Mean Coordination Research Articles

Characterization of Flow Parameters in Shale Nano-Porous Media Using Pore Network Model: A Field Example from Shale Oil Reservoir in Songliao Basin, China

The pore-throat radius of the shale oil reservoir is extremely small, and it is difficult to accurately obtain the absolute permeability and oil–water two-phase relative permeability of the actual oil reservoir through conventional core experiments. However, these parameters are very important for reservoir numerical simulation. In this paper, a method for characterizing flow parameters based on a pore network model that considers differential pressure flow and diffusion flow is proposed. Firstly, a digital core was reconstructed using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) from the Gulong shale reservoir in the Songliao Basin, China, and a pore network model was extracted. Secondly, quasi-static single-phase flow and two-phase flow equations considering diffusion were established in the pore network model. Finally, pore-throat parameters, absolute permeability, and oil–water two-phase permeability curves were calculated, respectively. The results show that the pore-throat distribution of the Gulong shale reservoir is mainly concentrated in the nanometer scale; the mean pore radius is 87 nm, the mean throat radius is 41 nm, and the mean coordination number is 3.97. The calculated permeability considering diffusion is 0.000124 mD, which is approximately twice the permeability calculated without considering diffusion. The irreducible water saturation of the Gulong shale reservoir is approximately 0.4, and the residual oil saturation is approximately 0.35. The method proposed in this paper can provide an important approach for characterizing the flow parameters of similar shale oil reservoirs.

Peran Komunikasi Hexahelix Dalam Konstruksi Sosial Mitigasi Covid-19 Pada Masyarakat Badui Luar

The purpose of the study was to find out the social construction of the reality of the Badui community against zero percent COVID-19 transmission. The research approach is qualitative with a constructivist paradigm. The research method is descriptive with purposive data collection. The results showed that the Bureaucrats (Local Government Officials) carried out effective externalization-internalization communication management, namely instructions from the central government could be implemented maximally with effective coordination of meaning. Furthermore, the Customary Head carries out legitimacy–socialization communication management, which emphasizes that COVID-19 must be overcome by treating ancestral heritage and following government instructions in interacting. Next, Scholars (Badui Culture Observers) carry out institutionalization-objectivation communication management, namely that the community must obey the rules and customary culture and believe in the Almighty. As for the Volunteers, they carry out socialization communication management, namely providing input and warnings to the local community to maintain the health of their respective families. Other supports are health workers, through health communication and the communication nodes of the Badui community themselves as small circles at the family and community level (internalization).

Research of influencing factors on permeability for carbonate rocks based on LBM simulation: A case study of low-permeability gas reservoir of Sinian Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin

Instruction: Due to the declining production rate of conventional natural gas reservoir and the rising demand for natural gas resources, conventional natural gas resources cannot satisfy the needs of economic development. Unconventional gas resource is considered to be the most promising energy supplement, therefore it is an inevitable trend to explore and develop unconventional oil and gas resources such as low permeability reservoirs. At present, the carbonate gas reservoirs in the high permeability area of Sichuan Basin have been almost fully developed, while the remaining gas reservoirs in the low permeability area are not well developed. However, the key factors for effectively enhancing gas recovery rate in different types of low permeability reservoirs are not the same. Even gas reservoirs with the same macroscopic geological characteristics will show different development characteristics through the production processes.Method: In order to analyze the factors affecting the effective production rate of low-permeability gas reservoirs, it is necessary to conduct research from the microscopic perspective, to reveal the effective production conditions of natural gas in low-permeability reservoirs. In this study, low-permeability carbonate samples of Sinian Dengying Formation from Sichuan Basin were taken. Micro-CT scanning technology was used to obtain core images for the carbonate rocks, and the digital carbonate core models at microscopic scale were reconstructed. Based on the reconstructed carbonate digital core models, LBM method was applied to obtain the absolute permeability of the core models.Results: The results imply that the porosity, pore area fraction, throat area fraction, mean throat length, shape factor, coordination number and tortuosity are the factors affecting the absolute permeability of carbonate rocks.Discussion: Subsequently, the relationship between different pore structure parameters and absolute permeability was obtained by multi-parameter fitting method, which provided a new research method for directly predicting the absolute permeability of carbonate rocks by using pore structure parameters.

