Mean Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Evaluation of the Three Glucometer Devices Performance in Comparison with the Cobas Integra 400 Plus Autoanalyzer in Measuring Blood Glucose Levels: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the three glucometers compared to standard the laboratory method (Cobas Integra 400 Plus) in measuring blood glucose levels. Patients and Methods: A total of 100 Yemeni diabetic patients were randomly recruited into a comparative cross-sectional study. Venous and finger-pricked blood samples were obtained from all participants and used for blood glucose levels measurement following the standard procedures. Results: The mean blood glucose levels for one-hundred diabetic patients using the Gluco Contour TS and Gluco SD Codefree were not significantly different compared with the Cobas Integra 400 Plus (12.14 ± 6.89 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.159; 12.50 ± 7.18 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.490), respectively. However, there is a significant difference using the Gluco Alert device from that of the Cobas Integra 400 Plus (11.83 ± 6.94 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.046). Furthermore, using the ROC curve at a 95% confidence interval, the Cobas Integra 400 Plus showed a significant agreement with the Gluco Contour TS (51.4%), Gluco SD Codefree (50.4%), and Gluco Alert (39.3%), respectively. For determining accuracy, the sensitivity of the glucometer devices was the following: Gluco SD Codefree (87.3%), Contour TS (85.9%), and Gluco Alert (78.9%). In this regard, the highest specificity was related to Gluco Contour TS (65.5%). Conclusion: The correlation between both methods was good, with high sensitivity and specificity in measuring blood glucose levels as indicated by the ROC curve. Thus, we suggest using these glucometers at homes and hospitals as a point of care for diabetic patients.

A comparative study on effect of 4% gelatin and dextran-40 on blood glucose levels during surgery under subarachnoid block - A randomized, prospective study

Background: Stress response to surgery induces hyperglycemia to a limited extent. An additive hyperglycemic response, secondary to the metabolism of intravenous fluids, can thus prove detrimental to the well-being of the patient, if ignored. Aim and Objectives: Our study aimed to examine and compare the effects of 4% gelatin and dextran-40 on blood glucose levels during surgery under subarachnoid block and their potential to induce hyperglycemia. Materials and Methods: Sixty ASA grade I and II patients were randomized into two groups, 30 patients in each. Group 1 patients were preloaded with 4% gelatin (10 mL/kg) and Group 2 patients were preloaded with Dextran-40 in normal saline (10 mL/kg), over a period of 30 min. Just prior to preloading, baseline capillary blood glucose (CBG) level was noted this is followed by subsequent readings at 20 min interval until 100 min from baseline reading. All patients received normal saline (0.9%) as a maintenance fluid. Under strict aseptic precautions, subarachnoid block using 15 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine at L3–L4 or L4–L5 level was given after preloading. Results: Both groups are comparable in age, weight, sex, age-wise distribution, type and duration of surgery. The CBG levels in both the groups at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 min from the baseline were within physiological limits. In group 2, the maximum mean blood glucose level of 98.53 ± 14.57 mg/dL was found at 60 min from onset of preloading, which was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.017) when compared with corresponding blood glucose level (86.50 ± 10.44 mg/dL) in group 1. Conclusion: Preloading the patients prior to subarachnoid block with 4% gelatin or dextran 40 does not raise CBG levels significantly above the physiological limits.

The Potential of Noni (Moringa citrifolia) in Lowering Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin resistance. Noni juice has the potential as herbal medicine which believed to reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to determine the effect of noni juice on blood sugar levels on diabetic patients. Methods: This study used 16 respondents. They divided two groups, a control group and a treatment group. Each group consists of 8 respondents. The intervention group received 150 ml of noni juice which was given once a day for ten days. Glucose testing was carried out by the glucose-check method. The blood was taken from the respondent's fingertips capillary. The blood glucose levels between the control group and the intervention group were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: The average blood glucose level in the intervention group was 199.88 mg/dl, while the control group was 326.25 mg/dl. The test results of the mean blood glucose levels between the control group and the intervention group had a significant difference with a value of p = 0.003 (p ≤ 0.05). This indicates a significant effect between blood glucose levels in the control group and the intervention group. Conclusion: Noni can reduce blood glucose levels because it contains flavonoid. It has a hypoglycemic effect. Health workers can suggest consuming noni juice to decrease blood glucose in diabetic patients.
 

