Meal Concentrations Research Articles

The Effects of Additional Tuna Madihang Bone Fish Treatment on the Growth of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Biofloc Pond in Ternate City North Maluku, Indonesia

The need for fish protein always increases along with the increase in urban population. To meet the food needs of the people in the city of Ternate, one way is to cultivate catfish using a biofloc system. To accelerate the growth of catfish, one of the efforts made is by adding fish bone meal to standard feed. Tuna fish bone meal contains minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which can help accelerate the growth of catfish so that harvest time can be accelerated. The objectives of the research are (1) To introduce catfish cultivation with a biofloc system that is effective, efficient and easy to do even on limited land (2) Fish bone meal addition treatment with fish bone meal concentrations (0%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and (3) The catfish cultivation system using the biofloc method can provide maximum results. The method used in this research is an experimental method on a biofloc pond system which consists of three biofloc ponds with a diameter of 3x3 meters. The results of this research are (1) Catfish is a fishery product that has an important prospect for development through cultivation using biofloc ponds (2) The best average value was in the treatment of adding fish bone meal with a concentration of 20% in almost all treatments except for the growth rate treatment which was highest in treatment (c) 0.73 and (3) The addition of tuna bone meal to biofloc pond cultivation can be used as a recommendation for developing catfish cultivation because it has quite promising market prospects.

TLR2/TLR5 Signaling and Gut Microbiota Mediate Soybean-Meal-Induced Enteritis and Declined Growth and Antioxidant Capabilities in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Soybean meal, renowned for its high yield, cost efficiency, and protein richness, serves as a pivotal plant-based alternative to fish meal. However, high soybean meal inclusion in Larimichthys crocea diets is linked to enteritis and oxidative damage, with unknown mechanisms. Our study aims to elucidate the molecular basis of soybean-meal-induced enteritis and its impact on intestinal microbiota in L. crocea. To this end, four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with varying soybean meal levels (0% FM, 15% SBM15, 30% SBM30, and 45% SBM45) were administered to L. crocea for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the SBM30 and SBM45 treatments significantly hindered fish growth, digestive efficiency, and protein utilization. Furthermore, high soybean meal levels (SBM30 and SBM45) activated intestinal Toll-like receptors (TLR2A, TLR2B, TLR5, and TLR22), stimulating C-Rel and mTOR protein expression and elevating ERK phosphorylation. This led to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B, and TGF-β), suggesting a potential signaling pathway for soybean-meal-induced enteritis. Furthermore, enteritis induced by high soybean meal levels led to oxidative damage, evident from increased MDA levels and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT). The SBM30 and SBM45 treatments increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance in fish gut microbiota, while Proteobacteria abundance decreased. This microbiota shift may enhance soybean meal nutrient utilization, yet high soybean meal concentrations still impair growth. A soybean-meal-rich diet promotes harmful bacteria like Rhodococcus and depletes probiotics like Ralstonia, increasing disease risks. L. crocea has limited tolerance for soybean meal, necessitating advanced processing to mitigate anti-nutritional factors. Ultimately, exploring alternative protein sources beyond soybean meal for fish meal replacement is optimal for L. crocea.

Inclusion of Oat Polar Lipids in a Solid Breakfast Improves Glucose Tolerance, Triglyceridemia, and Gut Hormone Responses Postprandially and after a Standardized Second Meal: A Randomized Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects.

Previously, it has been indicated that oat polar lipids included in a liquid meal may have the potential to beneficially modulate various cardiometabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat polar lipids in a solid food matrix on acute and second meal glucose tolerance, blood lipids, and concentrations of gut-derived hormones. The oat polar lipids were consumed at breakfast and effects on the biomarkers were investigated in the postprandial period and following a standardized lunch. Twenty young, healthy subjects consumed in total four different breakfast meals in a crossover study design. The breakfasts consisted of 1. White wheat bread (WWB) with an added 7.5 g of oat polar lipids (PLL); 2. WWB with an added 15 g of oat polar lipids (PLH); 3. WWB with and added 16.6 g of rapeseed oil (RSO) as a representative of commonly consumed oils; and 4. WWB consumed alone, included as a reference. All products with added lipids contained equivalent amounts of fat (16.6 g) and available carbohydrates (50 g). Rapeseed oil was added to the oat polar lipid meals to equal 16.6 g of total fat. The standardized lunch was composed of WWB and meatballs and was served 3.5 h after the breakfast. Test variables (blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP) were measured at fasting and repeatedly during the 5.5 h after ingestion of the breakfast. After breakfast, PLH substantially lowered postprandial glucose and insulin responses (iAUC 0-120 min) compared with RSO and WWB (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a reduced glycaemic response to lunch (210-330 min) was observed following the PLH breakfast compared to all of the other breakfasts served (p < 0.05). Oat polar lipids (PLH) significantly reduced TG and ghrelin and increased circulating gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY compared to RSO (p < 0.05). The results show that exchanging part of the dietary lipids with oat polar lipids has the potential to improve postprandial blood glucose regulation and gut hormones and thus may have a preventive effect against type 2 diabetes.

