving 60 newborns (30 in each group) assessed behavioural responses through a pre and post-test approach. Results indicate a significant improvement in selected behavioural responses among newborns receiving oil massage, emphasizing its potential integration into routine care. The control group showed a pre-test mean of 14.83 (SD = 2.41) and a post-test mean of 16.23, while the experimental group exhibited a pre-test mean of 15.83 (SD = 1.80) and a post-test mean of 26.07. T-test values of 5.194 for the control group and 26.137 for the experimental group were indicative of statistically significant changes. The study contributes insights into neonatal care practices, urging further exploration of contextual intricacies and demographic influences on newborn behaviour.

"Effect of Suryanamaskar Training on Flexibility Enhancement in Young Players: A Pre-Post Intervention Study"

Abstract: The goal of the research was to determine how Suryanamaskar training affected players’ flexibility. Twenty to twentyfour year old individuals, total, were chosen from Kalyan region, to participate in the current research as players. Suryanamaskar training (an independent variable) and flexibility (a dependent variable) were the variables used for this research. The pre- and post-tests were used to gather data on flexibility. A single group design was used for the research, and the pretest and posttest were administered before and after the eight weeks of Suryanamaskar training, respectively. At the 0.05 level of significance, paired t-tests and descriptive analyses were used to compare the pre- and posttest means of flexibility. The study's findings demonstrated a significant difference in players' pre- and post-test flexibility (t=6.713, p<0.05). Based on the results, it was determined that Suryanamaskar training would be useful for enhancing players' flexibility.

VALUES DEVELOPMENT THROUGH GYMNASTIC EDUCATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Physical education and sports are at the forefront of many schools of thought when it comes to values education since sport has the power to provide a universal framework for learning values. For this reason, the aim of this study is to examine the development of values in children aged four and five who start their gymnastics education in early childhood. In the experimentally planned study, the children's families filled the values scale as a pre-test and post-test, and the changes were examined. The population of the research group consisted of children aged four to five who attended the gymnastics course opened by a private club in the Akhisar district of Manisa during the summer period. The sample group consisted of 49 children whose consent was obtained after informing their families. The Preschool Values Scale Family Form (PVSFF), developed by Neslitürk and Çeliköz (2015), was used as a measurement tool. Although there was no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the Preschool Values Scale Family Form, a significant difference was found only in the responsibility sub-dimension of the scale. Therefore, it is understood that children can gain values, especially responsibility, through lifelong game-based sports. Considering that learning through game is important in early childhood, it is thought that emphasizing the concept of values in the movement or sports education programs to be structured and to inform the teachers, coaches or consultants working in this field is crucial.

Effectiveness of simulation-based paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training program among nursing students in Saudi Arabia.

The main objective of this study was to adopt a simulation-based advanced cardiac life support training program to assess nursing students' level of knowledge and practice regarding paediatric advanced cardiac life support and to identify the major knowledge and practice gaps. The methods used in this study were pre-experimental, one group pre and post-test investigation. This study was conducted between September 2022 and November 2022, at the University College of Farasan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Quantitative data were obtained using the "Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge Questionnaire", "Students' Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Scale," and the "CPR Skill Checklist," which were applied to 75 participants in focus groups. Before the simulation-based CPR training, the students' mean pre-test Paediatric CPR knowledge score was 6.5±2.3 out of 42.0. After the simulation, the mean post-test CPR knowledge score (38.1±2.9) considerably improved (p 0.05). The mean post-test CPR skills score (44.7±1.2) was also considerably higher than the mean pre-test CPR skills score (11.4±2.8) at (p 0.05). Additionally, after the simulation training, students' happiness and confidence levels (61.9±2.2) greatly increased. Themes from the qualitative data showed that the simulation was viewed as an engaging and effective teaching tool by the students. Two themes emerged from the study: "Worries before simulation" and "Satisfaction after simulation". Simulation-based paediatric cardio Pulmonary resuscitation training program has raised nursing students' level of expertise in knowledge, performance, and self-efficacy. Additionally, strong satisfaction and self-confidence levels were discovered following the simulation training.