Comparison of infusion of Propofol and Isoflurane on blood glucose level during surgery in type 2 diabetic patient

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, known as the most common type of diabetes and is associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and insulin-dependent infertility. Isoflurane and Propofol are two commonly used drugs in anesthetics that have different effects on various systems in the body; however, limited studies have been done on the impact of these two medications on the blood glucose level in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Propofol and Isoflurane on the blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are surgical candidates. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were candidates for elective surgery. Participants were selected based on the order of referral using convenience sampling method and entered the study after evaluating inclusion and exclusion criteria. First, patients' demographic data were recorded and then they were randomly divided into two groups to receive Isoflurane and Propofol. The vital signs of the patients were recorded before and during anesthesia every 15 minutes. Blood glucose levels were measured by the glucose meter before surgery and one hour after the start of the anesthetic maintenance. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean blood glucose level before surgery and at the end of recovery in any of the study groups. Moreover, the mean of blood glucose level before the surgery and at the end of recovery and the difference in the mean of blood glucose level in both groups of Isoflurane and Propofol in different time intervals were not significantly different (P< 0.05). Comparison of blood glucose level before and after surgery in each group showed that there was no significant difference in the level of glucose before and after the surgical operation in the Isoflurane group (P= 0.3), but in the Propofol group, the level of blood glucose had decreased significantly after the surgical operation (P= 0.014). Conclusion: Maintenance of anesthesia with Propofol in comparison with the inhaled Isoflurane during the surgical operation can lead to a reduction in the blood glucose levels after the surgery compared to the preoperative state.

Metabolic and sympathovagal effects of bolus insulin glulisine versus basal insulin glargine therapy in people with type2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study.

Aims/IntroductionThis study compares the effects of two different insulin regimens – basal versus bolus insulin – on metabolic and cardiovascular autonomic function in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsParticipants were randomly assigned to groups for therapy with insulin glulisine (IGlu) or insulin glargine (IGla). The primary efficacy end‐point was glycemic variability, including M‐values, mean of glucose levels, and a blood glucose profile of seven time points before and after the intervention. The secondary end‐points included pleiotropic effects, including endothelial and cardiac autonomic nerve functions.ResultsBlood glucose levels at all time points significantly decreased in both groups. Post‐lunch, post‐dinner, and bedtime blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the IGlu group than in the IGla group. Nadir fasting blood glucose levels at the end‐point were significantly lower in the IGla group than in the IGlu group. The M‐value and mean blood glucose levels were significantly decreased from baseline in both groups, although the former was significantly lower in the IGlu group than in the IGla group. IGla, but not IGlu, was found to elevate 24‐h parasympathetic tone, especially during night‐time, and it decreased 24‐h sympathetic nerve activity, especially at dawn.ConclusionsBoth IGlu and IGla regimens reduced glucose variability, with IGlu bringing a greater reduction in M‐value. IGla, but not IGlu, increased parasympathetic tone during night‐time and decreased sympathetic nerve activity at dawn. These findings shed light on the previously unrecognized role of night‐time basal insulin supplementation on sympathovagal activity in type 2 diabetes patients.

Exenatide once weekly combined with metformin reduced glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes by using flash glucose monitoring system