Effect of Dietary Orange Peel Meal and Multi-Enzymes on Productive, Physiological and Nutritional Responses of Broiler Chickens.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of various concentrations of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel meal (OPM), with or without the supplementation of multi-enzymes, on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant properties, and blood metabolic profile of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on 240 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks, assigned to eight dietary treatments with 30 broilers per treatment group. Four dietary orange peel meal (OPM) concentrations were supplemented, namely, the control (without OPM), and with 80, 160, and 240 g/kg of the diet. To each of these diets was added two concentrations of multi-enzyme inclusion (0 or 0.6 g as a combination of 0.5 g of Nutrikem and 0.1 g Optiphos per kg diet) in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted until 42 days of age. Body weight gain (BWG) was influenced during the grower period (22-42 days) and the overall period (0-42 days), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved by supplementations of OPM compared with the control for 22-42 days and overall (0-42 days) periods. Moreover, BWG, FCR during the grower and overall periods, and crude fiber digestibility were improved (p < 0.01) by multi-enzyme supplementation compared to the non-supplemented groups. Broilers with diets supplemented with OPM had considerably lower abdominal fat (p < 0.01) than the control. In addition, when compared to the non-supplemented enzyme group, serum T3 and T3/T4 ratios were significantly improved in response to enzyme addition. When compared to the control group, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly higher in the OPM groups, showing the largest improvement in antioxidant response. Interaction effects were observed only for serum SOD levels. Based on our findings, it is recommended that OPM be used as a feed supplement for raising broilers, and adding 0.6 m g/kg of multi-enzymes could provide additional benefits to the performance of broilers.

The LIPL Study Postprandial lipid profile, inflammation and platelet activity in patients with chronic coronary syndrome

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction In general, most people spend their day in a non-fasting state. Hence, it is suggested that the changes in atherosclerosis happen mainly under the influence of non-fasting lipids. Up to date, the studies in the postprandial state were primarily performed on healthy subjects. Aim This exploratory, cross-sectional study investigates the change in lipid profile, in biomarkers of inflammation, as well as markers of platelet activation in patients with different cardiovascular risk profiles in the postprandial state. Methods The studied population consists of 66 patients with different cardiovascular risk: patients with a history of chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) (n=20), CCS without DM2 (n=25), and a healthy control group (n=21). Lipid variables and markers of platelet function were assessed during the fasting state (baseline) and three and five hours after a standardized fat meal using a standardized oral fat tolerance test (OFTT), a milkshake with 90g of fat. Platelet activity was measured with the Multiplate Assay using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (ASPI) and thrombin-receptor activating peptide (TRAP) as stimulants. Results Patients with CCS and DM2 were significantly older and had the highest BMI. All patients with CCS were on acetylsalicylic acid, and 95% of CCS patients were on high-dose statins. HDL-c decreased significantly during the OFTT, with a peak after five hours (3.46±0.4 mg/dL, p&amp;lt;0.001). Triglycerides (TG) increased significantly during the OFTT, with a peak after five hours (130.2 ± 14.5 mg/dL, p&amp;lt;0.001) irrespective of the group. All other variables of the lipid profile remained stable during the OFTT. The absolute leucocyte and neutrophile count and the neutrophile to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) increased significantly during the OFTT in the whole study population, whereas the absolute lymphocyte count increased significantly only in the control group. A significant increase in platelet activity during OFTT was shown in the control group by the increased absolute platelet count, increased reticulated thrombocytes, and increased platelet reactivity measured by the ASPI and TRAP tests, respectively. There was no significant change in the markers of platelet activity during the OFTT in patients with CCS with/without DM2. Conclusion This study showed that a standardized fatty meal changes HDL-c and TG concentrations and leads to an increased postprandial inflammation response irrespective of the cardiovascular risk and to increased platelet activity in healthy subjects, while there was no increase in platelet activity in higher-risk CCS patients.

