Mean Color Research Articles

Spectral Reflectance Recovery from the Quadcolor Camera Signals Using the Interpolation and Weighted Principal Component Analysis Methods.

The recovery of surface spectral reflectance using the quadcolor camera was numerically studied. Assume that the RGB channels of the quadcolor camera are the same as the Nikon D5100 tricolor camera. The spectral sensitivity of the fourth signal channel was tailored using a color filter. Munsell color chips were used as reflective surfaces. When the interpolation method or the weighted principal component analysis (wPCA) method is used to reconstruct spectra, using the quadcolor camera can effectively reduce the mean spectral error of the test samples compared to using the tricolor camera. Except for computation time, the interpolation method outperforms the wPCA method in spectrum reconstruction. A long-pass optical filter can be applied to the fourth channel for reducing the mean spectral error. A short-pass optical filter can be applied to the fourth channel for reducing the mean color difference, but the mean spectral error will be larger. Due to the small color difference, the quadcolor camera using an optimized short-pass filter may be suitable as an imaging colorimeter. It was found that an empirical design rule to keep the color difference small is to reduce the error in fitting the color-matching functions using the camera spectral sensitivity functions.

The accuracies of three intraoral scanners with regard to shade determination: An in vitro study.

To compare the accuracies of three intraoral scanners for shade determination function in vitro, and to preliminarily investigate the shade-matching characteristics of the three intraoral scanners. The shade of the middle third region of each shade tab on the Vita Classical A1-D4 shade guide (VC) was measured with a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade V, VE) and three intraoral scanners, including CEREC Omnicam (OM), 3Shape TRIOS 3 (T3), and TRIOS 4 (T4). A conversion table between VC values and CIELAB values was established from the database of VE to analyze the trueness. The reproducibility of the instruments was then compared by repeating the measurements five times. The mean color difference for each instrument was highest in the OM, followed by the T4, and lowest in the T3 and VE, respectively. The L* and a* value for OM, and the b* value for T4, were significantly different from those for VE (p <0.05). The reproducibility of the instrument was highest in the VE (Fleiss' kappa: 0.95), followed by the T3 (Fleiss' kappa: 0.89), T4 (Fleiss' kappa: 0.87), and OM (Fleiss' kappa: 0.78). Of the three intraoral scanners, the trueness was best on the T3. The reproducibility of all the instruments was excellent.

Linked color imaging improves visibility of colorectal serrated lesion by high color contrast to surrounding mucosa.

This study aimed to objectively evaluate the efficacy of linked color imaging (LCI) in diagnosing colorectal serrated lesions by utilizing visibility scores and color differences. We examined 89 serrated lesions, including 36 hyperplastic polyps (HPs), 47 sessile serrated lesions (SSLs), and six traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs). Visibility changes were scored by six endoscopists as follows: 4, excellent; 3, good; 2, fair; and 1, poor. Furthermore, images obtained by white-light imaging (WLI) or LCI were assessed using the CIELAB color space in the lesion and adjacent mucosa. We calculated the mean color values (L*, a*, and b*) measured at five regions of interest of the sample lesion and surrounding mucosa and derived the color difference (ΔE*). The visibility scores of both HPs and SSLs in LCI were significantly higher than that in WLI (HPs, 3.67/2.89, P < 0.001; SSLs, 3.07/2.36, P < 0.001). Furthermore, SSLs showed a significantly higher L* value and significantly lower a* and b* values in LCI than the adjacent mucosae (L*, 61.76/58.23, P = 0.016; a*, 14.91/17.58, P = 0.019; b*, 20.42/24.21, P = 0.007), while WLI produced no significant difference in any color value. A similar trend was apparent in HPs. In all serrated groups, LCI revealed significantly greater ΔE* values between the lesion and adjacent mucosa than WLI (HPs, 11.54/6.12; SSLs, 13.43/7.67; TSAs, 35.00/22.48). Linked color imaging showed higher color contrast between serrated lesions and the surrounding mucosae compared with WLI, indicating improved visibility of colorectal serrated lesion using LCI.