BACKGROUNDMultiple studies demonstrate that fluctuating blood glucose level produces greater damage compared with sustained hyperglycemia. Flash glucose monitoring system is an effective method in documenting blood glucose variability, contributing to better glucose management and reduced hypoglycemic event occurrence.AIMTo investigate the improvement in glycemic variability (GV), blood glucose level, and metabolic indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after combined treatment of exenatide once weekly (EXQW) and metformin.METHODSTwenty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffering from poor blood glucose control under metformin treatment were recruited. The recruited patients were prescribed with oral metformin only (maintaining a dosage of metformin at ≥ 1500 mg/day) for 2 wk (screening period), and then given EXQW (2 mg, subcutaneous injection) for 12 wk (experimental period). The flash glucose monitoring system was used to document blood glucose values during the screening period and the last 2 wk of the experimental period. RESULTSFour patients were excluded for various reasons, yielding a total of 21 patients, including 17 males and 4 females, with an average age of 48.8 years, who completed this study. The estimated glycated hemoglobin, mean blood glucose, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and percentage of blood glucose above 7.8 mmol/L decreased compared to those at baseline (P = 0.003, 0.003, 0.008, 0.010, 0.014, 0.017, and 0.005, respectively), while the percentage of blood glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/L significantly increased (P = 0.005). Parameters of GV including standard deviation of blood glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, mean of daily difference, area under the curve difference between percentiles 25 and 75, and area under the curve difference between percentiles 10 and 90 were significantly lower compared to that of baseline (P = 0.017, 0.006, 0.000, 0.024, 0.036, respectively). The durations of blood glucose below 3.9 mmol/L during the day and nocturnal periods significantly increased after treatment (P = 0.041 and 0.028, respectively), but there was no significant increase in severe hypoglycemia (< 3.0 mmol/L) compared with that at baseline (P = 0.207). In addition, some metabolic indicators improved after EXQW treatment.CONCLUSIONEXQW combined with metformin can effectively improve blood glucose levels, reduce GV, and improve metabolic indicators. However, there is still a risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia, and careful attention should be paid to patients with EXQW treatment.

Safety and Efficacy of Four Anti-Diabetic Treatment Regimens in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during Ramadan fasting: A Comparative Study

Objective: To compare the anti-hyperglycaemic effectiveness and safety of different anti-diabetic treatment regimens in fasting type 2 diabetic subjects during Ramadan. Methods: This was a prospective four-week study of 161 subjects with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 6.5-8.5%) during Ramadan, at the Department of Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism, Services Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Study participants were randomized into four treatment groups: lifestyle modification only (group 1: lifestyle), metformin monotherapy (group 2: Metformin), metformin and sulfonylurea (group 3: Met/SU) and metformin and DPP4 inhibitor (group 4: Met/Sita). Anthropometric and biochemical evaluation were done one week before onset of Ramadan and in the last week of Ramadan. 134 patients completed the study protocol and repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the groupsfor change inclinical and laboratory parameters from pre-Ramadan baseline. Results: There was a significant decrease in mean blood glucose (mg/dL) and fructosamine(µmol/L)levels post-Ramadan in all treatment groups, with the greatest reduction seen in Met/Sita treatment group [(fructosamine -35.9, p &lt;0.01), mean blood glucose (-23.6, p&lt; 0.05)]. In the safety analysis, Met/Sita group also showed improvement in several metabolic parameters including lipid profile (cholesterol -12.4 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.05; LDL -8.6mg/dL, p &lt;0.05; triglycerides -41.9mg/dL, p &lt;0.05) and transaminases. Only one patient among the study population reported a hypoglycaemic event (Met/SU group). Conclusion: During Ramadan fasting, combination treatment with metformin-sitagliptinin type 2 diabetic subjects resulted in the greatest improvement in glycaemic control without causing hypoglycaemia, and was associated with improvement in lipid profile and hepatic transaminases. Key words: Metformin, sitagliptin, fasting, Ramadan, type 2 diabetes, glucose control

Glucose tolerance status in patients with newly diagnosed papillary thyroid carcinoma

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine system malignancies with 9 out of 100,000 estimated annual incidence and papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) increases blood insulin levels by creating insulin resistance. Many studies have suggested the role of insulin resistance in the prognosis of PTC. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with PTC and to compare the relationship between insulin resistance and disease severity, lymph node involvement and distant metastasis. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 68 patients with PTC diagnosis examined for metastasis by whole body scan and cervical lymph nodes by ultrasound were included in this study. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was also performed on subjects. Results: In this study 68 patients (76.5% female and 23.5% male) were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 44.2±13.8 years. The mean serum level of fasting blood glucose (FBG in patients was 103.14±21.8 mg/dL and the mean 2 hours past-prandial was 145.12±22.37 mg/dL. Statistically significant lymphatic involvement was observed in 25% of patients between insulin resistance and nodal involvement (P=0.03). A significantly higher metastasis was also observed in 16.2% of patients with glucose intolerance (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the rate of insulin resistance in PTC patients is significantly higher and glucose intolerance in these patients is associated with increased lymphatic involvement and increased risk of metastasis and poor prognosis.

