Mean Concentration Of Aflatoxin M1 Research Articles

Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography in Mashhad (north east of Iran)

The aim of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk samples in Mashhad in Iran. A total of 60 milk samples were collected from retail stores of five regions in June 2011. The occurrence and concentration range of AFM1 in the samples were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography method. AFM1 was found in 100% of the examined milk samples by average concentration of 16.16 ng/L and the contamination level ranging between 2 and 64 ng/L. The concentration of AFM1 in all the samples was lower than the Iranian national standard and Food and Drug Administration limit (500 ng/L), and only in one (1.6%) of the samples, the concentration of AFM1 was greater than the maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/L) accepted by European Union and Codex Alimentarius Commission. Statistical evaluation showed no significant difference between the mean concentrations of AFM1 in milk samples taken from different regions (p > 0.05).

PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN PASTEURIZED AND UHT MILK COMMERCIALIZED IN SHIRAZ, KHUZESTAN AND YAZD, IRAN

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and may be found in the milk of lactating animals that have ingested feedstuffs contaminated with AFB1 Between Jun 2010 and March 2011, 149 samples of pasteurized (n=90) and UHT (n=59) milk were collected from supermarkets in the cities of Shiraz, Khuzestan and Yazed, Iran. All samples were analyzed for AFM1 contamination by ELISA and 142 (95.3%) were positive with mean concentrations 41 ng.l -1 . These concentrations are lower than the standads of Codex Alimentarius and FDA (500 ng.l -1 ), but 33 samples (22.1%) had higher concentrations than the maximum tolerance accepted by some European countries (50 ng.l -1 ). Mean concentrations of AFM1 in pasteurized and UHT milk were 39 and 46 ng.l -1 , respectively. Mean concentrations of AFM1 in fall and winter samples were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of summer but differences between AFM1 concentrations of fall and winter samples were not significantly different. No significant differences in Concentrations of AFM1 in milk samples between Shiraz, Khuzestan and Yazd. Considering the results, this survey revealed a high frequency of AFM1 contamination in milk samples from central part of Iran.

Infants exposure to aflatoxin M1 as a novel foodborne zoonosis

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formula milk powder (IFMP) and maternal breast milk (MBM) was investigated as a risk factor affects the health of newborns in Egypt. A total of 125 IFMP and 125 MBM samples were collected and examined for the presence of AFM1 using competitive ELISA test. The results indicated that the relative risk (RR) of exposure to AFM1 via consumption of MBM was higher than IFMP (RR; 1.6, 95%CI; 1.28–2.03, p=0.0001). The mean concentrations of AFM1 were significantly differed (p<0.0001) between MBM (74.413±7.070ng/l) and IFMP (9.796±1.036ng/l). High frequency distributions were detected within the range of 5–25ng/l and >50–100ng/l in IFMP and MBM, respectively. The average daily exposure of newborns to AFM1 via consumption of MBM and IFMP was 52.684 and 8.170ng, respectively, with a significant difference at p<0.0001. Consumption of raw milk by lactating mothers exhibited a significant correlation (p<0.0001) with the presence of AFM1 in their milk. In conclusion, this work established a pioneering concept that AFM1 may be considered as an etiological factor for a novel foodborne zoonosis identified as Aflatoxicosis M1.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in white cheese samples from Tehran, Iran

This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 50 white cheese samples from 2 dairy factories in summer 2008 and winter 2009. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used for analysis of the samples. Aflatoxin M1 was found in 60% of the cheese samples, ranging from 40.9 to 374 ng/kg. Toxin levels in 6% of the samples exceeded the Iranian national standard limit i.e. 200 ng/kg. Considering seasonal variability, mean concentration of AFM1 in the samples collected in winter was significantly (P < 0.03) higher than those collected in summer. Therefore, high occurrence of AFM1 in cheese samples could be a potential hazard for public health.

Survey of aflatoxin M1 in cheese from the North-east region of São Paulo, Brazil

In the present study, 24 samples of Minas Frescal cheese and 24 samples of Minas Padrão cheese produced in the North-east region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) between March and August 2008. AFM1 was detected in 13 (27.1%) samples at concentrations ranging from 0.037 to 0.313 ng g−1. The mean concentrations of AFM1 in positive samples of Minas Frescal and Minas Padrão cheese were 0.142 ± 0.118 and 0.118 ± 0.054 ng g−1, respectively. It is concluded that the incidence of AFM1 in Minas cheese may contribute to an increase in the overall ingestion of aflatoxins in the diet, hence indicating the need for the adoption of a tolerance limit for AFM1 in cheese in Brazil.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized milk of the School Milk Project in Thailand.

Concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were determined in 150 pasteurized milk samples from the School Milk Project in Thailand. Milk samples were collected from 50 schools in the Central region of Thailand in three seasons: summer (May to June 2006), the rainy season (August to September 2006), and winter (December 2006 to January 2007). AFM1 was isolated by using an immunoaffinity column and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. All of the 150 pasteurized milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, and the concentrations were within the U.S. regulatory limit of 0.5 microg/liter. The highest concentration of AFM1 found in school milk samples was 0.114 microg/liter. The mean concentration of AFM1 in milk samples collected in winter was significantly higher than the mean concentrations found in the rainy season and summer. Further monitoring of school milk to evaluate the status of contamination of AFM1 is necessary, with a special emphasis on samples collected in the rainy season and winter. Thailand is one of several countries that have no regulatory limits for AFM1 in milk and milk products. The results of this study suggest that safety limits for AFM1 are needed for regulating and ensuring the quality of milk and milk products in Thailand.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk commercialized in Esfahan and Shahr-e Kord, Iran

Between September 2006 and September 2007, 236 samples of raw (n = 140), pasteurized (n = 48) and UHT (n = 48) milk were collected from supermarkets and from bulk milk tanks of eight dairy plants in the cities of Esfahan and Shahr-e Kord, Iran. All samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination by ELISA and 213 (90.3%) were positive with mean concentrations 65 ng.l−1. These concentrations are lower than the standards of Codex Alimentarius and FDA (500 ng.l−1), but 119 samples (55.9%) had higher concentrations than the maximum tolerance accepted by some European countries (50 ng.l−1). Mean concentrations of AFM1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk were 68, 56, and 65 ng.l−1, respectively. Mean concentrations of AFM1 in autumn and winter samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of spring and summer but differences between AFM1 concentrations of spring and summer samples were not significantly different. Concentrations of AFM1 in milk from Shahr-e Kord were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than those from Esfahan.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in traditional cheese consumed in Esfahan, Iran

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in 88 samples of traditional cheese consumed in Esfahan city of Iran. In 47 of 88 samples (53.4%), the presence of AFM1 was detected in concentrations between 82 ng/kg and 1254 ng/kg. The mean level of AFM1 of positive samples was 412 ng/kg. AFM1 in 28 (31.8%) samples was higher than the maximum tolerance limit (250 ng/kg) accepted by some countries. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) between the mean concentrations of AFM1 in cheese samples of spring, summer, autumn and winter. However, the mean concentration of AFM1 in cheese samples from spring and summer was significantly lower than autumn and winter (P=0.05). It can be concluded that the high occurrence of AFM1 in cheese is probably due to the presence of aflatoxin in the feed and cheese milk. This condition should be considered as a probable hazard for human health.

Aflatoxin M1 contamination of milk and ice cream in Abeokuta and Odeda local governments of Ogun State, Nigeria

A survey was undertaken to determine the aflatoxin M(1) contamination of milk and some locally produced dairy products in Abeokuta and Odeda local governments of Ogun State, Nigeria. Samples of human and cow milk, yoghurt, "wara", ice cream and "nono" were collected randomly within the local governments and analysed for aflatoxin M(1) using the two-dimensional TLC. Aflatoxin M(1) contamination in the range of 2.04-4.00 microg l(-1) was noticed only in milk and ice cream. In particular, samples of human milk, cow milk and ice cream recorded high scores of 4.0 microg l(-1), 2.04 microg l(-1) and 2.23 microg l(-1), respectively in Abeokuta local governments and a score of 4.0 microg l(-1) for cow milk in Odeda local government. This indicates a high level contamination in the local governments since the weighted mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk for African diet is 0.002 microg l(-1). Therefore the concentration of AFB1 in feeds which is transformed to AFM1 in milk should be reduced by good manufacturing and good storage practices. Furthermore, there is need for stringent quality control during processing and distribution of these products.

OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK DURING THE SUMMER AND WINTER SEASONS IN HAMEDAN, IRAN

ABSTRACT A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was carried out in summer and winter in raw milk samples from 93 traditional and industrial dairy farms of the Hamedan district in order to address representative data on AFM1 in milk collected from these regions. Of the 186 milk samples, AFM1 was detected in 119 samples (63.97%). The mean concentration of AFM1 in contaminated samples was 43.4 ng/L, and the minimum and maximum levels were ≤10 and 410 ng/L, respectively. Fourteen (11.76%) contaminated samples had AFM1 in concentrations in excess of the maximum levels specified in European Union regulations, i.e., 50 ng/L. The contamination ratio of milk in summer and winter months was 56.5 and 71.7%, respectively (P &lt; 0.02). This is the first report on AFM1 determinations in raw milk from western Iran, one of the main milk‐production areas, as well as comparison between milk obtained from different dairy farms in Iran.