A statistical interpretation of the voltammetry of adsorbed substances under the perspective view of the Digital Video Electrochemistry

Coupling cyclic voltammetry with digital video electrochemistry allows identifying different electrochemical processes overlapped. Mathematical description of the time evolution of mean color intensities and their standard deviation at the studied electrode surface during voltammetric experiments were developed. Parallel electrochemical reactions and the presence of colored intermediate species was also evaluated. Single expressions for the shape of these curves, including the maximum of peaks or the half-peak widths are analyzed on the basis of a single layer covered electrode. The good similitude among current, mean color intensities derivative and variance curves allows a statistical interpretation for these processes.

Formulation and Senso-chemical Evaluation of Palmyrah Palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) Based Value-added Products

Palmyrah palm (Borassus flabellifer L.), a member of the Arecaceae family, is a tree with a variety of uses, including food, beverage, fiber, medicinal, and timber. Unfortunately, commercial applications for the nutritionally rich pulp of ripened palm are limited. The current study was conducted to develop a technology for the preparation of a value-added products from palm and to evaluate them in terms of chemical composition, sensory properties, and microbial quality during refrigerated storage. This study resulted in the creation of a palm toffee product with optimal levels of ingredients such as palm pulp, sugar, fat, cream, glucose, and skimmed milk powder. Three palm-based toffees were selected based on the analysis and they were compared with a control sample. The results of the physicochemical analysis revealed that fresh toffees had an average moisture content of 9.79%, ash content of 3.5-6.15%, fat content of 8.20-29.70g, titrable acidity of 0.27-0.49%, total sugars of 78.26-79.66%, reducing sugar of 46.12-49.90%, and ascorbic acid content of 5.330-3.553 mg/100g, &amp;szlig;&amp;ndash;Carotene of 20-133 mg/100g. Na, Mg, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe were identified as abundant minerals in prepared toffees. On a 9-point hedonic scale, the mean color, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability score for selected three toffees were 6.9-7.8, 6.6-8.4, 7.0-8.1, 7.1-8.0, and 7.2-8.4, respectively. According to the storage study, reducing sugars and total sugars increased with the increase in storage period, while moisture content, ascorbic acid, and total acidity decreased. The toffee is a contribution to the value-added food product development from a traditional fruit in Bangladesh.

Assessment of Color Difference of Translucent Zirconia Substructure Veneered Using a Layering Technique with Two Different Veneering Thicknesses: An in-vitro study

Background and objectives. The introduction of zirconia to the dental field created a path for development of new designs and applications, but still, a minimum framework thickness of 0.5 mm with the remaining thickness of the restoration used for building the ceramic veneer was always recommended. This might have possibly affected the final shade of the restoration due to the whitish color of Y-TZP. This in vitro study was designed to assess the color difference of translucent zirconia substructure veneered using a traditional layering technique with two different veneering thicknesses. Methods. A total of twenty translucent Ice zirconia disc samples with standardized dimensions 12 mm in a diameter, 0.5mm in thickness were designed and constructed using zirkonzahn system. The samples were classified into two groups: Group I: (n = 10) veneered by 0.5 mm thickness layering technique using IPS emax Ceram dentin shade A2. Group II (n = 10) veneered by 1 mm thickness layering technique using IPS emax Ceram dentin shade A2. Twenty composite resin discs 12mm in diameter and 5mm in thickness in A3 shade, were fabricated to be bonded to ceramic specimens using Dual-curing translucent rely X Unicem automix Self-Adhesive Resin luting cement. Spectrophotometer was used to measure color parameters L*, a*, b* for all samples. ΔE values were measured to determine color differences between the specimens and the A2 VITA classical shade (target shade). ΔE values were compared with an acceptability threshold (ΔE=3.7). Independent t-test was used to analyze data (P&lt;0.05) in this study and was analyzed using (SPSS) software, version 22. Results. The results showed that veneering thicknesses had a significant effect on the mean (ΔE) Values at P ≤ 0.001. The 0.5 mm veneer thickness showed the higher significant mean color difference (∆E) than the 1.0 mm veneering thickness where the recorded mean (ΔE) Values were (4.15±1.31) (2.65±1.39) respectively at p ≤ 0.001. Conclusions. This study concluded that 1.0 mm veneer thickness was the optimum thickness regarding color matching.