Utility of bedside artificial pancreas for postoperative glycemic control in cardiac surgery.

In the present single-center retrospective study, we analyzed arterial blood glucose levels for 15h after surgery in 69 patients treated using the bedside artificial pancreas and in 160 patients treated with continuous intravenous insulin infusion using a scale that adjusts for current blood glucose level, glycemic fluctuation, and insulin dose. Hypoglycemia (arterial blood glucose level < 70mg/dL) was not observed in any case. Patients in the group treated using the bedside artificial pancreas showed lower mean, maximum, and minimum blood glucose levels and glycemic variability and shorter treatment duration in the intensive care unit than patients treated with continuous intravenous insulin infusion. Notably, these results were not affected by diabetes status or differences in operative procedures. Analysis of patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting surgery revealed that the incidence of surgical site complications composite with infection and dehiscence was lower. In cardiac surgery, postoperative treatment using bedside artificial pancreas is a novel therapy that improves hyperglycemia and glycemic variability, without hypoglycemia, and is, therefore, an attractive strategy for future surgeries.

Prevalence and factors associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in Northern Uganda: a community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundNeonatal hypoglycemia is the most common endocrine abnormality in children, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The burden and risk factors of neonatal hypoglycemia in rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa are unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in Lira District, Northern Uganda.MethodsThis was a community-based cross-sectional study, nested in a cluster randomized controlled trial designed to promote health facility births and newborn care practices in Lira District, Northern Uganda. This study recruited neonates born to mothers in the parent study. Random blood glucose was measured using an On Call® Plus glucometer (ACON Laboratories, Inc., 10125 Mesa Road, San Diego, CA, USA). We defined hypoglycemia as a blood glucose of < 47 mg/dl. To determine the factors associated with neonatal hypoglycemia, a multivariable linear regression mixed-effects model was used.ResultsWe examined 1416 participants of mean age 3.1 days (standard deviation (SD) 2.1) and mean weight of 3.2 kg (SD 0.5). The mean neonatal blood glucose level was 81.6 mg/dl (SD 16.8). The prevalence of a blood glucose concentration of < 47 mg/dl was 2.2% (31/1416): 95% CI 1.2%, 3.9%. The risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia were delayed breastfeeding initiation [adjusted mean difference, − 2.6; 95% CI, − 4.4, − 0.79] and child age of 3 days or less [adjusted mean, − 12.2; 95% CI, − 14.0, − 10.4].ConclusionThe incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia was low in this community and was predicted by delay in initiating breastfeeding and a child age of 3 days or less. We therefore suggest targeted screening and management of neonatal hypoglycemia among neonates before 3 days of age and those who are delayed in the onset of breastfeeding.

An Estimation of Blood Glucose Level in Children with Early Childhood Caries- A Retrospective Study

ECC is one of the most common oral conditions seen in children. It is primarily seen on the central incisorsin the form of a white spot, which later spreads to the posterior teeth as well. This is a serious concern forthe biological and the social life of a child. Treatment of this condition is also expensive making it difficultfor the economically backward to avail treatment. It has a lot of etiological factors including diet, socioeconomic status and poor oral hygiene. It is a condition seen in children below the age of 6. The aim of thisstudy is to find the level of blood glucose in children with early childhood caries and to evaluate whetherthere are any abnormalities in blood glucose level compared to normal reference level. A retrospectivedescriptive study was conducted using patient records of a university dental hospital in Chennai from June2019-March 2020 among patients diagnosed with ECC who had their blood sample taken and their bloodglucose levels recorded. Descriptive statistical tests were employed.Point biserial correlation analysis wasdone to find out the relationship between blood glucose levels in boys and girls with ECC. ECC was mostprevalent in the age group of 3 and the mean blood glucose of the participants was found to be 88.22 mg/dl.There was no significant correlation or difference in the mean blood glucose level of males and females withECC (Point biserial correlation coefficient=0.07). Based on the results, there were no abnormalities in bloodglucose values of children with ECC.