Decreasing Stigma Toward People Who Inject Drugs: Harm Reduction Training for First-Year Medical Students.

Stigma in health care toward people who inject drugs (PWID) is a well-described, significant barrier to quality care, resulting in poor health outcomes. Harm reduction offers a person-centered counter-framework for minimizing harm for people who use drugs. Despite the evidence in support of harm reduction, medical students typically receive minimal training on harm reduction and the care of PWID. To fill this gap, medical students at the University of California, Los Angeles organized around the principles of harm reduction to improve the medical school curriculum related to PWID. Students screened lectures for stigmatizing language and collaborated with faculty to improve lecture materials. They partnered with a community organizer and hosted a mandatory 1-hour lecture and 30-minute discussion introducing the principles of harm reduction within an overdose prevention, recognition, and response training for first-year medical students during medical school orientation in August 2022. An anonymous online pretest and posttest survey, assessing student attitudes toward PWID, was used to evaluate the effects of the training. A total of 156 students completed the pretest survey, and 107 students completed the pretest and posttest survey (68.5% response rate). The overall posttest mean stigma score was 1.8 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.5) and was significantly lower than the pretest mean of 2.1 (SD = 0.7; P < .0001), indicating a reduction in stigma among medical student attitudes after the course. There was statistically significant improvement in attitudes for 7 of 13 component measures. This analysis demonstrated that the mandatory class has the capacity to improve medical student attitudes toward PWID. The authors plan to further evaluate the program's effectiveness through measuring and reporting outcomes for future student cohorts. The authors are working with curriculum directors to further incorporate harm reduction principles into other lectures and problem-based learning exercises.

The effect of the training provided to primiparous pregnant women based on the model on pregnancy risk perception and health literacy

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of health education based on the health belief model (HBM) on the perception of risk in pregnancy and health literacy in primiparous pregnant women to maintain and improve their health. The study was carried out with 82 pregnant women who were in the second trimester. The number of samples was calculated using the G-Power program version 3.1.7. The number of samples was found 44 for the education group and 44 for the control group with a confidence interval of 95 percent, a margin of error of 5 percent, a large Cohen d effect size value (0.5), and a power of 80 percent. Randomization was performed using the envelope method to determine the interventional and control groups. The training prepared in line with the SIM was presented to the participants in the education group. 2 sessions per week, a total of 4 times. “Personal Information Form,” Health Literacy Scale (HLS), and Perception of Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire (PPRQ) were used as data collection tools. The mean of the risk perception of the pregnant toward the baby posttest score was 9.95 ± 13.30 in the education group, and 23.35 ± 21.41 in the control group (p = .001). The mean health literacy scale posttest score was 103.52 ± 19.77 in the education group and 93.5 ± 19.02 in the control group, and it was found to be statistically significantly higher in the health literacy education group than in the control group (p = .027). This study found that educating pregnant women using the health belief model reduces their risk perception and boosts their degree of health literacy.

The value of collision feedback in robotic surgical skills training

Collision feedback about instrument and environment interaction is often lacking in robotic surgery training devices. The PoLaRS virtual reality simulator is a newly developed desk trainer that overcomes drawbacks of existing robot trainers for advanced laparoscopy. This study aimed to assess the effect of haptic and visual feedback during training on the performance of a robotic surgical task. Robotic surgery-naïve participants were randomized and equally divided into two training groups: Haptic and Visual Feedback (HVF) and No Haptic and Visual Feedback. Participants performed two basic virtual reality training tasks on the PoLaRS system as a pre- and post-test. The measurement parameters Time, Tip-to-tip distance, Path length Left/Right and Collisions Left/Right were used to analyze the learning curves and statistically compare the pre- and post-tests performances. In total, 198 trials performed by 22 participants were included. The visual and haptic feedback did not negatively influence the time to complete the tasks. Although no improvement in skill was observed between pre- and post-tests, the mean rank of the number of collisions of the right grasper (dominant hand) was significantly lower in the HVF feedback group during the second post-test (Mean Rank = 8.73 versus Mean Rank = 14.27, U = 30.00, p = 0.045). Haptic and visual feedback during the training on the PoLaRS system resulted in fewer instrument collisions. These results warrant the introduction of haptic feedback in subjects with no experience in robotic surgery. The PoLaRS system can be utilized to remotely optimize instrument handling before commencing robotic surgery in the operating room.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Respiratory Viral Diseases and Its Prevention among Adolescents in Selected Schools at Perinthalmanna

