Meal Volume Research Articles

A liquid pregame meal for athletes. Report on a field trial.

In an effort to obviate vomiting in athletes before important competitive events, a liquid meal was devised, and its ingestion was so timed that the stomach would be empty at the beginning of the game. The volume of the liquid meal, served cold at 10:30 A.M., was 474 cc. It supplied 925 large calories; of these 68%, 24%, and 8% were contributed respectively by carbohydrate, protein, and fat. It passed through the stomach in less than 2 hours. It did not differ from the conventional solid meal with respect to subsequent hunger, diarrhea, or weight changes, but in those who took it dryness of the mouth was less frequent during the game, strength and endurance seemed to be improved, and both vomiting and muscular cramps were eliminated.

Blood meal volume in Anopheles quadrimaculatus, A. albimanus and Aedes aegypti

Measurements were made of the blood-meal volume in Anopheles quadrimaculatus, in two strains of A. albimanus, and in Aedes aegypti. A. quadrimaculatus females consumed an average of about 3.3 mm 3 of blood in a blood meal, A. albimanus about 2.4 mm 3, and Aedes aegypti about 2.6 mm 3. In porportion to original weight the A. albimanus female consumed the larger amount of blood in an average meal, consuming about twice the original weight as compared to about 1 1 2 times in A. quadrimaculatus. The role of the blood-meal volume as one of the factors governing the susceptibility of anopheline strains is discussed. Differences in the volume of blood meal should be taken into consideration when different strains or species of Anopheles are being compared for relative susceptibility to various strains of malaria.

Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys. III. The larval development in mosquitoes.

1. A description is given of the morphological development of the larval stages of Dirofilaria aethiops in the mosquito Aëdes aegypti.2. The first-stage larvae migrate from the stomach to the connective tissue in all parts of the mosquito body, where they pass through the inactive ‘sausage’ stages. At 26° C. and 80% relative humidity the first moult takes place about the twelfth day of development and the second moult about the sixteenth day. The third-stage larvae migrate towards the proboscis where they can be found after 18–20 days.3. The number of microfilariae ingested by the mosquito is approximately equal to the number which would be expected from the numbers in the blood of the monkey and the volume of the blood meal. The death rate of the larvae in the mosquitoes is very high for the first 2 days, but less severe later. Approximately 1% of the ingested microfilariae survive 20 days; at this time two-thirds of the surviving larvae have reached the third stage.4. Comparison of D. aethiops with other filariae shows that first-stage larvae of different species can often be distinguished by the structure of the tail, which is the same as that of the microfilaria. Second-stage larvae are similar to each other in morphology but develop in characteristic sites in the host. Third-stage larvae differ from each other in the cephalic and caudal papillae.

The conservative therapy of chronic pancreatitis

SummaryAuthor reviews the most characteristic features of chronic pancreatitis and discusses the treatment; reduction of the volume of meals and measures to avoid stasis in the bowels (prostygmin for instance) are useful. Novocain may be used in order to reduce pain. Surgery seems less and less opportune. The acute phase of the disease requires more severe dietetical measures. Food has to he avoided; glucose I. V. injections, protein hydrolysates or saline solutions must be given for 3 to 6 days. Thereafter milk with alcaline solutions may be given again by mouth. At last, the diet is enlarged according to the pain and to the decrease of serum or urinary amylases.