Risk of Elevated Blood Glucose Levels in Tuberculosis Patients with BTA 3+ Levels, Puskesmas Bojong Gede Kabupaten Bogor

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB cases are still high that has attracted many researchers to conduct studies, especially the factors that cause therapy failure. TB patients who undergo therapy will be at risk of experiencing changes in carbohydrate metabolism. This is compounded by the condition of patients who have a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) before. Therefore, examination of blood glucose in TB patients is considered necessary to be a series in therapy. The increased risk was also influenced by several factors, including age and gender. The data was taken cross sectional as many as 57 samples of TB patients with various AFB positivity levels. The results obtained that 75% of TB patients included in the positive category 3 AFB, 46% aged &gt;40 years, and 61% were male. Mean blood glucose level of 165 ± 14 mg/dL. About 19% of patients have glucose levels &gt;200 mg/dL. Of the 19% of these patients 91% of patients were in the BTA positive category 3, 91% were aged &gt;40 years and 73% were male. The conclusion is that there is a risk of an increase in blood glucose levels in TB patients with level 3+ AFB.

The rapid effects of sleeve gastrectomy on glucose homeostasis and resolution of diabetes mellitus.

AimsType 2 diabetes caused by obesity is increasing globally. Bariatric surgical procedures are known to have positive effects on glucose homeostasis through neurohormonal action mechanisms. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the factors influencing glucose homeostasis independent of weight loss after the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).MethodsPatients who underwent LSG for morbid obesity in a 3‐year period were evaluated. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics (duration of diabetes, resected gastric volume, antral resection margin) and laboratory parameters (preoperative and postoperative blood glucose on fasting, preoperative HbA1c levels and first‐year HbA1c levels) were retrospectively reviewed. Effect of patients' body mass index (<50 kg/m2, ≥50 kg/m2), first‐year excess weight loss (EWL%) rates, age (≥50 years, <50 years), duration of diabetes (≥5 years, <5 years) and antral resection margin (≥3 cm, <3 cm) on postoperative blood glucose profile and diabetic resolution status were investigated.ResultsTotal of 61 patients constituted the study group. There were 40 female and 21 male patients with an average age of 43.8 ± 10.5 years (19‐67 years). Preoperatively, mean BMI, blood glucose levels and HbA1c were 48.8 ± 8.5 kg/m2, 133.6 ± 47.4 mg/dL and 7.4 ± 1.1, respectively. The mean blood glucose level at the postoperatively 5th day was 88.0 ± 16.3 mg/dL (median: 84 mg/dL) (P < .001). Fifty‐nine out of 61 patients improved their glycaemic control.ConclusionsIt is noteworthy that LSG can control blood glucose levels in short term after surgery regardless of weight loss. Therefore, LSG should be preferred at earlier stages in the treatment of obesity‐related T2DM in order to prevent T2DM‐related complications.

Estimation of Salivary and Blood Glucose Level among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus – A Comparative Study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia because of the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. It requires frequent monitoring of glucose levels in the body which requires multiple pricking at regular intervals. It could be physically and psychologically traumatic to the patient. This necessitates an alternative to measure the glucose level. This study aims to correlate the salivary glucose level with the blood glucose level in diabetes patients. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups as Group A- 30 patients with diabetes and Group B- 30 healthy subjects. The blood and saliva samples were collected from the patients and the glucose levels were recorded. All these data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. The mean (±SD) value of the random blood and salivary glucose level in diabetic patients were found to be 251.4±82.66 and 2.85±0.85 respectively and the mean blood and salivary glucose level in healthy subjects were found to be 101.12±10.14 and 0.875±0.13 respectively. There was a significant correlation between the salivary glucose levels and blood glucose levels among diabetes (p-0.00) and healthy individuals (p-0.00). From the data, the diagnostic accuracy was found to be 100%. Thus, Saliva could be used as an alternative to blood for monitoring the glucose status in diabetes patients.