PSXVI-15 Energy Concentration Prediction Models for Black Solider fly Larvae Using Chemical Composition

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in black solider fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae fed to pigs and to develop prediction equations for energy in BSF larvae. On a dry matter (DM) basis, 4 sources of defatted BSF larva meal contained 4,402 to 5,173 kcal/kg gross energy (GE), 46.5 to 62.0% crude protein (CP), 9.0 to 14.3% ether extract (EE), and 13.7 to 25.3% ash and a source of full-fat BSF larva contained 5,875 kcal/kg GE, 36.5% CP, 38.5% EE, and 16.3% ash. Six barrows with an initial body weight of 73.1 kg (SD = 2.3) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Six diets were assigned to the 6 pigs in a 6 × 7 Latin square design with 7 periods. A basal diet was composed of 97.6% corn as the sole energy source. Five experimental diets were prepared by replacing 25% of corn with BSF larva. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period for feces and urine collection. The DE and ME values in full-fat BSF larva (4,908 and 4,761 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those in defatted BSF larva meal (3,791 to 4,269 kcal/kg DM and 3,577 to 3,878 kcal/kg DM). Energy prediction models developed for BSF larva were: GE (kcal/kg DM) = 5,707 + 36.2 × EE – 74.2 × ash (R2 = 0.98); DE (kcal/kg DM) = 4,575 + 29.1 × EE – 47.9 × ash (R2 = 0.99); and ME (kcal/kg DM) = 3,852 + 36.5 × EE – 30.0 × ash (R2 = 0.99) where chemical components are expressed as % DM. Overall, full-fat BSF larva contained greater energy concentrations compared with defatted larva meal and energy concentrations in BSF larva ingredients can be estimated using EE and ash concentrations.

Effect of replacement of fish meal with cricket meal on growth performance, proximate composition, digestive enzyme activities, serum biochemical indices, and antioxidant capacity in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides )

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with cricket meal on growth performance, proximate composition, digestive enzyme activities, serum biochemical indices and antioxidant capacity in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with dietary 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% fishmeal (FM) replaced by cricket meal (namely, T0, T15, T30, T45 and T60, respectively). Largemouth bass (LMB) was reared in an indoor for 8 weeks. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and viscerosomatic index in fish fed T15, T30 and T45 had no significant differences compared to fish fed T0 (p > 0.05). The FBW, WGR and SGR in fish fed T60 were significantly lower than that in fish fed T0 (p < 0.05). There are no significantly different in the hepatosomatic index, condition factor and survival rate among all the groups. The content of crude protein in whole fish was significantly lower in fish fed T60 compared to fish fed T0 (p < 0.05). The content of crude lipid was observed to be significantly higher in fish fed T60 compared to fish fed T0 (p < 0.05). The trypsin activity was significantly lower in fish fed T60 (p < 0.05). Muscle content of methionine significantly declined as dietary cricket meal concentrations increased. The activity of triglyceride and total cholesterol in fish fed T60 was significantly higher than that in fish fed T0 (p < 0.05). The activity of catalase was significantly higher in fish fed T30, T45 and T60 (p < 0.05). It was concluded that up to 45% of cricket meal can replace FM in diets for the growth of LMB and further studies on methionine adequacy should be conducted.

Physicochemical properties of Muntingia calabura fruit and its effect on the quality characteristics of cookies

The objective of this investigation was the physical characterization of the Muntingia calabura fruit and physicochemical property evaluation of its meal for use in the formulation of cookies and the physicochemical and sensory characterization of the optimized cookies. The fruit showed a length, width, and thickness of 12.75 mm, sphericity of 99.79%, and an average weight of 1.72 g. Muntingia calabura meal had a high content of protein (26.29 g/100 g) and fiber (13.33 g/100 g), a water solubility capacity of 24%, an oil absorption capacity of 2.17 g/g, and an emulsifying capacity of 16.03%. Cookies were made with different Muntingia calabura meal concentrations (MMC) (0-35 g/100 g) and added water amounts (17-27 g/100 g). Two optimal conditions were obtained (C1= MMC 8.07 g/100 g and C2= MMC 6.05 g/100 g, both with 28.46 mL/100 g of added water). The C1 cookie had a higher protein content (28.99 g/100 g), both cookies had the same degree of acceptance.