Using Nix color sensor and Munsell soil color variables to classify contrasting soil types and predict soil organic carbon in Eastern India

Optimal soil management depends on rapid and frequent monitoring of key soil properties, which are conventionally measured in the laboratory using laborious wet-chemistry protocols. The Nix color sensor has recently exhibited promise for predicting several soil properties using soil color. This study evaluated the relationship between the Munsell Soil Color Chart (MSCC) color values of dry and ground surface soil samples to those reported by the Nix color sensor with (NixSTD) and without MSCC standardization (NixNON-STD) to classify 371 samples collected from three contrasting soil types, collected from three agro-climatic zones (coastal saline zone, red and laterite zone, and Gangetic alluvial zone) and to predict soil organic carbon (OC) using different multivariate data mining algorithms. Comparing the CIEL*a*b* color values reported by the MSCC and the NixSTD, an acceptable mean color difference (ΔE*ab) value of 5.20 was obtained, indicating the potential accuracy of the Nix sensor. Principal component analysis efficiently clustered the soil types using the RGB variables extracted from the MSCC color chips in tandem with the NixSTD/NixNON-STD data. Both classification tree and linear support vector machine algorithms perfectly classified all three contrasting soil types using NixNON-STD data alone. Besides, the combination of the MSCC and the NixNON-STD datasets produced the best OC prediction (R2 = 0.66) via random forest (RF) algorithm and indicated the potential of Nix in digital soil morphometrics. In most of the RF models, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and yellow (Y) variables appeared influential, presumably because of their negative correlation with OC in red and laterite soils. More research is warranted to measure the impacts of variable soil moisture and other confounding soil morphological features on the soil classification and OC prediction performance to extend the approach for classifying soil types and predicting OC in-situ.

Ancient India Varna and Jati "Advantages and Faults

The Hindu social organization is remarkable for its Varnasrama Dharm or duty based on other and stages of life. This broad division was originally associated with the color conscious Aryans to distinguish them from the non-Aryans. The Purusha-sukta hymn( ), refers to the emergence of the four —fold social order from the four limbs, of the creator. The hymn is in the last book of the Rig-Veda, suggesting its late origin "This tradition of creation is accepted and even propounded by Manu( ), who refers to the assignment of different duties and occupation to different social groups".&#x0D; A caste is ‘a collection of families or groups of families, bearing a common name which usually denotes or is associated with a mythical ancestor, human or divine; professing to follow the same calling; and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community”. According to Dr.V.A. Smith, a caste may be defined as “a group of families internally united by peculiar rules for the observance of ceremonial purity, especially in the mater of diet and marriage”.&#x0D; Manu mentions the term "Jati" meaning caste. Originally these two terms had no doubt different connotations, but in later times they were considered as synonymous. The term varna meaning color was used to distinguish the Aryans from the non-Aryans. Later on, it stood for all the four groups. Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras, representing the four fold division of Hindu society. The other term jati connotes, according to the legal texts, not only the four castes or groups but also numerous new castes, created to accommodate the off-springs of inter-caste marriages. These castes became more or less water-tight compartments, with qualities, work and rights and obligations peculiar to each. For various castes, separate set of rules of conduct were framed. In course of time the various groups of people were accommodated in different stages of material and spiritual development into a composite pluralistic society. The (Jatis) or castes enjoyed considerable freedom in formulating the details such as marriage, food, communion etc. of their social life.