Introduction: Respiratory viral diseases are disease of respiratory system caused by respiratory viruses. Respiratory viruses are the most frequent causative agents of diseases in humans with significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. In present study we assessed the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding respiratory viral diseases and its prevention among adolescents in selected schools at Perinthalmanna. Methodology: Quantitative one group pre-test post-test approach was used in this study. 60 samples were selected by using non probability convenient sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire including demographic variables was used for the study. Result: Pre-test result shows that 29(48.33%) of adolescents had good knowledge, 27(45%) of adolescents had average knowledge and 4(6.67%) of adolescents had poor knowledge. Post-test knowledge shows that 38(63.34%) had excellent knowledge, 20(33.33%) had good knowledge, 2(3.33%) had average knowledge and none of the adolescent had poor knowledge. The effectiveness of self-instructional module was assessed by paired ‘t’ test. The calculated value was (t=19.3047) higher than the table value (t59=2.0010), it shows the self-instructional module was effective. There was no association between pre-test knowledge score of adolescents with selected demographic variables such as age, gender, class, religion, education of mother, education of father, occupation of father, occupation of mother. There was a significant association found between pretest knowledge score of adolescents with values of previous source of knowledge. The mean post-test score (15.03) was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (9.17). Conclusion: The present study revealed that the self-instructional module was effective as it improved the knowledge level of post-test.

Basic Diving Training for Community Based Tourism (Pokdarwis) in Pandeglang District

Pokdarwis is one of the spearheads of tourism which plays an important role in promoting tourist destinations and providing education related to these tourist destinations in the local area. The lack of knowledge and diving skills of Pokdarwis members, as well as the limited facilities and infrastructure that can be used to improve their diving skills is one of the reasons for the implementation of community service activities entitled Basic diving training for Community Based Tourism (Pokdarwis) in Pandeglang Regency. This activity uses the method of observation, interviews, training, and mentoring. This training activity was attended by 20 participants from the Pokdarwis of Pandeglang Regency. The results of this activity indicate that there are differences in the mean pretest and posttest scores, where the posttest score is greater than the pretest score. As many as 80% of the participants successfully carried out the SCUBA equipment installation procedure properly. 90% of participants were able to do the Giant Step Entry procedure well and 75% of the participants were able to do the Back Roll Entry procedure well. And finally, as many as 60% of the participants could do mask clearing well.

The effect of virtual reality and music on anxiety, non-stress test parameters, and satisfaction of high-risk pregnant women undergoing non-stress tests: Randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPrenatal tests cause high-risk pregnant women to experience high anxiety levels. AimThis paper investigated the effect of Virtual Reality (VR) and music on anxiety, non-stress test parameters, and satisfaction of high-risk pregnant women undergoing non-stress tests (NSTs). MethodsThis was a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of 102 participants randomized into three groups (VR = 34, music = 34, and control = 34). Maternal anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-S (STAI-S) before and after NSTs. Satisfaction was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after NSTs. NST parameters were evaluated after NSTs. The findings were reported based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). ResultsThe VR and music groups had significantly lower mean posttest STAI-S scores than the control group (p <.05). There was no significant difference in NST findings (reactive/nonreactive) between the groups (p >.05). The VR group had a significantly shorter reactive NST duration than the control group (p <.05). The VR and music groups had significantly higher mean VAS-satisfaction scores than the control group (p <.05) ConclusionVirtual reality and music during NSTs help high-risk pregnant women experience less anxiety and satisfy them more with the procedure. We recommend that obstetric midwives and nurses use these low-cost, simple, and noninvasive methods to reduce anxiety in high-risk pregnant women during prenatal testing.