Addition of dietary methionine but not dietary taurine or methyl donors/receivers to a grain-free diet increases postprandial homocysteine concentrations in adult dogs.

Grain-based ingredients are replaced in part by pulse ingredients in grain-free pet foods. Pulse ingredients are lower in methionine and cysteine, amino acid (AA) precursors to taurine synthesis in dogs. Although recent work has investigated plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations when feeding grain-free diets, supplementation of a grain-free diet with various nutrients involved in the biosynthesis of taurine has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing a complete grain-free dry dog food with either methionine (MET), taurine (TAU), or methyl donors (choline) and methyl receivers (creatine and carnitine; CCC) on postprandial AA concentrations. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed one of the three treatments or the control grain-free diet (CON) for 7 d in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. On day 7, cephalic catheters were placed and one fasted sample (0 min) and a series of nine post-meal blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 min. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the PROC GLIMMIX function in SAS (Version 9.4). Dogs fed MET had greater plasma and whole blood methionine concentrations from 30 to 360 min after a meal (P < 0.0001) and greater plasma homocysteine concentrations from 60 to 360 min after a meal (P < 0.0001) compared with dogs fed CON, TAU, and CCC. Dogs fed TAU had greater plasma taurine concentrations over time compared with dogs fed CON (P = 0.02) but were not different than dogs fed MET and CCC (P > 0.05). In addition, most AAs remained significantly elevated at 6 h post-meal compared with fasted samples across all treatments. Supplementation of creatine, carnitine, and choline in grain-free diets may play a role in sparing the methionine requirement without increasing homocysteine concentrations. Supplementing these nutrients could also aid in the treatment of disease that causes metabolic or oxidative stress, including cardiac disease in dogs, but future research is required.

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system combining the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, as primary species, and the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa as extractive species

Sea cucumbers and sea urchins are promising candidates for aquaculture since they are high market value and low-trophic organisms. However, although they often co-exist in many marine habitats showing feeding interactions, there is currently a lack of investigations available regarding the co-culture of these organisms in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). The present study investigated, for the first time, the laboratory-scale feasibility of an integrated aquaculture between P. lividus and H. tubulosa, two of the most valuable Mediterranean echinoderms, through a four-month experiment.More specifically, three food sources with different fish meal concentrations were tested separately to sustain the integrated production in a land-based RAS (Recycling aquaculture system) of both co-cultured species: 1) completely vegetable diet (D-0), 2) vegetable diet with 20% of fish meal (D-20) and 3) vegetable diet with 40% of fish meal (D-40). Among these experimental diets D-20 (with 20% of fish meal supplement) was consumed more efficiently and sustained high growth rates for both co-cultured species. However, significant growth was detected with all experimental diets, indicating successful integrated aquaculture between sea urchins and sea cucumbers. The present study, therefore, suggested the existence of substantial benefits of an integrated aquaculture between these echinoderm species, that could promote the environmental and economic sustainability of their production on a large-scale. Our results showed, in fact, that less than 24% of the organic matter administered with the food remained as waste in our IMTA system after being ingested by the two trophic levels. The sea urchins ingested 87% of the food administered, absorbing 64% of the organic matter, whilst in the second step, the sea cucumbers consumed 54% of organic matter present in the sea urchin feces. Hence the aquaculture model investigated here was highly effective in reducing the total waste, at the same time providing added value in the form of sea cucumber biomass.

Reduced postprandial serum triglyceride after a meal prepared using hot air frying: A randomized crossover trial

BackgroundElevated circulating post–meal triglyceride concentrations or postprandial triglyceride (ppTG) is an independent contributor to risk for coronary heart disease. Reliable ppTG reduction can be achieved by lowering the fat content of ingested meals. ObjectiveWe hypothesized that a commonly consumed fried meal prepared by a hot air frying technique, which facilitates lower cooking oil usage, would result in lower ppTG responses than the same meal prepared by conventional deep fat frying. DesignWe conducted a randomized crossover mixed meal test trial in young healthy male (n = 10) and female subjects (n = 5) in which serial blood samples (baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 mins) were collected for biochemical analysis before and after administration of the meals. ppTG response was calculated as the 420 min. Incremental area under the curve for serum TG concentrations after meal ingestion. Participants and analysts were blinded to the meal type under study. ResultsSubjects' habitual diets were similar before each of the meal tests. We found that hot air frying led to a 74% reduction in the total fat content of the meal which resulted in a 67% reduction in the ppTG response (0.9 mmol∙h/L, 95%CI 0.4–1.5) compared to deep fat frying (3.8 mmol∙h/L, 95%CI 2.0–5.6, P < .01). ConclusionsHot air frying of a common meal led to lower ppTG responses in healthy subjects. Our results demonstrate that the oil reductions concomitant with hot air frying of a common meal translate into significant reductions in ppTG.