Maximal Glycemic Difference, the Possible Strongest Glycemic Variability Parameter to Predict Mortality in ICU Patients.

Background This retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation of blood glucose and glycemic variability with mortality and to identify the strongest glycemic variability parameter for predicting mortality in critically ill patients. Methods A total of 528 patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit were included in this study. Blood glucose levels during the first 24 hours of admission were recorded and calculated to determine the glycemic variability. Significant glycemic variability parameters, including the standard deviation, coefficient of variation, maximal blood glucose difference, and J-index, were subsequently compared between intensive care unit survivors and nonsurvivors. A binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with mortality. To determine the strongest glycemic variability parameter to predict mortality, the area under the receiver operating characteristic of each glycemic variability parameter was determined, and a pairwise comparison was performed. Results Among the 528 patients, 17.8% (96/528) were nonsurvivors. Both survivor and nonsurvivor groups were clinically comparable. However, nonsurvivors had significantly higher median APACHE-II scores (23 [21, 27] vs. 18 [14, 22]; p < 0.01) and a higher mechanical ventilator support rate (97.4% vs. 74.9%; p < 0.01). The mean blood glucose level and significant glycemic variability parameters were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. The maximal blood glucose difference yielded a similar power to the coefficient of variation (p = 0.21) but was significantly stronger than the standard deviation (p = 0.005) and J-index (p = 0.006). Conclusions Glycemic variability was independently associated with intensive care unit mortality. Higher glycemic variability was identified in the nonsurvivor group regardless of preexisting diabetes mellitus. The maximal blood glucose difference and coefficient of variation of the blood glucose were the two strongest parameters for predicting intensive care unit mortality in this study.

The Impact of Preoperative Fasting Duration on Blood Glucose and Hemodynamics in Children.

Background Prolonged preoperative fasting is one of the concerns of pediatricians and anesthesiologists in pediatric surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of preoperative fasting duration on blood glucose and hemodynamics in children. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 children who were between the ages of 3 and 12 years in Besat Hospital, Hamedan, Iran. The time of the last solid and liquid meal taken by child were recorded based on interview with the parents. The first blood glucose test was obtained in the operation room, and the second test was performed 20 minutes after induction of anesthesia by glucometer. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded before anesthesia induction and in five-minute intervals in the first 20 minutes of surgery. Results The mean age of the children was 6.63 (SD 1.85) years. Mean blood glucose 20 minutes after surgery was 101.17 (SD 92) mg/dl, which was significantly higher than the baseline values (87.66 (SD 11.84) mg/dl) (P < 0.001). The comparison of mean blood glucose level between groups of fasting with different duration for solids (<12 hours and >12 hours) and for liquids (<6 hours and >6 hours) revealed no significant difference in either groups (P > 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between blood glucose level at the induction of anesthesia with weight and age (P > 0.05). There was a significantly negative correlation between duration of fasting for liquids and SBP (P > 0.05). Conclusion Prolonged preoperative fasting cannot affect blood glucose in children; however, maybe it has impact on systolic blood pressure.

Health Literacy and Blood Glucose Level in Transitional Albania.