Effect of pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation on respiratory health status of people exposed to air pollution at Tirupati, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh

Background: Air pollution is a significant issue of global concern with implications for public health. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of air pollution on the respiratory health of individuals who are exposed to air pollution in Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. Methods: The present study utilised a quantitative methodology and employed a randomised control design. A total of 300 individuals using cluster sampling method were selected for this study and divided into four groups. Three of these groups received different interventions, namely pulmonary intervention, vitamin C supplementation, and a combination of pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation, the fourth group served as the control group. These groups were investigated simultaneously and their outcomes were compared. Results: A notable disparity is observed in the mean scores between the pre-test and post-test measurements in the pulmonary intervention group (t=2.06, p=0.001), vitamin C supplementation group (t=3.22, p&lt;0.001), and the combined pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation group (t=3.99, p&lt;0.000). Conversely, the control group (t=1.21, p=0.23) did not exhibit a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test mean scores. A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean post-test scores between the experimental and control groups indicated by the derived f=3.578 and a corresponding p=0.014, which met threshold for statistical significance at the p&lt;0.05 level. Conclusions: From the study findings it is concluded that Pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation has a positive impact on respiratory health status of people exposed to air pollution.

THE EFFECT OF ABC RUNNING AND CIRCUIT TRAINNING ON INCREASING 100M SPRINT RUN ACHIEVEMENT ON AMTC PANGALENGAN ATHLETICS

Every sprint athlete is required to have excellent anaerobic ability, because anaerobic is one of the most important components in athletics, especially short running numbers such as the 100m-200m-400m number, according to the facts in the field, it was found that their 100m running performance was still low. looks quite low which can be seen from the lack of technique, strength and speed when doing the 100m run, such as when the athlete does the 100m run the leg position is still not lifted and the frequency of the foot is still not fast, the athlete's hand position is also still less attractive or less long. when swinging and the body position is too straight so that during the exercise the athlete cannot get a good time. In the process of solving this research problem, the researcher used a quasi-experimental method with a two-group pretest-posttest design. According to Endang Mulyatiningsih (2013: 96) this two-group pretest-posttest experimental design has 2 data from the measurement results, namely pretest (O1) and posttest (O2). The data analysis technique chosen is of course the two sample t-test. Only one hypothesis was tested, namely there was a difference between the mean pretest and posttest mean values. This two-group pretest-posttest research design compares the two methods of ABC Running and Circuit Training. The sample used in this study was AMTC Pangalengan which was taken randomly as many as 40 samples from 80 samples, after getting the sample the researchers divided into 2 groups, each group consisting of 20 samples, from each group given ABC Running and Circuit Training Tritmen. A did the ABC Running Exercise treatment and for group B did the Circuit Training Exercise, after each group was given the treatment it was found that the ABC Running Exercise method had a very significant effect than the Circuit Trainning Exercise method on Sprint running performance.

The Effect of Family Education Program on Paternity Role and Children's Play Skills

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of fathers' participation in the Father Support Education Programme on their perception of their role as fathers and the development of play skills in their children. The study sample comprised 40 fathers whose children, aged 5 and 6, were enrolled in independent pre-schools located in the city centre of Bartın. The experimental design of pre-test and post-test control group was adopted to facilitate the study. All technical terms were defined when first used. The study comprised 20 fathers, who were divided into control and study groups. Fathers in the study group received the Father Support Education Program over a period of 10 weeks, while no education program was provided to the control group. Information was collected using the "Personal Information Form," "Father Role Perception Scale (FRPS)," and "Game Skills Assessment Scale (PSAS)." The research's quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programme for Windows 22.0. To compare continuous data between two independent groups, the t-test was employed. The analysis established that following the educational programme, fathers in the study group exhibited a significant difference between their pre-test and post-test mean scores for their roles in their children's play skills. It was found that the Father Support Education Programme had a positive impact on fathers' roles and the development of children's play skills.