Assessment of the Knowledge, Perceptions, and Reactions towards the African Apefly (Spalgis lemolea lemolea) in Tanzania

This paper reports on farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and reactions towards the African apefly (Spalgis lemolea lemolea), which appeared to be associated with some vegetables in some locations in Tanzania. Information was obtained from a sample of 100 key respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire and from focus groups selected from key locations in five districts in the country with histories with the African apefly. Acute and sub-acute toxicity tests of the African apefly were performed on female Swiss hybrid mice (Mus musculus) to assess whether or not the African apefly was toxic to mammals. The mice were exposed to increasing apefly meal concentrations in acute and sub-acute tests, and signs of toxicity were observed for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for hematological and biochemical analysis. Gross and microscopic examinations of the internal organs were done. The survey results showed that 92.1% of the respondents perceived the African apefly as poisonous and had stopped consuming the vegetables associated with it. In the toxicity tests, however, no death or toxic signs were displayed, and there was no significant difference between the control and treated mice in weight, hematological parameters, and histo-pathological examination results. These findings strongly indicate that, despite the negative perception by farmers regarding the African apefly, it is not poisonous. However, further studies on how farmers can be trained to have a positive perception of the African apefly and how the insect can be conserved for further research regarding its role in Tanzania are recommended.

Postprandial Changes in Gastrointestinal Hormones and Hemodynamics after Gastrectomy in Terms of Early Dumping Syndrome.

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the early postprandial changes in gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and hemodynamics in terms of early dumping syndrome after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Materials and MethodsForty patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer and 18 controls without previous abdominal surgery were enrolled. Before and 20 minutes after liquid meal ingestion, blood glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and GLP-2 concentrations and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and renal blood flow were measured. The patients' heart rates were recorded at 5-minute intervals. All subjects were examined for dumping syndrome using a questionnaire based on Sigstad's clinical diagnostic index.ResultsThe postprandial increases in blood glucose, GLP-1, and GLP-2 levels as well as SMA blood flow and heart rate were greater in patients who underwent gastrectomy than in controls (all P<0.010). Patients who underwent gastrectomy showed a significantly decreased renal blood flow (P<0.001). Among patients who underwent gastrectomy, distal gastrectomy was a significant clinical factor associated with a lower risk of early dumping syndrome than total gastrectomy (hazard ratio, 0.092; 95% confidence interval, 0.013–0.649; P=0.017). Patients who underwent total gastrectomy showed a greater postprandial increase in blood glucose (P<0.001), GLP-1 (P=0.030), and GLP-2 (P=0.002) levels as well as and heart rate (P=0.013) compared to those who underwent distal gastrectomy.ConclusionsEarly postprandial changes in GI hormones and hemodynamics were greater in patients who underwent gastrectomy than in controls, especially after total gastrectomy, suggesting that these changes play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of early dumping syndrome.

Replacement of dietary fishmeal by Antarctic krill meal on growth performance, intestinal morphology, body composition and organoleptic quality of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