Vision transformer and explainable transfer learning models for auto detection of kidney cyst, stone and tumor from CT-radiography

Renal failure, a public health concern, and the scarcity of nephrologists around the globe have necessitated the development of an AI-based system to auto-diagnose kidney diseases. This research deals with the three major renal diseases categories: kidney stones, cysts, and tumors, and gathered and annotated a total of 12,446 CT whole abdomen and urogram images in order to construct an AI-based kidney diseases diagnostic system and contribute to the AI community’s research scope e.g., modeling digital-twin of renal functions. The collected images were exposed to exploratory data analysis, which revealed that the images from all of the classes had the same type of mean color distribution. Furthermore, six machine learning models were built, three of which are based on the state-of-the-art variants of the Vision transformers EANet, CCT, and Swin transformers, while the other three are based on well-known deep learning models Resnet, VGG16, and Inception v3, which were adjusted in the last layers. While the VGG16 and CCT models performed admirably, the swin transformer outperformed all of them in terms of accuracy, with an accuracy of 99.30 percent. The F1 score and precision and recall comparison reveal that the Swin transformer outperforms all other models and that it is the quickest to train. The study also revealed the blackbox of the VGG16, Resnet50, and Inception models, demonstrating that VGG16 is superior than Resnet50 and Inceptionv3 in terms of monitoring the necessary anatomy abnormalities. We believe that the superior accuracy of our Swin transformer-based model and the VGG16-based model can both be useful in diagnosing kidney tumors, cysts, and stones.

Evaluating the feasibility of interpretable machine learning for globular cluster detection

Extragalactic globular clusters (GCs) are important tracers of galaxy formation and evolution because their properties, luminosity functions, and radial distributions hold valuable information about the assembly history of their host galaxies. Obtaining GC catalogues from photometric data involves several steps which will likely become too time-consuming to perform on the large data volumes that are expected from upcoming wide-field imaging projects such as Euclid. In this work, we explore the feasibility of various machine learning methods to aid the search for GCs in extensive databases. We use archivalHubbleSpace Telescope data in theF475WandF850LPbands of 141 early-type galaxies in the Fornax and Virgo galaxy clusters. Using existing GC catalogues to label the data, we obtained an extensive data set of 84929 sources containing 18556 GCs and we trained several machine learning methods both on image and tabular data containing physically relevant features extracted from the images. We find that our evaluated machine learning models are capable of producing catalogues of a similar quality as the existing ones which were constructed from mixture modelling and structural fitting. The best performing methods, ensemble-based models such as random forests, and convolutional neural networks recover ∼90−94% of GCs while producing an acceptable amount of false detections (∼6−8%), with some falsely detected sources being identifiable as GCs which have not been labelled as such in the used catalogues. In the magnitude range 22 &lt; m4_g ≤ 24.5 mag, 98−99% of GCs are recovered. We even find such high performance levels when training on Virgo and evaluating on Fornax data (and vice versa), illustrating that the models are transferable to environments with different conditions, such as different distances than in the used training data. Apart from performance metrics, we demonstrate how interpretable methods can be utilised to better understand model predictions, recovering that magnitudes, colours, and sizes are important properties for identifying GCs. Moreover, comparing colour distributions from our detected sources to the reference distributions from input catalogues finds great agreement and the mean colour is recovered even for systems with fewer than 20 GCs. These are encouraging results, indicating that similar methods trained on an informative sub-sample can be applied for creating GC catalogues for a large number of galaxies, with tools being available for increasing the transparency and reliability of said methods.

Asteroid (3200) Phaethon: results of polarimetric, photometric, and spectral observations

