Mean Concentration Of Fluoride Research Articles

Determination of Fluoride Content of Selected Brands of Bottled Water Sold in Lafia Town using Two Different Methods

Fluoride is a well known compound for preventing dental caries, and its major root of ingestion is potable water. In this research, fluoride concentration in five brands of bottled-water samples sold in Lafia city (A, B, C, D and E) was investigated. Five different batches of each brand were analyzed. Samples were determined via potentiometric, and photometric methods. The mean concentration of fluoride within the investigated samples, were of the range 0.30 – 0.44 mg/L which were below WHO recommended limit, except sample B (0.53 mg/L) which was within the recommended limit. In the photometric method, the concentrations of the samples were within the range of 0.51 – 0.88 mg/L which were within WHO recommended limit. The outcome of this research suggests that within areas where there is elevated content of fluoride in water, bottled-water should be consumed instead of tap water because the former minimizes the danger of fluorosis. However, people who majorly drink bottled-water maybe at higher risk of dental caries; and need to take fluoride supplements. In this study, concentration of fluoride determined by photometric method was significantly higher than that of ISE method (P<0.05). Hence, photometric method was more sensitive than the ISE method.

Food-mediated exposure of Hofmeister ions in Oryza sativa (Rice) from selected CKDu endemic regions in Sri Lanka.

The objectives of this study were to determine selected Hofmeister anions and cations that are important for kidney health, in raw rice samples from selected Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) endemic and non-endemic areas in Sri Lanka and their intake. The anions and cations were analyzed by Ion Chromatography and Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES), respectively, after alkaline and acid digestion in thirty raw rice samples each from CKDu endemic and non-endemic areas, and the dietary intake was estimated. The mean concentrations of fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO43-), sulfate (SO42-), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+) in raw rice in CKDu endemic areas were 53.317, 1515.3, 2799.6, 2704.9, 30.603, 300.76, 1001.3, and 90.075mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentration of the anions and cations in raw rice from CKDu non-endemic areas were 22.850, 947.52, 4418.7, 6080.2, 23.862, 364.45, 955.78, and 96.780mg/kg, respectively. Significantly higher differences (p < 0.05) were reported in the mean concentration of F-, Cl-, and Na+ in raw rice from CKDu endemic areas in comparison with the samples from non-endemic areas. The aggregated estimated daily intake (EDI) and cumulative EDI of F- via consumption of cooked non-traditional samba rice from CKDu endemic areas for adults were the highest (0.155 and 0.172mg/kg bw/d, respectively), which were higher than the recommended tolerable upper intake value (0.15-0.2mg/kg bw/d). In contrast, the traditional rice from CKDu non-endemic areas for adolescents, reported the lowest values (0.0210 and 0.0470mg/kg bw/d, respectively). Adults who consume non-traditional samba rice from CKDu endemic areas were at health risk, while children were the most vulnerable group due to their low body weight. These results indicate that the consumption of rice rich in Hofmeister ions may contribute to the total intake and act as risk factors to negatively affect weak kidneys in CKDu endemic areas. Further research to analyze Hofmeister ions in cooked rice and rice from different countries is recommended.

An ontology-based study on water quality: probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to fluoride and nitrate in Shiraz drinking water, Iran using fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making models.

World Health Organization reports that 2.2 million people die yearly from insufficient sanitary drinking water. This ontology-based study focused on investigating the chemical quality of drinking water through a new water quality index designed by fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making methods, merged with GIS, and, secondly, surveying non-carcinogenic risk assessment of fluoride and nitrate using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis in Shiraz's water sources. F-, NO3-, NO2-, EC, TDS, alkalinity, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and Na were applied in the WQI. The NO3- mean concentrations were 23.15 and 27.66mg/L in the cold and warm seasons, while the mean concentrations of fluoride were 0.50 and 0.46mg/L during the cold and warm period. The 95th centiles of fluoride's HQs among infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 0.56, 0.7, 0.49, and 0.4, respectively, in the cold season, which was 0.65 and 0.81, respectively, 0.57 and 0.46 for mentioned groups in the warm season. In comparison, the 95th centiles of nitrate's HQs among infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 1.27, 1.59, 1.13, and 0.9, respectively. The HQs were more than 1 for infants, children, and teenagers, so nitrate can have various adverse effects, whereas fluoride does not adversely affect all aging groups in both seasons. Also, nitrate concentration can increase the non-carcinogenic risk, which the IR and ED lead to the HQ increasing. In contrast, BW has a negative effect on risk increasing. Overall, source management of these parameters can significantly reduce the concentration of nitrate and their adverse human health effect.

External control of fluoridation in the public water supplies of Brazilian cities as a strategy against caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAmong the methods currently available to provide fluoride in population levels, fluoridated water is the most successful for presenting high efficacy, safety and good cost–benefit. However, recent studies on external control have shown great variability of fluoride concentrations in the water from treatment stations in Brazilian cities, which must present concentration between 0.6 and 0.8 mg/L to be considered acceptable in most cities. Thus, this study aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the adequacy of fluoride concentration in the water in Brazilian cities using external control.MethodsThe protocol was registered in PROSPERO. Six databases were used as primary search sources and three databases were used to partially capture the "gray literature". Only observational studies that assessed the fluoride concentration of artificially fluoridated water from the public supply network were included. The JBI Critical Appraisal Tools for Systematic Reviews was used to assess the risk of bias of the studies. A proportion meta-analyses using random-effect models were performed. The heterogeneity between studies was determined by I2 statistic. Meta-regressions were conducted to identify relevant moderators to be used in stratified meta-analyses. Publication bias was investigated by Egger’s tests.ResultsThe search provided 2038 results, from which 14 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the data extraction of the review. Overall, the water samples were collected from 449 different sources in three Brazilian regions. Thirteen studies presented a low risk of bias. The mean concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.17 to 0.89 ppmF. The meta-analyis demonstrated that more than half of the water samples analyzed had fluoride concentration levels outside the acceptable range (56.6%; 95% CI 45.5; 67.3), with high heterogeneity.ConclusionMore than half of the public water supply analyzed in the studies selected had fluoride concentration levels outside the acceptable range, which may affect the risk of developing oral diseases in the Brazilian population, having an important impact on public health.

Fluoride concentration in teeth of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from areas of Poland industrially uncontaminated with fluoride compounds.

The last biomonitoring study in Poland on intoxication with fluoride compounds of deer was conducted almost two decades ago. Given the fact that fluoride level in air and water is not widely monitored in Poland, it is justified to undertake monitoring of F- levels in people and other long-lived mammals. This paper provides the assessment of the present level of fluoride accumulation in mineralized tissue of large herbivorous mammals. The aim of the present study was to determine fluoride concentration in teeth of deer inhabiting the areas of Poland which are industrially uncontaminated with fluoride compounds, to establish possible correlations between the analysed parameters, and to provide a comparison of the present results with those obtained in other studies. Mean concentration of fluoride in all analysed samples amounted to 231.0 F mg/kg, with the minimum value of 22.0 F mg/kg and the maximum of 935.0 F mg/kg. This results from the development of industry and a widespread use of fluoride-supplemented caries prevention products which contributes to an intense accumulation of these substances in vertebrates, predominantly in mineralized tissue.

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in fluoride enrichment in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in Telangana State, South India

ABSTRACTGroundwater is a vital source of drinking water in Siddipet rural and urban regions of Central Telangana, South India and it is a major cause of fluoride toxicity in humans. The intake of elevated fluoride has a significant impact on human health, especially immediate problems that are seen in children's teeth. The primary aim of the study was to identify the seasonal variation in fluoride concentration and associated health risks in the residents of the study region. To assess the fluoride contamination in groundwater, a total of 158 samples were analyzed in two seasons. The mean concentrations of fluoride 1.26 mg/L and 2.21 mg/L were 1.46 and 2.8 times higher than the acceptable limit of 1.5 mg/L, before and after monsoon respectively. To estimate the human health risks due to the ingestion of elevated fluoride through drinking water, hazard quotient fluoride (HQFluoride) was calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency method. HQFluoride values were 0.44–2.44 and 0.89–4.67 for children, 0.36–2.00 and 0.73–3.82 for females, and 0.41–2.26 and 0.82–4.31 for males in pre- and post-monsoon seasons respectively, suggesting emphatically greater risk than the acceptable limits (HQFluoride > 1), which generates health risks.

Daily Fluoride Intake from Iranian Green Tea: Evaluation of Various Flavorings on Fluoride Release.

With increased awareness of the health benefits of the compounds in green tea, especially polyphenols, its consumption is rising. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different additives on the released fluoride into tea liquor and also daily fluoride intake. The concentrations of fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, and chloride were measured in 15 different flavored green teas (Refah-Lahijan). The fluoride and other anion concentrations were measured by ion chromatography method. The data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0. The results showed that the minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride in the green tea infusions were 0.162 mg/L (cinnamon-flavored green tea) and 3.29 mg/L (bagged peach-flavored green tea), respectively. The mean concentration of fluoride in the green tea leaves was 52 mg/kg, and approximately 89% of the fluoride was released from the green tea leaves into the infusions after brewing. The fluoride concentrations varied significantly among the examined green teas (P < 0.05). However, the additives had no significant effect on the fluoride release into the infusions (P > 0.05). Finally, drinking of the studied green teas cannot make a significant contribution to the daily dietary intake of F for consumers.

Health implications of chemicals found in the drinking water supply of members of an urban community in Rivers State, South–South Nigeria

Background: Efforts at improving access to drinking water almost always concentrate on increasing quantity, with little attention given to the quality of water. There is, however, increasing evidence of the significant contributions of chemicals found in drinking water on health. This study tested the drinking water supply of Rumuola, a suburb of Port Harcourt, for possible chemical contamination. It also ascertained the human health implications of the detected contaminants in the water samples. Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study design was used. Water samples were collected from water facilities that serve most members of the community and analysed in an accredited laboratory, for nitrate, fluoride, calcium, arsenic, lead and iron, using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A checklist was also used to assess a 30 m radius of each of the water facilities, for possible sources of contamination. An impact assessment was also carried out to ascertain the health implications of the contaminants identified in the water samples. Results: Samples from eight water facilities were tested. All the samples contain detectable concentrations of iron, lead, nitrate, fluoride and calcium. The mean concentration of fluoride in the water samples was 0.01 mg/L; that of nitrate was 38.78 mg/L; the mean concentration of iron was 1.05 mg/L, those of lead and calcium were 0.094 and1 mg/L, respectively; while arsenic was not detected in any of the samples. The mean concentration of iron in the water samples can provide 12%–26% of the recommended daily allowance; while the mean concentration of lead of the samples is more than nine times the WHO permissible limit. Conclusion: The concentrations of the assessed chemicals in the water supply can supply some percentage of the recommended daily intake while others can pose some adverse health effects.

Fluoride Concentration in Community Water and Bottled Drinking Water: A Dilemma Today

Because of the potential for contamination of municipal water supplies, people appear to be turning to alternative sources for their pure drinking water. The present study analyzed the fluoride concentration in community water and bottled drinking water sold in Faridabad city. A comparative evaluation of fluoride content in community water supply and bottled drinking water was done using ion-selective electrode method. The community water samples were collected from six different areas (i.e. north zone, south zone, east zone, west zone and central zone) in the city from public health water supply taps while bottled drinking water samples were randomly picked from grocery shops or supermarkets. The fluoride concentration in the community water supply in this study ranges from 0.11 to 0.26 mg/L with mean fluoride concentration of 0.17 mg/L. The mean concentration of fluoride in bottled drinking water was 0.06 mg/L. The differences observed between mean of two water samples was statistically significant. The results obtained from the present study clearly state that the fluoride concentration was insufficient in community water supply from all the areas and also was deficient in bottled drinking water sold in Faridabad city. So, Alternative sources of fluorides should be supplemented for optimal dental benefits from the use of fluoride.

Temporal variations in physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Mvudi river, South Africa.

Surface water has been a source of domestic water due to shortage of potable water in most rural areas. This study was carried out to evaluate the level of contamination of Mvudi River in South Africa by measuring turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, concentrations of nitrate, fluoride, chloride, and sulphate. E. coli and Enterococci were analysed using membrane filtration technique. Average pH, EC and Turbidity values were in the range of 7.2–7.7, 10.5–16.1 mS/m and 1.3–437.5 NTU, respectively. The mean concentrations of fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulphate for both the wet and the dry seasons were 0.11 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L, 9.35 mg/L and 14.82 mg/L, 3.25 mg/L and 6.87 mg/L, 3.24 mg/L and 0.70 mg/L, respectively. E. coli and Enterococci counts for both the wet and the dry seasons were 4.81 × 103 (log = 3.68) and 5.22 × 103 (log = 3.72), 3.4 × 103 (log = 3.53) and 1.22 × 103 (log = 3.09), per 100 mL of water, respectively. The count of E. coli for both seasons did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) but Enterococci count varied significantly (p < 0.001). All the physico-chemical parameters obtained were within the recommended guidelines of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa and the World Health Organization for domestic and recreational water use for both seasons except turbidity and nitrates. The microbiological parameters exceeded the established guidelines. Mvudi River is contaminated with faecal organisms and should not be used for domestic purposes without proper treatment so as to mitigate the threat it poses to public health.

Concentrations of fluoride in wines from the Canary Islands

Potentiometry using an ion‐selective electrode has widely been used for determining fluoride because of its simplicity and rapidity. The concentration of fluoride was determined (Gran's method) in 70 wines from the main wine‐producing regions of the Canary Islands. The mean concentration of fluoride in wines from a region with a high concentration of fluoride in drinking waters was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those mean concentrations obtained in the remaining wines. Non‐important differences were found among the types of wine analysed. However, the fluoride concentrations of all the Canarian wines analysed here did not present a risk for the public health.

Tensile strength of orthodontic brackets bonded directly to fluorotic and nonfluorotic teeth: An in vitro comparative study

Information related to bonding of orthodontic brackets to fluorotic teeth is scanty. The purpose of this study was to compare, in vitro, the tensile bond strength and the bond failure site of brackets bonded directly to fluorotic and nonfluorotic teeth. The etching patterns were also evaluated. The study involved 26 teeth classified as score 3 and 4, and 26 as score 0 with the Thylstrup and Fejerskov's (TF) fluorosis index. In addition to the clinical classification, difference in the concentration of fluoride in the teeth was verified by acid etching. Brackets were bonded with a composite resin after etching the enamel surface with 40% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds. Tensile bond strength was determined with an Instron testing machine. The bond failure site was assessed by the percentage of residue cement on the tooth surface after debonding and the etching pattern by SEM. The mean concentration of fluoride was 2888.5 ppm (SD 1081.7) in the fluorotic teeth and 1227.1 ppm (SD 526.3) in the nonfluorotic teeth. The mean bond strength was 7.8 N/mm2 (SD 1.47) for the fluorotic teeth and 8.6 N/mm2 (SD 2.19) for the nonfluorotic teeth. The difference between the means for bond strength was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). Bond failure site was primarily at the bracket-adhesive interface. The mean percentage of adhesive on the enamel surface after debonding was 70% (SD 25.90) for the fluorotic teeth and 75% (SD 24.66) for nonfluorotic teeth. The difference in the means was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Quality Monitoring for Fluorides II. Spatial and Temporal Distributions Around a Brickworks

Abstract The results of a spatially extensive monitoring programme for gaseous fluorides are described for the area surrounding a major brickworks. Monthly mean concentrations of atmospheric fluoride ranged from 0.04 μg/m3 to 0.86 μg/m3 through the two-year programme of air sampling. Daily and seasonal variations are analysed together with spatial distributions in the region.

市販飼料による飼育マウスの骨・歯牙中のフッ素濃度の変化

Commercial diets for rats and mice contain 9-30 ppm of fluoride. It is not clear how much when fluoride accumulates in bones and teeth of mice when they eat these diets for their lifetime. We began our study with 40 mice and killed 10 mice every 6 months to determine the fluoride in them. The mean fluoride concentration in teeth of 10 mice was 115.1 ppm before the experiment and it increased to 188.6 ppm at 78 weeks after beginning the study.In the parietal bone and femur the concentration was about 200 ppm before the experiment. Mean concentration of fluoride in parietal bone increased to 834.4 ppm at 78 weeks after beginning the study, and the mean concentration in the femur increased to 601.8 ppm.In conclusion, fluoride contained in the diet accumulated remarkably in bones and teeth during the feeding period.

Fluoride concentration in amniotic fluid and fetal cord and maternal plasma

Fluoride concentrations were determined in plasma of 50 pregnant women, 44 samples of amniotic fluid and fetal cord blood of 29 fetuses at various stages of normal pregnancies, from an area with a relatively low water fluoride (< 0.5 ppm) content. The mean concentrations of fluoride from maternal plasma, cord plasma and amniotic fluid (± S.D.) were 0.033 ± 0.003, 0.028 ± 0.005 and 0.017 ± 0.003 ppm, respectively. Maternal and fetal plasma fluoride concentrations did not differ significantly. In the older age group fetal cord plasma fluoride concentration was significantly lower than maternal plasma levels (0.012 ± 0.08 ppm vs. 0.023 ± 0.001, respectively; p < 0.05). Amniotic fluid fluoride levels were significantly higher at term than in midtrimester pregnancy, 0.017 ± 0.0018 vs. 0.010 ± 0.009 ppm ( P < 0.05), respectively. This higher concentration may imply higher fetal urinary excretion of fluoride at term due to the lower sequestration of fluoride as the process of bone calcification is more complete.

Fluoride accumulation in barnacles and mussels in the lagoon of Venice.

Abstract As some industries are likely to discharge fluoride into the Lagoon of Venice, especially in the area of Portomarghera, a survey was undertaken of the environmental levels of this element. Fluoride concentrations in the waters surrounding the industrial area ranged from 1.53 mg 1−1 (chlorinity: 16.6‰) to 3.14 mg 1−1 (15.1‰) and all values exceeded the levels considered normal for seawater having the same chlorinity. However determination of the fluoride content of water alone tells little about the entrance of this element into food chains. It therefore seemed appropriate to monitor the environment by examining organisms for their ability to accumulate fluoride in tissues. The organisms chosen for this purpose were the crustacean Balanus amphitrite (barnacles) and the mollusk Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels). Both species were found to accumulate fluoride in their soft tissues to above-ambient levels. Maximum fluoride concentrations found for barnacles and mussels were 81 ± 6 μg g−1 and 85 ± 20 μg g−1 (dry weight) respectively; the concentration factor, calculated as the ratio of mean concentration of fluoride in dry soft tissue of the animal to mean concentration in water, was of the order of 102 for both species. Moreover seasonal variations in soft tissue fluoride concentrations were recorded. These seasonal variations are probably related to the reproductive cycle; in both species the highest fluoride levels were found during the spawning periods, that is in summer in the case of the barnacle and in winter and spring in the case of the mussel. These species, especially during their spawning periods, are indirectly or directly included in the human diet. Since fluoride can be toxic, more attention should be paid to levels in environments, like the Lagoon of Venice, in the vicinity of highly industrialized comunities in which a large amount of local seafood is included in the diet.