Data-science-based reconstruction of 3-D membrane pore structure using a single 2-D micrograph

Conventional 2-D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is commonly used to rapidly and qualitatively evaluate membrane pore structure. Quantitative 2-D analyses of pore sizes can be extracted from SEM, but without information about 3-D spatial arrangement and connectivity, which are crucial to the understanding of membrane pore structure. Meanwhile, experimental 3-D reconstruction via tomography is complex, expensive, and not easily accessible. Here, we employ data science tools to demonstrate a proof-of-principle reconstruction of the 3-D structure of a membrane using a single 2-D image pulled from a 3-D tomographic data set. The reconstructed and experimental 3-D structures were then directly compared, with important properties such as mean pore radius, mean throat radius, coordination number and tortuosity differing by less than 15%. The developed algorithm could dramatically improve the ability of the membrane community to characterize membranes, accelerating the design and synthesis of membranes with desired structural and transport properties.

Effects of aging on arm coordination at different walking speeds

BackgroundPrevious work has shown that the mean continuous relative phase and coordination variability of lower limbs are modified in older adults when walking. Research questionHere, we propose to understand the extent to which such control mechanisms for upper limbs are present during gait. Specifically, we seek to understand if aging and gait speed constraints influence the interjoint control of upper limbs during walking. MethodsThis observational study evaluated thirty-three participants, divided into older (n = 20, age 66.4 ± 4.3 years; mass: 77.2 ± 14.2 kg; height: 165 ± 9.20 cm) and young adults (n = 13, age 29.5 ± 4.7 years; mass 75.5 ± 9.6 kg; height: 172 ± 6.24 cm) were asked to walk at 0.28, 0.83, 1.38 m.s−1 on a level treadmill while their segmental movements were simultaneously registered with 3D motion capture system. We calculated the mean continuous relative phase and coordination variability (continuous relative phase variability) in elbow-shoulder and shoulder-hip pairs, and a generalized estimating equation was used to test the main and interaction effects of age and speed. ResultsOlder adults had a reduced continuous relative phase (more in-phase coordination) of upper limbs at whole stance for elbow-shoulder, at loading response for shoulder-hip, at mid-stance and terminal stance for elbow-shoulder and shoulder-hip in comparison to young adults at different speeds (p < 0.05). The coordination variability of upper limbs was greater (higher continuous relative phase variability) in older than young adults at 0.28 and 1.38 m.s−1. SignificanceThese findings substantiate the altered motor control role of upper limbs in gait aging, suggesting that lower self-selected speed may be related to the reduced ability to control arm movement during the intermediate phases of gait.

Relationship between health literacy level and sexual function in women in the Northwest of Iran in 2020- a cross sectional study

Background and purposeSexual health means coordination and adaptation of physical, emotional, intellectual and social aspects of human beings. One of the variables that affect sexual function and sexual satisfaction is health literacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy level and sexual function in married women in Qazvin health centers.MethodsIn the cross-sectional study, 340 married women were selected from four health centers in Qazvin, Iran, in 2020. These selected centers were chosen randomly from 26 health centers. Participants were included in the study by using the proportional selection method based on the sample size of the all health centers. Data collection tools include three questionnaires: demographic information, The Health Literacy Questionnaire (HELIA), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered for statistical analyses.ResultsThe highest and lowest scores of dimension’s sexual function are satisfaction, pain, and lubricant, respectively. The level of women’s health literacy in Qazvin was inadequate and borderline (56.4%). Each of the sexual function dimensions had significant positive correlations with health literacy (P < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between health literacy level with age, education, and occupation (P < 0.05). According to linear regression analysis, with the increase in years of marriage, sexual function is decreased (P < 0.02).ConclusionHealth literacy was inadequate in more than half of the study sample and health literacy was significantly associated with sexual function. Educational programs were necessary in order to promote women’s health literacy in health centers.