A study of the impact of an interprofessional education module in Vietnam on students' readiness and competencies.

The literature puts forward a range of challenges of interprofessional education (IPE) related to its planning, initiation, implementation, and especially to IPE assessment. The present study aims to map changes in students' readiness and interprofessional collaboration competence (IPCC) in implementing an innovative IPE module. Potential differences in impact related to the health education programs and IPCC scores resulting from self-, peer-, and tutor assessments will also be analysed. A pre-post design was adopted. The student's readiness for interprofessional learning was assessed using the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale, and the student's IPCC score was calculated based on self-, peer-, and tutor assessments with the interprofessional collaborator assessment rubric. Students' mean post-test readiness scores and mean post-test IPCC scores were significantly higher than the total and subscales/domain pre-test scores (p<0.01). No significant within-subject differences were observed in students' readiness total or subscale scores when comparing health educational programs. However, significant differences were observed in students' mean total IPCC scores between programs (p<0.01). Significant differences in students' average IPCC scores were found when comparing self-, peer- and tutor assessment scores in six domains (p<0.01). Also, significant correlations between peer and tutor assessment scores were observed (p<0.01). The IPE module, designed and implemented to focus on patient-centred practice within a primary care context, positively impacted students' readiness and IPCC development. These results offer insights to expand the implementation of the IPE module to all health educational programs.

The study of parents creating opportunities for their preschoolers in using basic scientific process skills at home

ABSTRACT This quasi-experimental design study was conducted to examine the effect of the Science Activities Education Program for Parents (SAEPP) on parents’ ability to create opportunities for their children to develop basic scientific process skills at home. The study group consisted of 108 parents (54 experimental, 54 control) whose children attended two different municipal preschools in Izmir. The ‘Scale for Level of Using Basic Scientific Process Skills: Parent Form’ (SLUBSPSPF) was used to collect data for the study. Findings: There was a statistically significant difference between the pretest-posttest mean scores of SLUBSPSPF regarding the experimental group. The posttest scores show that SAEPP provides a significant increase in the situation of parents creating opportunities for their children to use basic scientific process skills (BSPS). In addition, when the Parent Form posttest and follow-up test mean scores were compared, it showed that there was no significant difference and that the education provided (SAEPP) had a permanent effect (p > 0.05).

Comparing the immediate effects of different neural mobilization exercises on hamstring flexibility in recreational soccer players.

Hamstring strain injuries remain a challenge for both athletes and clinicians given the high incidence rate, slow healing, and persistent symptoms. Increased tension in the neural structures is a known causative factor for hamstring tightness for which neural mobilization has emerged as a significant adjunct to routine stretching techniques. To compare the short-term effects of neural sliding and neural tensioning on hamstring length in male recreational soccer players with hamstring tightness. Sixty-two participants between ages 18 and 30 years were randomly assigned to one of the two groups viz. neural sliding or neural tensioning. Participants in either group performed the given stretching protocol in three sets. The Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) and Sit and Reach Test (SRT) were recorded before intervention, immediately after intervention, and after 60 min. between- and within group-analysis was done using analysis of variance. Between-group analysis showed that neural tensioning was more effective than neural sliding in improving hamstring length on both measures, however this difference was negligible. Within-group analysis demonstrated that the mean post-test scores on the AKET test and SRT were significantly greater than the pre-test scores in both groups (). A reduction in the post-test scores was observed after 60 min, irrespective of the type of stretching (). There was no difference in short-term effects of neural sliding or neural tensioning on hamstring flexibility in male recreational soccer players. Both groups showed improved flexibility immediately after the intervention with reduction in the effect after 60 min.