ABSTRACT We present results of polarimetric, photometric, and spectral observations of the near-Earth asteroid (3200) Phaethon carried out at the 6-m BTA telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory and the 2.6-m and 1.25-m telescopes of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory over a wide range of phase angles during its close approach to the Earth at the end of 2017 (α = 19°–135°) and in 2020 at α = 52.2°. Using our and other available in literature data, we found that the maximum degree of linear polarization of Phaethon in the V band is Pmax = (45 ± 1) per cent at the phase angle αmax = 124.0° ± 0.4°, whereas the inversion angle αinv = 21.4° ± 1.2° and polarimetric slope is h = (0.326 ± 0.027) per cent per degree. Using the dependence ‘polarimetric slope – albedo,’ we have found the geometric albedo of asteroid Phaethon to be pv = 0.060 ± 0.005. This value falls into the lower range of albedo values for asteroids determined by different methods. The mean colour indices U–B = 0.207 m ± 0.053 m and B–V = 0.639 m ± 0.054 m of the asteroid are derived at heliocentric and geocentric distances 1.077 au and 0.102 au, respectively, and phase angle α = 23.78°. The absolute magnitude of Phaethon is V(1,1,0) = 14.505 m ± 0.059 m. The effective diameter of Phaethon is estimated from obtained absolute magnitude and geometrical albedo, it is equal to 6.8 ± 0.3 km. The best fit to the observed polarimetric data was obtained with the Sh-matrix model of conjugated random Gaussian particles composed of Mg-rich silicate (90 per cent) and amorphous carbon (10 per cent).

Absent Color Indexing: Histogram-Based Identification Using Major and Minor Colors

The color histogram is a statistical behavior for robust pattern search or matching; however, difficulties have arisen in using it to discriminate among similar objects. Our method, called absent color indexing (ABC), describes how to use absent or minor colors as a feature in order to solve problems while robustly recognizing images, even those with similar color features. The proposed approach separates a source color histogram into apparent (AP) and absent (AB) color histograms in order to provide a fair way of focusing on the major and minor contributions together. A threshold for this separation is automatically obtained from the mean color histogram by considering the statistical significance of the absent colors. After these have been separated, an inversion operation is performed to reinforce the weight of AB. In order to balance the contributions of the two histograms, four similarity measures are utilized as candidates for combination with ABC. We tested the performance of ABC in terms of the F-measure using different similarity measures, and the results show that it is able to achieve values greater than 0.95. Experiments on Mondrian random patterns verify the ability of ABC to distinguish similar objects by margin. The results of extensive experiments on real-world images and open databases are presented here in order to demonstrate that the performance of our relatively simple algorithm remained robust even in difficult cases.

Color prediction of layered dental resin composites with varying thickness

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a Principal Components Analysis (PCA)-based method for reflectance reconstruction and color estimation of layered dental resin-based composites with different thicknesses. MethodBi-layered samples of different clinically relevant thicknesses were created using shades of VITAPAN Excell (VE), VITAPAN Dentine (VD) and VITA Physiodens (VP), combined with their corresponding enamel shades. Spectral reflectance of all samples was measured over a black background using a non-contact spectroradiometer with CIE 45∘∕0∘ geometry. Two different PCA-based models, built from two different configurations of known samples, were proposed to reconstruct the spectral data and color of unknown layered samples. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Goodness of Fit (GFC), as well as ΔE00 with corresponding 50:50% acceptability and perceptibly thresholds (AT and PT) were used as performance assessment. ResultsThe 5-samples training set approach provided an average RMSE < 0.015 and GFC > 0.999 when measured and predicted spectral reflectances were compared, while for the 9-samples training set, RMSE < 0.0098 and GFC > 0.9999 were obtained. The overall mean color differences obtained with the 5-samples training set approach were ΔE00 = 0.99 (AT% = 96.25% and PT% = 32.50%), while using the 9-samples training set resulted in lower overall mean color differences: ΔE00 = 0.50 (AT% = 99.22% and PT% = 83.87%). SignificanceWithin the framework of this study, the two proposed PCA-based configurations allow the prediction of the spectral reflectance of layered dental resin-based composites of different shades and thicknesses, with a high degree of accuracy.