Computerized three-dimensional cephalometric template for Thai adults

Cephalometry is essential in several fields of study. These include health science, anthropology, and forensic studies. Furthermore, cephalometric norms are essential for numerous disciplines in the health sciences, such as clinical anatomy, plastic surgery, pediatrics, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and forensic medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric templates offer an advanced but simple method for these specialties. This study aimed to establish cephalometric norms by developing 3D templates for Thai adults, based on cephalometric landmark coordinates obtained from skull cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of individuals with normal skeletal patterns. Full-head CBCT scans of 45 individuals (20 men and 25 women) were obtained from the archive. All had a Class I molar relationship with minor crowded teeth. The scans were captured in a normal head position, and the coordinates of 21 important cephalometric landmarks were identified using Slicer 4.10.2 software. Manual affine transformation of all landmarks was used to transfer medical image coordinates (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine [DICOM] or Right-Anterior-Superior [RAS] systems) to Cartesian universal coordinates. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman (BA) plots were used to assess inter- and intra-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.961–1.000, BA mean errors = −0.1 mm). Important cephalometric measurements were compared to the most relevant and recent study with a sample size of 200. Most measurements showed no statistical difference (one-sample t-test, p > 0.05). Independent samples t-tests revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the X and Y axes; however, most mean coordinates between men and women in the Z-axis coordinates were statistically significant. Consequently, 3D cephalometric templates were generated separately for adult Thai men and women using landmark coordinates. Although they are available for all disciplines at no cost through QR codes, these templates should be used with care, especially for the upper and lower incisor angulation. The application and future development of each specialty are also described here.

Possible boron-rich amorphous silicon borides from ab initio simulations

By means of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, possible boron-rich amorphous silicon borides (BnSi1-n, 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 0.95) are generated and their microstructure, electrical properties andmechanical characters are scrutinized in details.As expected, the mean coordination number of each species increases progressively and more closed packed structures form with increasing B concentration.In all amorphous models, pentagonal pyramid-like configurations are observed and some of which lead to the development of B12 and B11Si icosahedrons.It should be noted that the B11Si icosahedron does not form in any crystalline silicon borides. Due to the affinity of B atoms to form cage-like clusters, phase separations (Si:B) are perceived in the most models.All simulated amorphous configurations are a semiconducting material on the basis of GGA+U calculations.The bulk modulus of the computer-generated amorphous compounds is in the range of 90GPa to 182 GPa.As predictable, the Vickers hardness increases with increasing B content and reaches values of 25-33 GPa at95% B concentration.Due to their electrical and mechanical properties, these materials might offer some practicalapplications in semiconductor technologies. The density functional theory (DFT) based abinitio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were used to generate B-rich amorphous configurations.

Exploring the Coupling Coordination of Green Transformation of Industry and Novel Infrastructure in the Context of Low-Carbon Economy

In response to the huge economic impact of the new pneumonia epidemic, the “new infrastructure” has become an important hedge against the downward pressure of the economy. We believe that we should take this opportunity to ensure that the “new infrastructure” projects can strongly support the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy, so whether the new infrastructure can promote the green transformation of the industry has become the focus of academic circles, whereas the existing literature has ignored the coupling and coordination between the green transformation of the sports industry (GTSI) and the novel infrastructure in the context of a low-carbon economy. This study uses data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2020, and a linked coordination degree model is selected to assess the relationship between novel infrastructure and GTSI. The conclusions are as follows. (1) China’s comprehensive index of “novel infrastructure” was 0.228 from 2013 to 2020, comprised of 0.705 convergence infrastructure, 0.227 information infrastructure, and 0.200 innovation infrastructure. (2) The sports industry’s average green total factor productivity is 1.223, with an annual growth rate of 11.2%. The yearly growth rates for green technology efficiency, green pure technology efficiency, and green scale efficiency are correspondingly 10.5%, 6.8%, and 4.5%. 83.6% of provinces and cities are in the growing return to size phase. (3) The mean coupling coordination value between novel infrastructure and GTSI is 0.449. Except for Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, the majority of provinces and cities led in the development of novel infrastructure but lagged in GTSI. From 2013 to 2020, the coupling coordination degree of novel infrastructure and its three subsystems in specific provinces and cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, and GTSI show an upward trend, while the overall trend displays a downward trend. (4) Novel infrastructure and GTSI have mutual promoting effect; Government intervention negatively affects the coupling and coordination level; Consumption structure, industrial structure and foreign investment also have a certain positive impact on the two.