Teaching Model Development of English Speaking Skill Using Story Telling in Junior High School

The research aim is to describe the problem of speaking ability in junior high school needs to be done to observe the development of students'' learning difficulties in current speaking skills.The type of research is a class action research descriptive quantitative. The population of this research is class VIII teacher at Junior High School state three Binjai. Based on the results of the pre-test, the pre-test mean score was 66,26 and the mean score in the post-test was 86,93. It can be seen that the students'' skill in speaking by using storytelling technique increased. From these calculations, it can be inferred that there was a difference of students'' scores before and after receiving the treatment. The affect storytelling used single story telling is from score minimum pre-test 30 to score post test is 82 and score maximal pre-test 65 and post-test is 82 it is mean the research is succeed and have affect to speaking skill. The improving from the research is when using the single story telling model, the results obtained increased by approx. 49%. Based on the data analysis, the researcher found that storytelling technique can improve students’ skill in speaking. As the result from the pre-test and post-test mean scores which were given. The improvement of mean score was 66,26 to 86,93.It means that there is significant difference of achievement between the students who were taught by using storytelling technique and the students who were taught without storytelling technique. The data also showed that students felt that storytelling technique could help them in speaking. Most of them also responded that they attempt to use storytelling technique in their daily speaking.

The Effects of Positive Self-talk on Anxiety and Grief Among Women with Spontaneous Abortion: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Background: Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a common pregnancy complication with challenging prediction and prevention for healthcare providers. It can lead to stress, anxiety, depression, and grief for parents. Self-talk (ST) is a communication skill with a significant role in the relationship of events and emotions and can facilitate the management of most emotional and behavioral disorders. However, there is limited information about its effects on women with SA. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of positive ST on anxiety and grief among women with SA. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2021 using a two-group pre-test-post-test design. Eighty women with SA were randomly selected from a teaching hospital in Zahedan, Iran, and were alternately allocated to an intervention group and a control group on a weekly basis. Participants in the intervention group received education about positive ST in eight 20-minute sessions held twice weekly. Data were collected before and 2 months after the intervention using a demographic questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Perinatal Grief Scale. The SPSS v. 16.0 software was used to analyze the data at a significance level of &lt; 0.05 using the Shapiro-Wilk, paired-sample and independent-sample t tests, and chi-square test. Results: The age mean of the participants was 26.40 ± 5.63 years in the intervention group and 24.45 ± 5.11 years in the control group. The groups did not significantly differ from each other respecting baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (P &gt; 0.05). The mean scores of anxiety (control: 4.57 ± 1.98, intervention: 2.60 ± 1.59) and grief (control: 64.85 ± 22.68, intervention: 50.97 ± 16.522) significantly decreased in both groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.003), and the amount of decrease in the intervention group was significantly more than the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Accordingly, the pre-test mean scores of anxiety (P = 0.74) and grief (P = 0.95) did not show significant between-group differences, and the post-test mean scores of anxiety (P &lt; 0.001) and grief (P = 0.004) in the intervention group were significantly less than the control group. Conclusions: Positive ST is effective in significantly reducing anxiety and grief among women with SA. Nurses and psychologists can use positive ST to reduce post-SA psychological complications among afflicted women.

Effectiveness of Adolescent Interactive Education Program on Knowledge About Child Sexual Abuse and Self-Protection Among Early Adolescent Girls from Selected Urban School of Bengaluru, Karnataka.

In India, child sexual abuse is a widespread, serious, and long-growing problem. Children are generally abused by the people known to them and less likely by strangers. A majority of people remain numb about the issues because of fear, denial from the community and social stigma and also result in less reported cases among the victims. Our aim was to assess early adolescent girl's knowledge on child sexual abuse and self-protection and assess the effectiveness of interactive education programs. For the study, we adopted one group of pre-test and post-test designs. A total of 30 early adolescent girls from a selected school participated. The intervention consisted of interactive education program using role-play, discussion, storytelling, and audiovisual aids. Knowledge about CSA and self-protection was assessed pre- and post-intervention. There were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -7.632, P < 0.001) following interactive sessions. Also, the mean for self-protection was significantly lower than the post-test mean. After the intervention, there were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -5.722, P < 0.001). The results also show that the education of parents and monthly family income had significant association with the pre-intervention knowledge level. Interactive education program effectively increases the knowledge level on CSA and self-protection.