Aim: Our aim was to assess the independent association between blood glucose level and health literacy (HL) adjusting for many socio-demographic characteristics and body mass index (BMI) in an adult population in Albania, a transitional country in the South Eastern Europe.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Tirana in 2012–2014 including a population-based sample of 1,154 individuals aged ≥18 years (57% women; mean age: 45.5 ± 16.4 years; response rate: 88.6%). HL was assessed by use of HLS-EU-Q instrument. Blood glucose level was measured in a fasting state by use of rapid finger stick method. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was collected, and BMI was calculated based on measurement of height and weight in all participants. General Linear Model (GLM) and binary logistic regression were used to assess the independent association of blood glucose level and HL adjusting for all socio-demographic factors and BMI.Results: One-third of participants had pre-diabetes (100–125.9 mg/dl) and further 11% had diabetes (≥126 mg/dl) based on the measured blood glucose level. In fully-adjusted GLM, mean blood glucose level was significantly lower among individuals with excellent HL compared with their counterparts with inadequate HL (99.3 vs. 106.0, respectively). Furthermore, the odds for the presence of diabetes in the group of study participants whose HL was “inadequate” were 2.6 times higher (95% CI = 1.3–5.4) compared to those whose HL was “excellent.”Conclusion: We obtained evidence of a strong and significant inverse relationship between measured blood glucose level and HL, independent of many socio-demographic characteristics and measured BMI in a population-based study in a country of the Western Balkans.

A comparative study of effect of fluoroquinolones on blood glucose levels in rats

Background: Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are frequently prescribed because of their broad-spectrum applicability in treatment of community acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Increased use has raised some concerns regarding side effects like dysglycaemia, tendon rupture and QT interval prolongation. Gatifloxacin was banned in India in 2011 for causing fatal hypoglycemia. This study compares the effect of different fluoroquinolones on blood glucose levels in rats.Methods: 24 rats were divided into four study groups. Each group was administered one fluoroquinolone namely levofloxacin 9 mg, moxifloxacin 7.2 mg, ciprofloxacin 18 mg and ofloxacin 14.4 mg respectively for five days. The changes in blood glucose levels were observed for 10 days.Results: The mean blood glucose levels in all the four groups dropped below the baseline by day five. A statistically significant reduction in mean glucose levels was found in the moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin group. Among the rats that were given ofloxacin, the reduction in the mean blood glucose levels was not statistically significant. After stopping the drugs, the blood glucose levels in all the four groups returned near to the baseline within five days.Conclusions: The use of fluoroquinolones causes hypoglycemia in rats. The blood glucose level reduction associated with moxifloxacin was maximum, whereas ofloxacin appeared to have the minimum effect on blood glucose levels. These effects do not appear to be permanent and the dysglycaemia subsided after the drugs were stopped.

Screening of achillea santolina for anti-diabetic activity and its comparison with caralluma tuberculata.

Objectives: The study was designed to investigate the hypoglycaemic effect of Achillea santolina and its comparison with Caralluma tuberculata. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Khyber Medical University, Peshawar. Period: July 2017 to February 2018. Material &amp; Methods: Crude extract and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) extract of Achillea santolina were prepared and administered to normal and alloxan treated diabetic rabbits. These extracts were given in capsule form as well as in cooking oil and their effects on blood glucose levels were observed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours of administration. The results were compared with Caralluma tuberculata. Results: The crude extract 200 mg/kg body weight of Achillea santolina showed marked reduction in mean blood glucose level at 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours with significant (p&lt;0.001) difference when compared with Caralluma tuberculata. The metformin 500 mg/kg body weight was also given to compare its effects with the plant crude extracts, which was more or less intermediate between the crude extracts of Achillea santolina and Caralluma tuberculata. The diabetic rabbits were treated with 100 mg/kg body weight CCl4 fraction of Achillea in capsule form. Blood glucose levels dropped markedly at 2 hours and further more at 4 hours as observed with Caralluma. Upon comparison with metformin, Achillea found to lower blood glucose levels but quite late than metformin. The diabetic rabbits were also treated with 100 mg/kg body weight CCl4 fraction of Achillea santolina in cooking oil and Caralluma was found to cause higher reduction in blood glucose levels than Achillea. Conclusion: Both Achillea santolina and Caralluma tuberculata lowered the blood glucose levels but the later turned out to be more significant in developing hypoglycaemia, particularly when taken with cooking oil.

Exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides and blood glucose level in a population of Ugandan smallholder farmers

ObjectivesThe risk of diabetes mellitus may be elevated among persons exposed to some pesticides, including cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides (organophosphates and carbamates). The objective of this study was to investigate how acetylcholinesterase...