EXAMINATION OF DIFFERENT MODELS OF TROPOSPHERE DELAYS IN SBAS POSITIONING IN AERIAL NAVIGATION

This paper presents the results of a study on the use of different tropospheric correction models in SBAS positioning for air navigation. The paper, in particular, determines the influence of the Saastamoinen troposphere and RTCA-MOPS models on the determination of aircraft coordinates and mean coordinate errors in the SBAS positioning method. The study uses real kinematic data from a GPS navigation system recorded by an onboard GNSS satellite receiver as well as SBAS corrections. In the experiment, the authors include SBAS corrections from EGNOS and SDCM augmentation systems. The navigation calculations were performed using RTKLIB v.2.4.3 and Scilab 6.1.1 software. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the difference in aircraft coordinates using different troposphere models can reach up to ±2.14 m. Furthermore, the use of the RTCA-MOPS troposphere model improved the values of mean coordinate errors from 5 to 9% for the GPS+EGNOS solution and from 7 to 12% for the GPS+SDCM solution, respectively. The obtained computational findings confirm the validity of using the RTCA-MOPS troposphere model for SBAS positioning in aerial navigation.

Management Of Spastic Equinovarus Foot in Children with Cerebral Palsy: An Evaluation of Anatomical Landmarks for Selective Nerve Blocks of the Tibial Nerve Motor Branches

To define the anatomical landmarks of tibial motor nerve branches for selective motor nerve blocks of the gastrocnemii, soleus and tibialis posterior muscles in the management of spastic equinovarus foot. Observational study. Twenty-four children with cerebral palsy with spastic equinovarus foot. Considering the affected leg length, motor nerve branches to the gastrocnemii, soleus and tibialis posterior muscles were tracked using ultrasonography, and located in the space (vertical, horizontal, deep) according to the position of fibular head (proximal/distal) and a virtual line from the middle of popliteal fossa to the Achilles tendon insertion (medial/lateral). Location of motor branches was defined as percentage of the affected leg length. Mean coordinates were: for the gastrocnemius medialis 2.5 ± 1.2% vertical (proximal), 1.0 ± 0.7% horizontal (medial), 1.5 ± 0.4% deep; for the gastrocnemius lateralis 2.3 ± 1.4% vertical (proximal), 1.1 ± 0.9% horizontal (lateral), 1.6 ± 0.4% deep; for the soleus 2.1 ± 0.9% vertical (distal), 0.9 ± 0.7% horizontal (lateral), 2.2 ± 0.6% deep; for the tibialis posterior 2.6 ± 1.2% vertical (distal), 1.3 ± 1.1% horizontal (lateral), 3.0 ± 0.7% deep. These findings may help the identification of tibial motor nerve branches to perform selective nerve blocks in patients with cerebral palsy with spastic equinovarus foot.

Atomic and electronic structures of interfaces between amorphous (Al2O3)1−x(SiO2)x and GaN polar surfaces revealed by first-principles simulated annealing technique

We report first-principles molecular-dynamics calculations with the simulated annealing technique that clarify the atomic and electronic structures of the semiconductor–insulator interfaces consisting of GaN (0001) and (0001¯) faces and the amorphous (Al2O3)1−x(SiO2)x. We confirm that the obtained interfaces are free from dangling bonds, as predicted by our previous calculations, irrespective of the thickness of the amorphous (Al2O3)1−x(SiO2)x layer. This is due to the high atomic density and large mean coordination number near the interfaces caused by atomic diffusion from inside of the insulator to the interfaces. The calculated local density of states of the (Al2O3)1−x(SiO2)x/GaN system quantitatively shows clear band offsets and, more importantly, the absence of deep states in the GaN energy gap. Interestingly, we find that the band alignment causing the offset is not abrupt at the interface but varies gradually near the interface, predicting the existence of transition layers. We determine the thicknesses of the transition layers in the (Al2O3)1−x(SiO2)x/GaN system to be about 10 Å. We argue that those structural characteristics prevent the formation of the dangling-bond origin carrier traps at the interface, and this is a superior feature of the (Al2O3)1−x(SiO2)x as a gate oxide for the GaN-based metal–oxide–semiconductor devices.

DEM simulation of dumbbell shaped particles under vertical vibration

The objective of the present work is to investigate the behavior of dumbbell-shaped particles in a cylindrical container subjected to vertical vibration. Particles with different aspect ratios in the commercially used LabRAM mixer (Resodyn Acoustic Mixers, Inc., MT, USA) are selected for the present study. Simulations are performed for different amplitudes of the vibrating platform. Particle properties are assumed to be same as that of potassium chloride (KCl). Simulations are performed in two stages. Particles are initially poured into the container and allowed to settle under gravity. Vibration is switched on after the particles are settled. It is observed that the mean coordination number of particles in packed state, increases with the increase in aspect ratio. Only for particles of lower aspect ratio, kinetic energy of the system increases with the increase in vibrational amplitude. Simulation results also show that the anisotropy observed in the mean squared fluctuations of translational velocity reduces with the increase in vibrational amplitude.

Riskcoast: A South-European approach for coastal landslide hazard: presentation and results

RISKCOAST is a European project, co-funded by the South-West European (SudOE) Interreg V programme (https://riskcoast.eu), which aims to develop tools to prevent and manage coastal geological risks related to global warming: land movements mainly, but also other phenomena such as the evolution of water tables. The aim of this project is to study geological risks in coastal areas related to climate change, with a focus on improving the coordination and effectiveness of means of prevention, disaster management and rehabilitation of disaster areas. After a presentation of the whole project, we will focus on a specific site in the French Basque coast where a landslide impacts a very touristic area. An hydrogeomechanical model of the landslide is realized with FLAC3D and a parametric study is proposed to determine the most important parameters, and to define possible safety factor game value.

Кәсіби қасиеттер болашақ бастауыш сынып мұғалімінің зерттеушілік мәдениетін дамытудың шарты ретінде

The article reveals the general characteristics of the research culture of future specialists, formulates the definition of this phenomenon, and also gives a more detailed description of the motivational and value component. The teacher's research culture is a link between the educational process and scientific activity, which facilitates the coordination of forms, means,and directions of education and training. The article summarizes the conclusions of many scientists on the essence, content, structure,and factors of the formation of a teacher's research culture. In modern conditions of development of society, when the processes of globalization, informatization, technologization of education,and integration of science are actively underway, the requirements for future primary school teachers have significantly increased. Therefore, taking into account the rapid development of the modern sphere of education and the requirements of modernity, this article reveals the essence of their professional qualities and qualities in the development of the research culture of future primaryschool teachers.Keywords:research culture, professional qualities, motivation, value, value orientations, reflection, activity.

ПОЭТИЗАЦИЯ И ДЕПОЭТИЗАЦИЯ ОБРАЗА МЕГАПОЛИСА В КИНОДИСКУРСЕ: К ВОПРОСУ О КРЕАТИВНЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЯХ ЯЗЫКА КИНО

The city has been one of the main sources of creative inspiration in various arts since ancient times. The focus of our research is on city images, which are created in the cinematic art. In particular, the present paper explores the verbal and nonverbal means used in the cinematic discourse to poetize and depoetize images of the city. As investigation material, we have selected films about Moscow. The selected films belong to two distant historical periods - the 1960s and the 2000s. To do our research, a special algorithm of analysis has been elaborated. It consists in a step-by-step study of the following levels of the film: the title of the film, the title complex, the verbal system and multimodal (cinematic) tropes. Special attention is paid to the description of the main figurative models underlying the entire figurative-expressive (artistic) structure of the studied films. The paper shows that the poetization process is provided by the mechanism of coordination of verbal and nonverbal means of the cinema language in the formation of urban images, while the depoetization process is triggered by the mechanism of their mismatch. The method elaborated and the results obtained help to step further towards the goal of understanding the phenomena of linguistic and multimodal creativity.

Glass formation and topology in relation to free volume, glass transition and band structure in Ge-Se-Sb chalcogenide system

The algebraic criterion for glass formation and glass stability has been discussed in terms of the mechanical threshold and physical parameters like mean bond energy and lone pair electrons of the Ge20Se80-xSbx (x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20) chalcogenide system. The topological parameter, mean coordination number (<r > ), has been correlated to the free volume percentage, glass transition temperature and theoretical bandgap of the system. Two approaches, namely, Manca's and Shimakawa's, have been used to calculate the theoretical bandgap. A stoichiometric composition at x = 16 has been predicted, and it is concluded that mechanical and chemical thresholds co-exist in the system and that the system is a potential candidate for IR applications.

The Coupling Coordination Degree of Economic, Social and Ecological Resilience of Urban Agglomerations in China.

This paper refines the fuzzy logic method, while constructing a theoretical model of the relationship between economic resilience, social resilience and ecological resilience, and evaluates the coupling coordination between the economic-social-ecological resilience of 197 prefecture-level cities in China's urban agglomerations in 2019. Findings include: (1) The mean ecological resilience of China's urban agglomerations in 2019 was the highest, followed by economic and social resilience. (2) Promoting urban agglomerations had higher resilience scores in the three dimensions, especially in the economic dimension. Growing urban agglomerations had low resilience values on the whole, especially economic resilience. (3) The mean coupling coordination degree of economic-social-ecological resilience ranged from near-incoordination to narrow balance. (4) The coupling coordination degree between the two coincided with the positioning of existing urban agglomerations. (5) Economic resilience had the most significant impact on the coupling coordination. Finally, we give differentiated countermeasures to improve the resilience of urban agglomerations. This study aims to contribute to the promotion of urban resilience research, and helps to plan and design more rational urban economic-social-ecological systems, thereby enhancing the ability of cities to cope with any uncertainties and contingencies.

Investigation of Ag as chemical modifier in glassy SeTe chalcogenide alloy in terms of radiation shielding, optical, structural, and physical properties

The current study attempts to investigate the radiation shielding, optical, structural, and physical properties of SeTe chalcogenide alloys after incorporating Ag as a chemical modifier. For this purpose, four different composites denoted as SeTeAg-2, SeTeAg-5, SeTeAg-7, and SeTeAg-10 are irradiated by gamma photons for wide energy spans ranging from 0 to 15 MeV via FLUKA Monte Carlo code. The radiation shielding qualities have been obtained using Beer Lambert law. Next, optical characteristics like Transmittance, Absorbance, and Absorbance coefficient (α) have been reported. In addition, since chalcogenide composites own excellent physical features, some physical characteristics such as mean coordination number (CN), the number of constraints (NCons), bond-bending constraints (NC), bond-stretching constraints (NS), Floppy mode (F), and stoichiometry (R) have been evaluated analytically based on Phillips and Thorpe's theory. From a shielding standpoint, SeTeAg-10 offers excellent gamma photon shielding performance than other SeTeAg series. In addition, the negative F values indicate that SeTeAg composites are rigid materials, and thus amorphous solids. Moreover, R > 1 demonstrates that the preferred composites are rich chalcogenide glasses.

Mapping relational links between motor imagery, action observation, action-related language, and action execution.

Actions can be physically executed, observed, imagined, or simply thought about. Unifying mental processes, such as simulation, emulation, or predictive processing, are thought to underlie different action types, whether they are mental states, as in the case of motor imagery and action observation, or involve physical execution. While overlapping brain activity is typically observed across different actions which indicates commonalities, research interest is also concerned with investigating the distinct functional components of these action types. Unfortunately, untangling subtleties associated with the neurocognitive bases of different action types is a complex endeavour due to the high dimensional nature of their neural substrate (e.g., any action process is likely to activate multiple brain regions thereby having multiple dimensions to consider when comparing across them). This has impeded progress in action-related theorising and application. The present study addresses this challenge by using the novel approach of multidimensional modeling to reduce the high-dimensional neural substrate of four action-related behaviours (motor imagery, action observation, action-related language, and action execution), find the least number of dimensions that distinguish or relate these action types, and characterise their neurocognitive relational links. Data for the model comprised brain activations for action types from whole-brain analyses reported in 53 published articles. Eighty-two dimensions (i.e., 82 brain regions) for the action types were reduced to a three-dimensional model, that mapped action types in ordination space where the greater the distance between the action types, the more dissimilar they are. A series of one-way ANOVAs and post-hoc comparisons performed on the mean coordinates for each action type in the model showed that across all action types, action execution and concurrent action observation (AO)-motor imagery (MI) were most neurocognitively similar, while action execution and AO were most dissimilar. Most action types were similar on at least one neurocognitive dimension, the exception to this being action-related language. The import of the findings are discussed in terms of future research and implications for application.