Antimicrobial efficacy, optical properties and flexural strength following antimicrobial photodynamic therapy over vacuum-formed orthodontic retainers

Background and aimsVacuum-formed retainers (VFRs) are widely used in dental practices because of their superior esthetics. However, simultaneous maintenance of their hygiene, mechanical and optical properties is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the disinfection efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and water over VFRs specimens, along with their effect on flexural strength and color stability. Materials and methodsFabricated VFRs of thicknesses 1 mm and 2 mm were contaminated with S. mutans and C. albicans. Brain Heart Infusion agar was used to seed Streptococcus Mutans whereas Candida Albicans was seeded in Sabourand Dextrose Agar. The contaminated retainers were divided into four groups and decontaminated using four different treatment protocols: aPDT, CHX, NaOCl and water, with 10 specimens per group. Microbial viability following decontamination, was assayed using MTT. To assess the color stability, pre and post decontamination color difference of 10 specimens was recorded using a spectrophotometer by blinding technique. The flexural strength of 10 specimens was measured using a universal testing machine by a standardized 3-point flexural strength (FS) test. ResultaPDT showed the highest reduction in the viability of S. mutans (28%) and C. albicans (20%) species in 1 mm thickness group while the second highest reduction following disinfection with CHX (40%) in followed by NaOCl disinfection (50%). On comparison between 1 mm and 2 mm, a statistically significant difference was noted for S. mutans in aPDT (p = 0.033) and NaOCl (p = 0.028) groups, and for C. albicans, a significant difference was noted within NaOCl (p = 0.001) and CHX (p = 0.043) groups. For FS, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between aPDT and the rest of the groups, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in the flexural strength between the CHX, NaOCl and water groups (p > 0.05) in both 1 mm and 2 mm specimens. Between 1 mm and 2 mm specimens, no statistically significant difference in the mean color difference was noted after any disinfection protocol (p > 0.05). ConclusionAntimicrobial photodynamic therapy showed a remarkable reduction in candidal and bacterial viability over VFRs. aPDT treated VFR specimens showed increased flexural strength and a higher color difference post treatment compared to other reagents.

Effect of Miswak Derivatives on Color Changes and Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Based Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufactured (CAD/CAM) Dental Ceramic Materials.

BackgroundMiswak is a form of chewing stick used to clean teeth in different parts of the world, including Saudi Arabia. We present a description of the effects of miswak derivatives, namely toothpaste, mouthwash, and brushing sticks, on the mean color changes (ΔE00), compressive fracture resistance values, and fracture modes of polymer-based computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufactured (CAM) prosthetic materials.Material/MethodsEighty-one rectangular-shaped samples were prepared from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity), and monochromatic tooth-colored feldspar (Vitablocs Mark II) CAD/CAM ceramics. The color parameters were recorded using spectrophotometer before and after exposing the specimens to the different miswak oral hygiene derivatives for 15 days. Compressive fracture resistance values and fracture types were also assessed, and statistical analysis was performed.ResultsVita Suprinity and Vitablocs Mark II miswak sticks had the highest ΔE00 values. Moreover, miswak mouthwash had the lowest ΔE00 values, with significant differences among groups. IPS e.max CAD miswak sticks had the highest mean values of compressive fracture. Vitablocs Mark II had the lowest values for mouthwash and toothpaste. Significant differences were found within the IPS e.max CAD group. Reparable fractures were found in IPS e.max CAD, while semi-reparable fractures were seen in other groups.ConclusionsMost ΔE00 values were within the acceptable clinical range, with IPS e.max CAD showing superior color stability. The mouthwash group showed minimal ΔE00. IPS e.max CAD had the highest mean compressive fracture resistance values with reparable fracture types.

Spectral reflectance estimation based on two-step k-nearest neighbors locally weighted linear regression

To improve the estimation accuracy of spectral reflectance from the given trichromatic value, a new two-step k-nearest neighbors locally weighted linear regression method is proposed. The algorithm has good local learning ability and can take into account the similarity of colorimetric and spectral reflectance space. The simulated and practical imaging experiments were carried out with Munsell matte and glossy dataset, respectively. Experimental results show that the mean root mean square error values of the spectral reflectance estimated by our model in simulated RGB, practical imaging Adobe RGB. and raw RGB data experiments are 0.00731, 0.01519, and 0.01453, respectively, and the mean color difference values under CIE standard illuminant D65 are 0.380, 1.311, and 1.180, respectively. In addition, we showed the calculation time cost of various models in the practical experiment. The calculation time of one sample for the proposed method is 0.094 s. The proposed method is better than several state-of-the-art methods in terms of comprehensive estimation performance and running efficiency.

ВПЛИВ ІДІОСТИЛЮ А. ФЕТА НА РОЗВИТОК РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ

The relevance of scientific research is due to the fact that Old Slavonic, Church Slavonic and borrowings from other languages enrich our speech, helping it to give a special meaning, expressiveness and emotional color. By explaining the lexical meaning of specific tokens, it becomes possible to better understand Russian fiction. Separate layers of Russian vocabulary help to study the close historical and cultural ties of the Slavic peoples. The object of our study is the poetic language of A. Fet as a special means of existence of natural language, where the poet creates individual linguistic images. Our analysis revealed the peculiarities of the functioning of Church Slavonic, Old Slavonic, individual tokens of Indo-European, Interslavic and East Slavic vocabulary, as well as borrowings from other languages.

In situ measurement of fish color based on machine vision: A case study of measuring a clownfish’s color

This study proposed an innovative technique to measure the fish color in situ based on machine vision to avoid potential effects on fish health that might result from conventional measurement with a colorimeter. The research goal was achieved by developing a color conversion model trained with images of a color reference target in the ambient environment and clay samples in the aquarium representing the target fish. Brightness adjustment was effectively applied to these images to minimize uneven illumination in both environments. The generalization ability of the model was ensured with regularized regression. Consequently, an optimal cubic ridge model was obtained with appreciably low training and testing mean color errors of 1.17 ± 0.64 and 1.10 ± 0.50 CIEDE2000 color difference units, respectively. Preliminary results of measuring the clownfish color showed that the proposed system had much potential for in situ and non-invasive visualizing of the color distribution of small ornamental fish with color non-uniformity.

Pigment Penetration Characterization of Colored Boundaries in Powder-Based Color 3D Printing.

Color 3D printing has widely affected our daily lives; therefore, its precise control is essential for aesthetics and performance. In this study, four unique test plates were printed using powder-based full-color 3D printing as an example; moreover, the corresponding pigment-penetration depth, chromaticity value and image-based metrics were measured to investigate the lateral pigment penetration characteristics and relative surface-color reproduction of each color patch, and to perform an objective analysis with specific microscopic images. The results show that the lateral pigment-penetration depth correlates with the number of printed layers on the designed 3D test plates, and the qualitative analysis of microscopic images can explain the change in chromaticity well. Meanwhile, there is an obvious linear correlation between the mean structural similarity, color-image difference and color difference for current color samples. Thus, our proposed approach has a good practicality for powder-based color 3D printing, and can provide new insight into predicting the color-presentation efficiency of color 3D-printed substrates by the abovementioned objective metrics.

The influence of biological sex on latent fingermark aging as examined by the color contrast technique

This research further expands previous studies in which color contrast between ridges and furrows was examined as a possible age indicator for latent fingermarks. Here, the variable biological sex and its influence on aging were investigated. A total of 756 sebaceous-rich impressions from seven males and seven females were deposited on glass and polystyrene plastic and aged in the dark for three months. At nine discrete times, random fingermarks were visualized with a titanium dioxide-based powder (TiO2 ), photographed, and edited in Photoshop® to collect pixel color data. Two color contrast-related metrics, mean color intensity (MI) and intensity amplitude (IA), were analyzed to determine whether the aging processes of biological male and female fingermarks were equivalent. These metrics revealed that impressions from the different biological sexes behaved in a similar manner over time. However, significant effects between substrates were observed. Quadratic regression models best represented the aging trends based on the MI and IA metrics for both male and female fingermarks. The correlation coefficients (R) and coefficients of determination (R2 ) were moderate to strong for impressions on glass but weaker for plastic. These findings indicated that biological male and female fingermarks could be incorporated into a single universal age estimation model per substrate when utilizing color contrast as an age indicator. Nonetheless, future studies are needed to better understand aging processes on plastic when using this methodology and to determine the life expectancy (i.e., the potential for identification) of latent fingermarks beyond three months.