The present study investigated the growth performance, intestinal morphology, body composition and organoleptic quality of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea fed a diet containing different proportions of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba meal (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75%) as a substitute for fishmeal. After a 9-week feeding trial, results showed that the specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio were not negatively affected by dietary krill meal levels. Increasing levels of dietary krill meal linearly and quadratically increased significantly FI (P < .05). Significant positive linear trends were found between the increasing levels of dietary krill meal and carotenoid concentrations, redness (a*), yellowness (b*) in skin (P < .05). And the color can be distinguished by the human eye when 15% fishmeal protein was replaced by krill meal protein due to the total color difference (ΔE) was >3. Texture and pH in muscle were not negatively affected, however, liquid holding capacity linearly decreased (P < .05). The increasing dietary krill meal resulted in a linear decrease in most of free amino acids and a linear increase in inosinic acid (P < .05). The concentrations of EPA was linearly increased with the increasing krill meal level, n-3/n-6 ratio ranged from 0.68–0.91 within the human dietary requirements. Total amino acid profile kept unchanged among all the treatments. Although the increase of dietary krill meal significantly linearly increased the content of fluorine in muscle (P < .05), the highest content was within the safe edible limit for human. The expression levels of mTOR, 4E-BP1, eIF4E, S6K1, S6 genes related to TOR signaling pathway and phosphorylation of mTOR were not significantly changed among all treatment. These results suggested that Antarctic krill meal could be a viable alternative dietary protein source for large yellow croaker. And 6.59%–32.93% of dietary krill meal can result in a better skin color and fatty acid nutritional value in muscle without negative effects on growth performance of large yellow croaker.

Effects of dietary Antarctic krill Euphausia superba meal on growth performance and muscle quality of triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss farmed in sea water

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of dietary fish meal by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba meal on growth performance, body composition and organoleptic quality of triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (initial body weight: 102.06 ± 0.04 g) farmed in sea water. The basal diet contained 51% of fish meal. Based on it, five isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with the protein replacement ratio of fish meal by krill meal as 0, 15%, 30%, 60% and 100%, respectively (DM0, DM15, DM30, DM60 and DM100, respectively). After an 8-week feeding trial, results showed that increasing levels of dietary krill meal linearly and quadratically increased significantly FBW, SGR and FI (P < 0.05). Significant positive linear trends were found between the increasing levels of dietary krill meal and carotenoid concentrations, redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*) in muscle; and significant negative trends were found in the lightness (L*) and hue (H*) responses (P < 0.05). The pH and liquid holding capacity (LHC) were not affected by dietary krill meal levels (P > 0.05). A positive quadratic trend was found between the dietary krill meal level and the springiness, and a negative linear trend in cohesiveness occurred (P < 0.05). The content of fluorine in vertebra increased linearly and quadratically significantly (P < 0.05) but the content of fluorine in muscle was not significantly affected by increasing levels of dietary krill meal (P > 0.05). The highest fluorine content in muscle was within the safe edible limit for humans. These results suggested that Antarctic krill meal could improve the growth performance and muscle pigmentation of triploid rainbow trout farmed in seawater.

Physical properties and consumer acceptance of maize-baobab snacks

In this study, an instant maize meal (IMM) was composited with baobab fruit powder (BFP) and commercial starch (CS) which was used as a binding agent. The formulation for the snack was optimised with response surface methodology using design expert software. Thirteen experimental runs were generated by the software and prepared into composite snacks. The snacks were baked using a pilot scale baking oven and microwave oven. The maize-baobab snacks were analysed for colour and texture using different probes (compression force, guillotine, v-shaped and puncture probe). The optimised snacks were evaluated for consumer acceptability and textural properties (instrumental). The results showed an increase in the hardness, fracturability, crunchiness and thickness as the instant maize meal and baobab concentrations increased in the formulation. The colour of the snacks was significantly affected as the concentration of baobab fruit powder and commercial starch increased in the formulation. However, significant correlations existed between sensory attributes and textural parameters in both baking methods except for puncture and aroma of oven-baked snacks.

Performance Comparison Between a Natural and a Commercial Antioxidant on Smoked Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Fish consumption has grown in Brazil, but the lack of diversification in the offer of processed products restricts this eating habit. Moreover, the fact that industrialized products contain chemical additives threatens the image of fish as a healthy protein. Thus, the present study proposes not only to develop a product with antioxidant action, but also to apply it and compare it with a commercial antioxidant added to smoked pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) ribs. For this purpose, a meal was produced from the pulp of &amp;lsquo;jatob&amp;aacute;&amp;rsquo; (Hymenaea courbaril) fruit and its total phenolic content and antioxidant potential were tested. After its antioxidant power was proven, an experiment with 90 samples was carried out to test six storage times and five meal concentrations as a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement. Phase 2 was conducted with the most indicated concentration of the product, which was applied to 360 samples in a CRD with a factorial arrangement in which the factors corresponded to six storage times and two types of antioxidant (natural: jatob&amp;aacute; meal; and commercial: butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]) plus a control treatment. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory analyses were used for the evaluation. Results showed that the jatob&amp;aacute; meal was effective as an antioxidant at the concentration of 4.5% to ensure a shelf life of 5 days under refrigerated storage, whereas BHT (100 mg/g) provided a shelf life of 10 days to the product and the treatment without antioxidant resulted in a shelf life of one day.

Mutton mortadella supplemented with yacón meal

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of different yacón meal concentrations (Smallanthus sonchifolia) on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of four mortadella formulations (F1, F2, F3, and control) prepared with mutton, pork fat, and additives. All formulations met the physicochemical and microbiological standards defined in regulations for mortadella production in Brazil. Control and F1 were the formulations with better acceptance scores, compared with F2 and F3. The judges stated favorable purchase intention for the control, F1 and F2 formulations. Results showed that mutton mortadella supplemented with yacón meal is a promising alternative in the manufacture of healthier meat products.

SUBSTITUIÇÃO DO FARELO DE MILHO POR FARINHA DE MANGA EM DIETAS PARA TAMBAQUI Colossoma macropomum JUVENIL: CRESCIMENTO E PARÂMETROS METABÓLICOS

Avaliou-se o efeito sobre o desempenho de alevinos de tambaqui alimentados com dietas contendo duas fontes diferentes de carboidratos. Foram testadas quatro dietas isoprotéicas com diferentes concentrações de farinha de manga (0, 33, 66 e 100%) em substituição ao farelo de milho. O teste de alimentação foi de 45 dias e a taxa de alimentação foi de 8% da biomassa total. Foram utilizados 240 alevinos de tambaqui com peso inicial médio de 3,66g distribuí­­dos em 12 caixas de 500L em sistema de recirculação de água com biofiltro. Foram avaliados os í­­ndices de desempenho, consumo de ração, rendimento de carcaça, sobrevivência, colesterol total, aminoácidos livres plasmáticos, aspartato aminotransferase hepática (AST), glicogênio hepático e glicose plasmática. Os resultados mostraram que o ganho ponderal de peso, a taxa de crescimento especí­­fico, o consumo aparente de dieta, colesterol, AST e glicogênio apresentaram valores maiores nos tratamentos com os maiores ní­­veis de farinha de manga. A conversão alimentar aparente, o rendimento de carcaça, a sobrevivência e a glicose plasmática não foram afetados pelas duas fontes de hidratos de carbono testadas. Em conclusão, a farinha de manga utilizado na dieta prática para tambaqui melhorou o desempenho.

Effect of Fiber Intake on Glycemia, Insulin Secretion, and Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Hypothesis. In view of the reduction in post prandial glucose concentrations and an increase in insulin concentrations and the inhibition of post prandial endotoxemia and increases in TLR-4 and TLR-2 expression following the intake of fiber with a high fat high calorie meal (HFHC) in normal subjects, we hypothesized that a similar effect would be observed following the intake with such a meal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods. Ten patients with type diabetes were included in the study and were administered the HFHC meal alone on one day and with dietary fiber (28gram of mainly insoluble fiber) a week later. Fasting premeal and post meal samples were obtained sequentially at hourly intervals for 5 hours. Blood samples were processed for preparation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC), plasma and serum. Results. Post meal glucose concentrations were not altered significantly but the peak increase in post meal insulin concentrations was greater after fiber (34±6 vs. 26±4µU/ml, p&amp;lt;0.01) as well as the area under curve (AUC5h) (3234±733 vs. 2214±464µU*5h*ml-1, p&amp;lt;0.01). Fiber intake also induced an early peak of GLP-1 within 15 minutes (29±15% over baseline, NS) which was missing without fiber. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NFκB binding by MNC was significantly suppressed after fiber by 32±11% and 38±13%, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.01), as was the magnitude of endotoxemia AUC5h by 23±8% (p&amp;lt;0.05). In addition, the increase in the expression of TLR-4 and TLR-2 was also suppressed by 42±15% and 36±14%, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.05) Conclusions. The intake of fiber resulted in an early peak of GLP-1 and a greater increase in insulin concentrations but the increase in glucose was not altered. Fiber intake also suppressed ROS generation and NFκB binding while reducing the magnitude of endotoxemia and the receptor to endotoxin. Thus, the intake of fiber increases insulinogenesis and reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Disclosure C. Tang: None. H. Ghanim: None. K. Green: None. A. Makdissi: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Batra: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. A. Chaudhuri: Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc. P. Dandona: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca. Consultant; Self; AstraZeneca. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca.