Mean Global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Score Research Articles

Sleep Characteristics in Mothers of Children With Developmental Disabilities

Impaired sleep can contribute to conditions such as cardiometabolic disorders, depression, and decreased immune function. Mothers of children with developmental disabilities (DDs) may be at greater risk for impaired sleep due to the sleep problems of their children. This cross-sectional study described the self-reported sleep characteristics of mothers of children (ages 6-12) with DDs by using a sleep diary and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) as quantitative and qualitative measures of sleep in these mothers. The Consensus Sleep Diary was modified to ascertain how the child's sleep and needs for care during the night impacted the mother's sleep. The results showed that mothers had short sleep duration (nearly 40% slept <7 hours per night), woke up an average of 2.2 times per night (most commonly due to caregiving needs of children), and had poor sleep quality (mean PSQI global score of 7.9 [SD=4.8]). The sleep problems of children with DDs may influence mothers’ sleep.

Exploring Accelerometer Versus Self-Report Sleep Assessment in Youth With Concussion.

This study examines accelerometer-based and self-report assessment of sleep disturbance from a larger prospective cohort of youth 5 to 18 years of age with postconcussive injury. Twenty-one participants with self-reported sleep disturbance were evaluated using accelerometers. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) every 48 hours and also measured sleep via accelerometry. Correlations were conducted matching PSQI scores to accelerometry assessment. PSQI scores were significantly correlated only with “average number of awakenings” (r = −0.21; P = .049). Accelerometer-measured mean (standard deviation) sleep efficiency was 79.9% (5.20%), with normal sleep defined as >85%. The mean (standard deviation) PSQI global score was 10.5 (3.78) out of 21, where scores of >5 indicate subjective insomnia. Results suggest the PSQI and accelerometers may be measuring different attributes of sleep. Both may be needed as actual sleep is important but so is perception of good sleep. These findings call for further validity testing of objective sleep assessment measures and commonly used self-report tools.

Sleep quality and its impact on quality of life in the primary caregiver of patients with gastric cancer

Objective To investigate the sleep quality and its impact on quality of life in the primary caregivers of patients with gastric cancer, thereby providing guidance on the promotion of their sleep and psycho-physical function. Methods This was a convenient sampling study that enrolled 190 primary caregivers of patients with gastric cancer from two general hospitals in Xi′an, China. The sleep quality, quality of life, and baseline data were evaluated using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), SF-36 health survey (SF-36). t test was used to compare the sleep quality between the caregivers and the general population. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to explore the relationship between sleep quality and quality of life. Results The mean global PSQI score was (8.06±4.05); 43.9% of them had poor sleep (PSQI≥8). Compared to the general population, the global PSQI score and the scores of the six factors were higher (P<0.01) in this sample, indicating a poorer sleep quality, except for the factor of use of sleep medication . The global PSQI score was positively correlated with the score of BP (r=0.15, P=0.04). Compared with participants who had a good sleep (PSQI<8), those with a poor sleep score were lower on RP (t=2.30, P=0.02) and SF (t=2.12, P=0.04). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that sleep quality was only a factor of BP (β=0.15, t=2.04, P=0.04) rather than RP and SF, after controlling for age and gender. Conclusions The primary caregivers of patients with gastric cancer have poorer sleep quality, compared to the general population. Sleep quality is related to some dimensions of quality of life, such as BP, RP, and SF. Health care providers should pay attention to the sleep and quality of life of the caregivers, and deliver corresponding interventions if necessary. Key words: Gastric cancer; Sleep; Quality of life; Primary caregiver

Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Sleep Dysfunction Undergoing Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Pilot Investigation of Comorbid Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have reduced sleep quality linked to their overall well-being and disease-specific quality of life (QOL). Other primary sleep disorders also affect QOL. To determine the impact of comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on CRS disease-specific QOL and sleep dysfunction in patients with CRS following functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Prospective multisite cohort study conducted between October 2011 and November 2014 at academic, tertiary referral centers with a population-based sample of 405 adults. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery for medically refractory symptoms of CRS. Primary outcome measures consisted of preoperative and postoperative scores operationalized by the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) survey, the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Obstructive sleep apnea was the primary, independent risk factor. Of 405 participants, 60 (15%) had comorbid OSA. A total of 285 (70%) participants provided preoperative and postoperative survey responses, with a mean (SD) of 13.7 (5.3) months of follow-up. Significant postoperative improvement (P < .05) was reported across all mean disease-specific QOL measures for both participants with and without comorbid OSA. Participants without OSA reported significant greater improvement in unadjusted mean (SD) RSDI global scores (−25.0 [23.3] vs. −16.5 [22.1]; P = .03), RSDI physical (−10.7 [9.2] vs. −7.3 [9.1]; P = .03) and functional (−8.4 [8.7] vs. −5.1 [7.5]; P = .03) subdomain scores, and SNOT-22 rhinologic symptom domain scores (−9.1 [7.7] vs. −5.7 [6.9]; P = .008). Participants without OSA also reported greater improvements on mean (SD) PSQI global (−1.9 [4.0] vs. −0.5 [3.7]; P = .03), sleep quality (−0.4 [0.8] vs. −0.03 [0.7]; P = .02), and sleep disturbance (−0.4 [0.7] vs. −0.1 [0.7]; P = .03) scores. The majority of these associations were found to be durable after adjustment for alternate independent cofactors using stepwise linear regression modeling. Patients with CRS and comorbid OSA have poor QOL with substantial disease-specific QOL improvements following surgery. Patients who present with CRS should be assessed for primary sleep disorders and, if identified, should be treated concurrently for both CRS and OSA to improve sleep dysfunction to optimize surgical outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01332136.

Relationship between cold pressor pain-sensitivity and sleep quality in opioid-dependent males on methadone treatment

Aim. Poor sleep quality due to pain has been reported among opioid-dependent male patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) but objective pain data are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the rate of pain-sensitivity using cold pressor test (CPT) and the relationship between pain-sensitivity and sleep quality in this population.Methods. A total of 168 male participants were included into the study. Objective pain-tolerance was evaluated at 0 h and at 24 h after the first CPT. Malay version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the subjective opiate withdrawal scale (SOWS) questionnaires were administered to evaluate the quality of sleep and withdrawal symptoms, respectively.Results. The mean age of study participants was 37.22 (SD 6.20) years old. Mean daily methadone dose was 76.64 (SD 37.63) mg/day, mean global PSQI score was 5.47 (SD 2.74) and mean averaged SOWS score was 5.43 (SD 6.91). The averaged pain-tolerance time ranged from 7 to 300 s with a mean time of 32.16 (SE 2.72) s, slightly below the cut-off score of 37.53 s. More specifically, 78.6% (n = 132) of participants were identified as pain-sensitive (averaged pain-tolerance time ≤37.53 s), and 36 (21.4%) participants were pain-tolerant (averaged pain-tolerance time >37.53 s). The pain-sensitive group reported poorer sleep quality with mean (SD) PSQI of 5.78 (2.80) compared with the pain-tolerant group with mean (SD) PSQI of 4.31 (2.18) (p = 0.005). With analysis of covariance, pain-sensitive group was found to have higher global PSQI scores (adjusted mean 5.76, 95% CI 5.29; 6.22) than pain-tolerant participants (adjusted mean 4.42, 95% CI 3.52; 5.32) (p = 0.010).Conclusions. Majority of opioid-dependent male patients on methadone treatment are pain-sensitive with CPT. Poor sleep quality is associated with cold pressor pain-sensitivity. Pain and sleep complaints in this male population should not be overlooked.

Quantitative association between nocturnal voiding frequency and objective sleep quality in the general elderly population: the HEIJO-KYO cohort

ObjectiveA significant association between nocturia and subjective sleep quality has previously been reported; however, the association between nocturia and objective sleep quality remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantitative association between nocturnal voiding (NV) frequency and objective sleep quality in a large, general, elderly population. MethodsNocturnal voiding frequency, objective sleep quality, and subjective sleep quality were measured among 1086 community-based elderly individuals using actigraphy and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. ResultsIn multivariate analyses adjusted for potential confounding factors (such as age, gender, body mass index, medication use, renal function, bedtime, rising time, daytime physical activity, endogenous melatonin levels, and bedroom light levels), increased NV frequency, ranging from zero, one, two, three or more voids, was significantly associated with poorer objective sleep quality, including lower sleep efficiency (SE) and longer wake after sleep onset (WASO) (mean SE, 86.3, 84.8, 83.6, and 81.2%, respectively; p for trend <0.001; mean WASO: 42.6, 49.0, 53.6, and 66.1 min, respectively; p for trend <0.001), but shorter sleep onset latency (SOL) (mean SOL, 3.0, 3.0, 2.8, and 2.8 log min, respectively; p for trend = 0.018). In addition, an increased NV frequency was significantly associated with poorer subjective sleep quality in a multivariate model (mean PSQI global score, 4.60, 4.86, 5.22, and 5.48, respectively; p for trend 0.012). ConclusionThe present study revealed a quantitative association between NV frequency and objective sleep quality in the general elderly population.

Sleep quality and correlates of poor sleep in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The objective of this study is to examine sleep quality and correlates of poor sleep in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Five hundred patients with RA were recruited from a rheumatology outpatient clinic and included in this cross-sectional study. Sleep quality and disturbances were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Other instruments included the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Health Assessment Questionnaire. Disease activity was assessed according to disease activity score DAS28-CRP-based. Complete scores on PSQI were obtained from 384 patients (77 %). In those, the prevalence of poor sleep (PSQI >5) was 61 %, and the mean global PSQI score was 7.54 (SD 4.17). A linear association was found between poor sleep and mental fatigue, reduced activity related to fatigue, physical fatigue, and general fatigue. Mental fatigue and general fatigue were independently associated with sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and daytime dysfunction. However, in the linear multivariate analysis, only general fatigue 1.06 (95 % CI 1.03-1.09) and mental fatigue 1.03 (95 % CI 1.01-1.05) were found to be significant correlates for reporting poor sleep. This study shows that a majority of patients with RA experience poor sleep and that general fatigue and mental fatigue are associated with poor sleep.

Subjective and Objective Sleep Quality in Individuals with Osteoarthritis in Taiwan.

The negative effects of osteoarthritis (OA), such as pain and depression, interfere with an individual's sleep quality. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of poor quality of sleep in individuals with OA in Taiwan and identify potential predictors. A secondary objective was to examine agreement between objective and subjective measures of sleep quality. In a cross-sectional survey, OA outpatients in Taiwan completed a self-administered questionnaire, incorporating validated measurements for assessing quality of sleep (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), pain and physical functioning, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life. In a nested feasibility study, a sub-sample of participants wore an Actigraph wrist monitor to measure sleep objectively over a three-day period. Of 192 individuals with OA who completed the survey, 30 completed the Actigraph study. The mean PSQI global score was 9.0 (standard deviation 4.5); most participants (135, 70.3%) had poor quality of sleep (global PSQI >5). Key predictors of poor quality of sleep included role limitation due to poor physical functioning, poor social functioning, higher anxiety levels and higher pain levels. There were moderate correlations between subjective and objective measures of sleep quality, although participants underestimated their true sleeping time by two hours. Health professionals need to discuss sleep issues with individuals with OA and include strategies for coping with these difficulties. For reduced night-time pain which may interfere with sleep, additional and appropriate advice about medication is required. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sleep characteristics and psychological symptoms in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma before and after intensity-modulated radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy

Sleep disturbances and psychological distress are the most common adverse effects associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to examine sleep and psychological characteristics in patients with local-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) following completion of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and concurrent chemotherapy, and to describe the predictors of post-test psychological symptoms after treatment. Sleep quality and psychological symptoms were measured using Pittsburgh sleep-quality index (PSQI) and symptom checklist-90 in 60 local-advanced NPC patients treated with IMRT and concurrent chemotherapy, respectively. After treatment, the subscores of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction increased significantly compared with their pre-test scores. Similar results were observed for the mean PSQI global score. However, for psychological symptoms, only subscores of somatization and depression were higher than their baseline level. Multivariate analysis revealed that concurrent chemotherapy cycle was the only predictor of depression after treatment among all of the psychological symptoms assessed. These findings indicate that sleep disturbance and psychological distress are significant problems in NPC patients treated with IMRT and concurrent chemotherapy. Patients who receive many cycles of concurrent chemotherapy may be at an increased risk of depression after completion of IMRT.

Prevalence and correlates of sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional survey study

Study objectiveTo investigate the prevalence and the correlates of sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents and to examine the association between the two problems.DesignCross-sectional survey.ParticipantsA total of 3186...

Auricular Acupressure Helps Improve Sleep Quality for Severe Insomnia in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study

Insomnia is common in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Long-term use of sedative-hypnotic agents is often correlated with increasing adverse effects. Auricular acupressure therapy (AAT) applied to specific auricular acupoints for managing insomnia has achieved favorable outcomes in a hemodialysis unit. This pilot study was performed to demonstrate the potential of AAT for insomnia in MHD patients and to prepare for a future randomized controlled trial. Eligible patients were enrolled into this descriptive pilot study and received AAT designed to manage insomnia for 4 weeks. Questionnaires that used the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were completed at baseline, after a 4-week intervention, and 1 month after completion of treatment. Sleep quality and other clinical characteristics, including sleeping pills taken, were statistically compared between different time points. A total of 22 patients were selected as eligible participants and completed the treatment and questionnaires. The mean global PSQI score was significantly decreased after AAT intervention (p<0.05). Participants reported improved sleep quality (p<0.01), shorter sleep latency (p<0.05), less sleep disturbance (p<0.01), and less daytime dysfunction (p=0.01). They also exhibited less dependency on sleep medications, indicated by the reduction in weekly estazolam consumption from 6.98±4.44 pills to 4.23±2.66 pills (p<0.01). However, these improvements were not preserved 1 month after treatment. In this single-center pilot study, complementary AAT for MHD patients with severe insomnia was feasible and well tolerated and showed encouraging results for sleep quality.

Sleep quality and associated factors in residents of a major teaching hospital in Iran

Introduction Residency is a challenging part of medical training among different specialties.. Long work hours and shift work and the consequent sleep deprivation have several adverse effects on patient care and residents themselves. The aim of this study was to determine sleep quality of residents in a major teaching hospital in Iran and investigate the key factors contributing to poor sleep quality. Materials and methods 250 residents from different surgical and medical specialties were enrolled in the study. Demographic questionnaire along with the Persian version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered to the subjects. Results Mean Global PSQI score was 6.06 ± 2.68, which is higher than the mean score of general urban adult population of Tehran (5.06, CI: 4.9–5.1). 55.8% of residents had a global PSQI score greater than 5. We tested a model predicting global PSQI score using age, age of the youngest child, academic level, number of overnight duties, average daytime duty extent, total time of extra shifts and specialty as predictive factors. Number of overnight duties was the only significant predictor of PSQI score in this model ( R 2 = 0.890, df = 7, F = 5.78, p -value = 0.036). Conclusion A great percentage of residents had poor sleep quality. Number of overnight duties was the key factor contributing to poor sleep quality. Our findings support the need for duty hour reform in residency programs in Iran. Acknowledgement This project was funded in part by Tehran University of Medical Sciences .

AB0701 The prevalence and association of sleep disturbance in thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

BackgroundSleep disturbance is often seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The prevalence of sleep disturbances is high, but the factors contributing to sleep disturbance in SLE patients remain...

Sleep disturbance as part of the neurofibromatosis type 1 phenotype in adults

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition with a wide array of neurological complications, including cognitive dysfunction, tumors, malformations, neuropathy, neurovascular disease, and epilepsy. Many of these complications may impact on sleep quality and cause sleep disturbance. Previously sleep disturbance in NF1 has been specifically addressed solely in children. We performed a prospective study of sleep quality in 114 consecutive out-patients with NF1 attending our national neurofibromatosis service. The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were administered, and information was obtained from patient records on drugs potentially impacting on sleep, complications directly affecting sleep and employment status. The mean ESS was 6.8, and 21% had an abnormally high ESS of 10 or more. The mean global PSQI score was 8.4 (norm mean 2.67), with abnormally high scores in all sleep domains. Thirty-nine patients had a bed partner and 54% reported features suggestive of periodic limb movements of sleep, 43% had features suggestive of obstructive sleep apnoea, and 10.8% experienced confusion on waking. There was no evidence of phase shift. The ESS did not correlate with the PSQI, but unemployment status was associated with worse global PSQI score and multiple domain sub-scales of sleep quality in the PSQI. We conclude that sleep disturbance and poor sleep quality are significantly more frequent in the adult NF1 patient population. It is likely to be multi-factorial, related to pain, anxiety, depression, cognitive issues, and organic sleep pathology. We recommend careful assessment of patients to determine underlying triggers and possible treatment strategies.

Poor Sleep in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

BackgroundPoor sleep is a frequent symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Sleep may be influenced by MS-related symptoms and adverse effects from immunotherapy and symptomatic medications. We aimed to study the prevalence of poor sleep and the influence of socio-demographic and clinical factors on sleep quality in MS- patients.MethodsA total of 90 MS patients and 108 sex-and age- matched controls were included in a questionnaire survey. Sleep complaints were evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a global PSQI score was used to separate good sleepers (≤5) from poor sleepers (>5). Excessive daytime sleepiness, the use of immunotherapy and antidepressant drugs, symptoms of pain, depression, fatigue and MS-specific health related quality of life were registered. Results were compared between patients and controls and between good and poor sleepers among MS patients.ResultsMS patients reported a higher mean global PSQI score than controls (8.6 vs. 6.3, p = 0.001), and 67.1% of the MS patients compared to 43.9% of the controls (p = 0.002) were poor sleepers. Pain (p = 0.02), fatigue (p = 0.001), depression (p = 0.01) and female gender (p = 0.04) were associated with sleep disturbance. Multivariate analyses showed that female gender (p = 0.02), use of immunotherapy (p = 005) and a high psychological burden of MS (p = 0.001) were associated with poor sleep among MS patients.ConclusionsPoor sleep is common in patients with MS. Early identification and treatment of modifiable risk factors may improve sleep and quality of life in MS.

Evaluation of psychosomatic health status in patients with facial steroid-dependent dermatitis by using Pittsburgh sleep quality index, self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale

Objective To assess the psychosomatic health status of patients with facial steroiddependent dermatitis by using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI),self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and selfrating depression scale (SDS).Methods Psychosomatic health status was evaluated by using PSQI,SDS and SAS in 92 patients with facial steroid-dependent dermatitis and 50 healthy controls.Results The scores on depression and anxiety in patients with steroid-dependent dermatitis were higher than those in the controls (63.11 ± 10.29 vs.36.78 ± 2.46,53.24 ± 9.98 vs.31.29 ± 9.45,both P ＜ 0.01).There were significant differences between the two groups in the quality of sleep.The general and mean PSQI global scores on subjective daytime function,sleep disturbances,time needed to fall asleep and sleep duration were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls.Conclusions Patients with steroid-dependent dermatitis have a poor sleep quality with the presence of anxiety and depresssion.Psychosocial interventions are warranted for the treatment of patients with steroid-dependent dermatitis.

Sleep quality in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease and its relationship to quality of life

Knowledge about sleep complaints of caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited, and we lack information about the relationship between caregivers' sleep problems and their quality of life (QoL). We evaluated subjective sleep quality and its relationship to QoL in a group of 80 caregivers of patients with AD (ADCG, n = 40) and PD (PDCG, n = 40), and in 150 controls. Information about night-time complaints was collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). QoL was measured using the McGill QoL Questionnaire. Eighteen ADCG (45%), 22 PDCG (55%), and 45 (30%) controls reported poor sleep quality. Mean global PSQI score of PDCG (6.25 ± 3.9) was not significantly different from that of ADCG (5.8 ± 3.5; p = 0.67). However, both PDCG and ADCG scored significantly higher than control group (4.3 ± 3.1; p < 0.01). ADCG frequently reported difficulties falling asleep (72.5%) and disturbed sleep (100%). PDCG reported reduced subjective sleep quality (80%) and increased sleep disturbances (100%). Poor sleep quality was associated with depressive symptoms and correlated with QoL in caregivers of both groups, particularly the psychological symptoms domain. Among caregivers of patients with AD and PD, poor sleep quality is frequent and significantly linked to QoL and depressive symptoms. Identifying the nature of sleep disturbances not only in patients but also in their caregivers is important as appropriate treatment may lead to a better management of the needs of families coping with these patients.

Validity of the Italian Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

The aim of this study is to validate the Italian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), comparing five different groups of individuals (healthy young and elderly, sleep apnoea syndrome patients, depressed patients, individuals with dementia) by both questionnaire scores and polysomnographic measures. Fifty individuals (10 for each group) participated in the study. Each of them filled in the PSQI and slept for two consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. The PSQI showed an overall reliability coefficient (Cronbach's α) of 0.835, indicating a high degree of internal consistency. The mean PSQI global score showed significant differences between groups, with an impaired overall quality of sleep in patients' groups with respect to both the healthy groups. Results also indicated that the best cut-off score (differentiating "good" from "bad" sleepers) is 5. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is a useful, valid and reliable tool for the assessment of sleep quality, with an overall efficiency comparable to the mother language version and differentiate "good" from "bad" sleepers. The Italian version of the questionnaire provides a good and reliable differentiation between normal and pathological groups, with higher scores reported by people characterized by impaired objectively evaluated sleep quality.

Prevalence and Correlates of Disordered Sleep in Southeast Asian Indians with Type 2 Diabetes

BackgroundSleep disturbances are common in individuals with diabetes. Patients with diabetes have higher rates of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness and increased incidence of restless leg syndrome. The purpose of our study was to investigate the prevalence and determine the predictors of sleep dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes in a southeast Asian Indian population.MethodsWe enrolled 120 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended an endocrinology clinic in a tertiary-care hospital. After we collected their demographic data, we recorded their anthropometric measurements. Fasting, postprandial blood glucose values and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values were then obtained. Quality of sleep was evaluated in all the patients through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which is a questionnaire that assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a monthlong period. A Global Sleep Quality score ≥5 discriminates between good and poor sleepers.ResultsThe mean global PSQI score was 7.08 (standard deviation, 3.89), which suggested poor sleep quality in this population. Sixty-nine percent of patients had a global PSQI score ≥5, indicating that they were "poor sleepers." The global PSQI score positively correlated with the duration of diabetes and was also independent of other variables such as age, gender, body mass index, HbA1c, or medications.ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of sleep dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. We also found a significant correlation between duration of diabetes and quality of sleep, independent of other variables. It is important for physicians to address the quality and duration of sleep in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Sleep–wake disturbances in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the frequency, severity and determinants of sleep disturbances in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsInformation about night-time complaints was collected using a standardised questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality...