Meal Composition Research Articles

Rapid Analysis of Raw Meal Composition Content Based on NIR Spectroscopy for Cement Raw Material Proportioning Control Process

Due to fast analysis speed, analyzing composition content of cement raw meal utilizing near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, combined with partial least squares regression (PLS), is a reliable alternative method for the cement industry to obtain qualified cement products. However, it has hardly been studied. The raw materials employed in different cement plants differ, and the spectral absorption intensity in the NIR range of the raw meal component is weaker than organic substances, although there are obvious absorption peaks, which place high demands on the generality of modeling and accuracy of the analytical model. An effective modeling procedure is proposed, which optimizes the quantitative analytical model from several modeling stages, and two groups of samples with different raw material types and origins are collected to validate it. For the samples in the prediction set from Qufu, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were 0.1910, 0.2307, 0.0921, and 0.0429, respectively; the average prediction errors for CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were 0.171%, 0.193%, 0.069%, and 0.032%, respectively; for the samples in the prediction set from Linyi, the RMSEP of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were 0.1995, 0.1267, 0.0336 and 0.0242, respectively, the average prediction errors for CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were 0.154%, 0.100%, 0.022%, and 0.018%, respectively. The standard methods for chemical analysis of cement require that the mean measurement error for CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 should be within 0.40%, 0.30%, 0.20%, and 0.15%, respectively. It is obvious that the results of both groups of samples fully satisfied the requirements of raw material proportioning control of the production line, demonstrating that the modeling procedure has excellent generality, the models established have high prediction accuracy, and the NIR spectroscopy combined with the proposed modeling procedure is a rapid and accurate alternative approach for the analysis of cement raw meal composition content.

Brown fat-associated postprandial thermogenesis in humans: Different effects of isocaloric meals rich in carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

The increase of whole-body energy expenditure seen after a single meal ingestion, referred to as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), substantially varies depending on the meal's macronutrient composition. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a site of non-shivering thermogenesis, was reported to be involved in DIT. To examine the effects of meal composition on BAT-associated DIT in humans, healthy male participants underwent fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography to assess BAT activity, and respiratory gas analysis for 2 h after ingestion of a carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-rich meal (C-meal, P-meal, and F-meal, respectively). The calculated DIT at 2 h was 6.44 ± 2.01%, 3.49 ± 2.00%, and 2.32 ± 0.90% of the ingested energy after the P-meal, C-meal, and F-meal, respectively. The DIT after C-meal ingestion correlated positively with BAT activity (P = 0.011), and was approximately twice greater in the group with high-BAT activity than in the group with low-BAT activity (4.35 ± 1.74% vs. 2.12 ± 1.76%, P < 0.035). Conversely, the DIT after F-meal or P-meal ingestion did not correlate with BAT activity, with no difference between the two groups. Thus, BAT has a significant role in DIT after ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich meal, but hardly after ingestion either protein- or fat-rich meal.

Nutritional Composition and Environmental Impact of Meals Selected in Workplace Canteens before and after an Intervention Promoting the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet.

Enhancing healthy and sustainable food systems is one of the key goals of the current European Commission policy. In this light, the creation of a food environment where people are properly informed about the healthiness and sustainability of food choices is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and the environmental impact of meals consumed in a workplace canteen in Italy in the presence of a nudge (i.e., the Double Pyramid logo) combined with a web-based application promoting the Mediterranean Diet. Energy and nutrient contents and the carbon, water, and ecological footprints of 29,776 meals were compared across three subsequent periods (from June to April) through one-way ANOVA. Although the choice of dishes labelled with the Double Pyramid logo was comparable across periods, the selection of fish- and plant-based dishes increased from +2% (fish, vegetables) up to +17% (whole-grain cereals), with a concurrent reduction of meat-based options (-2%). Although the consumption of healthy items increased (p &lt; 0.001), they were not added as a replacement for alternative options, leading to a higher content in energy (p &lt; 0.001) and nutrients (p &lt; 0.001) and worse environmental footprints, contrarily to what was observed when data were adjusted for energy. The intervention significantly improved food choices; however, as the higher selection of desired dishes was not adequately compensated for, it was not fully effective.

Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed with varying substitution levels of fish meal with cattle hoof meal

Fifteen weeks (105 days) feeding trial was conducted to determine growth response and economic benefit of replacing fishmeal with cattle hoof meal (CHM) in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Five isonitrogenous diets containing 42% crude protein were formulated in which CHM replaced fishmeal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (coded as D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 respectively). A commercial feed (D1) was used as reference diet. Two hapa partitioned into six treatments of three replicates each embedded in a concrete pond of 5m by 3m by 2m was used for the experiment. The fish were fed at 3% body weight three times daily between the hour of 6.00 am and 7.00am, 2.00 pm and 3.00pm, and 10.00 pm and 11.00 pm. The feeding ration was adjusted every three weeks after weighing. The mean of the monitored physico chemical parameters of the water in the experimental tank were pH (7.12), temperature (28.25oC), oxygen (5.77mg/l), ammonia (0.04mg/l), nitrite (0.04mg/l), nitrate (0.03mg/l) and bicarbonate (5.45mg/l). The proximate composition of cattle hoofs meal were 33.75% moisture content, 66% dry matter, 58.06% crude protein, 2.75% crude fibre, 3.25% crude lipid, 0.91% ash content and 1.78% Nitrogen free extract. Feeding trials indicated that all fish consumed the experimental diets actively. Fish fed with the commercial feed had the highest mean weight gain (204g), followed by those fed with the experimental diet with 25% of CHM (D3) (181g). The fish fed with the control diet with no cattle hoofs meal (D2) had lower mean weight gain compared to the fish fed with 25% CHM. The fish fed with 50% CHM, 75% CHM and 100% CHM exhibited a decreasing weight gain (148.60g, 143.73g and 129.00g respectively) as the substitution level of the CHM meal increased. The fish fed with 25% cattle hoof meal (D3) had the best growth performance and feed utilization proficiency (specific growth rate 2.58, relative growth rate 1403, protein efficiency ratio 1.67 and feed conversion ratio 1.47) among the fish fed the formulated diets (D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6). There was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in the survival value of fish fed with all the experimental diets. The fish fed with D3 had the best net profit (₦46.53) followed by D6 (₦45.63), D1 (₦42.54), D5 (₦41.61), D4 (₦31.49) and D2 (₦20.59) in decreasing order. This study revealed that CHM can replace fishmeal at a lower cost and efficient diets for Clarias gariepinus. The best result was produced at the substitution level of 25% inclusion of CHM. It is recommended that CHM be included in the feed of Clarias gariepinus at 25% for optimum growth performance and reduced cost of production.

Metabolomic analysis and ecofriendly enrichment of sunflower meal extract.

The presence of phenolic compounds in sunflower is well reported in the literature; however, knowledge is scarce when it comes to the composition of other secondary metabolites in this species and their by-products. This work evaluated, for the first time, the phytochemical composition of sunflower meal produced in Brazil. A combination of mixture design and central composite rotatable design 23 models was then applied to maximize the recovery of bioactive compounds using ecologically friendly solvents and concentrating by applying activated carbon, a sustainable adsorbent. The product of this extraction-concentration was also evaluated by an untargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A diverse and abundant profile of phenolic compounds was obtained from Brazilian sunflower meal: in total, 51 natural products were tentatively identified, 35 of which for the first time in sunflower. The sorption capacity of the activated charcoal, in the optimized process conditions, was effective in the separation and concentration of minority secondary metabolites. The ecofriendly extract proved to be enriched in plumberoside, p-coumaric acid, and alkaloids. Investigation of the phytochemical profile of sunflower meal produced in Brazil pointed to several secondary metabolites reported for the first time in sunflower samples, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes. The use of activated charcoal in an alkaline medium as an adsorbent for the concentration of these phytochemicals, from an aqueous extract, generated a potentially cost-effective, ecofriendly extract, enriched in minor metabolites, indicating a possible innovative way to selectively obtain these compounds from sunflower meal. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficacy of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal as Feed on Growth Performance for Juvenile Javan Mahseer (Tor tambra)

Fish meal (FM) is a well known protein source for fish feed and its heavy utilization has contributed to overfishing that lead to increase price of formulated feed due to scarcity of fish resources for fish meal. Several studies were done to identify the best substitution of FM including Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as a potential candidate for FM replacement. This study was done to investigate the proximate composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM) and to determine its efficacy as feed on growth performance of Javan Mahseer (Tor tambra). Three types of treatment were used namely F0 or control (0% BSFLM and 100% FM), F50 (50% BSFLM and 50% FM) and F100 (100% BSFLM and 0% FM). Each treatment was fed twice daily for 20 days to 10 Javan Mahseer with the average initial weight of 0.1g respectively. Analyses conducted was proximate composition and growth performance like specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and body weight gain. Data was analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) SPSS Windows 27. Results show that crude protein in F0, F50 and F100 were 37.52%, 30.36% and 27.52%; while F50 indicated best BWG (66.71%) and lowest FCR (3.16) respectively. It can be concluded that treatment 50% inclusion of BSF is the best ratio for good growth performances of Javan Mahseer.

Chemical composition of the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia

With the objective of determining the nutritional constituents, amino acids and the content of secondary metabolites of the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia. For this, plant material was collected 70 days after regrowth. The percentages of DM, CP, P, Ca, Si, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cel, Hcel, CC were determined; amino acid profile (methionine, cystine, methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine), and content of TT, TP, TCT, TBCT, FCT, Flv, Sap, Alk, Trit and TS. For statistical processing, descriptive techniques (mean and standard deviation) were used. The plant material of Tithonia diversifolia analyzed showed percentages of 22.23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, and 29.8% and 6.09 MJ/kg (CP, Ca, P, NDF, ADF and ME). For the secondary metabolites, they presented concentrations of 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 and 10.75 g/kg MS for total tannins, total phenols, total condensed tannins, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and total steroids). The highest concentrations of amino acids were for lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine and phenylalanine with values ​​of 13-30 g/kg of protein. It is concluded that the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia presents an adequate relation in its quality.

Rapid Detection of Cement Raw Meal Composition Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Rapid Detection of Cement Raw Meal Composition Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Dynamic patterns of postprandial metabolic responses to three dietary challenges.

Food intake triggers extensive changes in the blood metabolome. The kinetics of these changes depend on meal composition and on intrinsic, health-related characteristics of each individual, making the assessment of changes in the postprandial metabolome an opportunity to assess someone's metabolic status. To enable the usage of dietary challenges as diagnostic tools, profound knowledge about changes that occur in the postprandial period in healthy individuals is needed. In this study, we characterize the time-resolved changes in plasma levels of 634 metabolites in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT), and a mixed meal (SLD) in healthy young males (n = 15). Metabolite levels for samples taken at different time points (20 per individual) during the challenges were available from targeted (132 metabolites) and non-targeted (502 metabolites) metabolomics. Almost half of the profiled metabolites (n = 308) showed a significant change in at least one challenge, thereof 111 metabolites responded exclusively to one particular challenge. Examples include azelate, which is linked to ω-oxidation and increased only in OLTT, and a fibrinogen cleavage peptide that has been linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular events in diabetes patients and increased only in OGTT, making its postprandial dynamics a potential target for risk management. A pool of 89 metabolites changed their plasma levels during all three challenges and represents the core postprandial response to food intake regardless of macronutrient composition. We used fuzzy c-means clustering to group these metabolites into eight clusters based on commonalities of their dynamic response patterns, with each cluster following one of four primary response patterns: (i) “decrease-increase” (valley-like) with fatty acids and acylcarnitines indicating the suppression of lipolysis, (ii) “increase-decrease” (mountain-like) including a cluster of conjugated bile acids and the glucose/insulin cluster, (iii) “steady decrease” with metabolites reflecting a carryover from meals prior to the study, and (iv) “mixed” decreasing after the glucose challenge and increasing otherwise. Despite the small number of subjects, the diversity of the challenges and the wealth of metabolomic data make this study an important step toward the characterization of postprandial responses and the identification of markers of metabolic processes regulated by food intake.

Influence of Substrates on the Quality of Hermetia Meal for Fish Meal Substitution in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Commercially produced black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) represent a promising fish meal substitute, particularly in the context of using agricultural by-products and waste. Here, the culture of Hermetia maggots on five selected substrates (potato protein (P) as a by-product of starch production, rapeseed oil cake (R) from rape oil production, maize silage (M), soybean (S) meal and, as a control, concentrated chicken feed (C)) were evaluated, assessing the growth performance of Hermetia maggots related to the overall production and the nutritional composition of the respective meal. Subsequently, their use as ingredients in aquafeed formulations was evaluated in a feeding trial with juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, assessing the growth performance of the fish. Substrates used for Hermetia culture significantly affected the growth and development of the maggots, revealing substantial differences in the meal quality. Still, if incorporated in isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (33% crude protein, 21–22 MJ/kg) replacing 75% of the fishmeal protein in the formulated diets, no significant differences in growth performance of the fish were observed compared to the fishmeal control. As a conclusion, substrates clearly affect the production yield and the composition of maggots. Nevertheless, this can be compensated by feed formulation as demonstrated by the feeding trial.

Postprandial glucose variability in type 1 diabetes: The individual matters beyond the meal

AimTo explore intraindividual (between-meals) and interindividual (between-subjects) variability of postprandial glucose response (PGR) in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). MethodsData were taken from five cross-over trials in 61 subjects with T1DM on insulin pump wherein the effects of different dietary components or the intraindividual-variability of PGR to the same meal were evaluated by CGM. Predictors (type of meal or nutrient composition) of early (iAUC0-3h), late (iAUC3-6h), total (iAUC0-6h), and time-course of postprandial blood glucose changes (iAUC3-6hminus0-3h) were evaluated using two mixed-effect linear regression models considering the patient’s identification number as random-effect. ResultsHigh-glycemic-index (HGI) and low-glycemic-index meals were the best positive and negative predictors of glucose iAUC0-3h, respectively. A Low-Fat-HGI meal significantly predicted iAUC3-6hminus0-3h (Estimate 3268; p = 0.017). Among nutrients, dietary fiber was the only significant negative predictor of iAUC0-3h (Estimate −550; p < 0.001) and iAUC0-6h (Estimate −742; p = 0.01) and positive predictor of iAUC3-6hminus0-3h (Estimate 336; p = 0.043). For all models, the random-effect patient was statistically significant (p < 0.001 by ANOVA). ConclusionBeyond the meal characteristics (including glycemic index, fat and fiber content), individual traits significantly influence PGR. Specific interindividual factors should be further identified to properly predict glucose response to meals with different composition in individuals with T1DM.

Chrono-communication and cardiometabolic health: The intrinsic relationship and therapeutic nutritional promises.

Circadian rhythm, an innate 24-h biological clock, regulates several mammalian physiological activities anticipating daily environmental variations and optimizing available energetic resources. The circadian machinery is a complex neuronal and endocrinological network primarily organized into a central clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and peripheral clocks. Several small molecules generate daily circadian fluctuations ensuring inter-organ communication and coordination between external stimuli, i.e., light, food, and exercise, and body metabolism. As an orchestra, this complex network can be out of tone. Circadian disruption is often associated with obesity development and, above all, with diabetes and cardiovascular disease onset. Moreover, accumulating data highlight a bidirectional relationship between circadian misalignment and cardiometabolic disease severity. Food intake abnormalities, especially timing and composition of meal, are crucial cause of circadian disruption, but evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has shown that food could represent a unique therapeutic approach to promote circadian resynchronization. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure of circadian system and discuss the role playing by different molecules [from leptin to ghrelin, incretins, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)] to guarantee circadian homeostasis. Based on the recent data, we discuss the innovative nutritional interventions aimed at circadian re-synchronization and, consequently, improvement of cardiometabolic health.

Evaluating the Influence of Microbial Fermentation on the Nutritional Value of Soybean Meal

The aim of this article is to increase the nutritional value of soybean meal while reducing the content of antinutrients by microbial fermentation of soybean meal with a mixed culture of probiotic microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) at two different hydromodules. The addition of microorganisms increased the content of easily digestible protein and amine nitrogen in fermented soybean meal (30:110 and 30:130, hydromodulus soybean meal:water) while decreasing urease activity (hydromodulus 30:110). The positive effect of microbial fermentation on the mineral composition of soybean meal was demonstrated. The ability of microorganisms in the fermentation process to increase the content of protein, essential amino acids, and macro- and microelements in soybean meal while decreasing anti-nutritional factors opens up possibilities for using this technology to advance animal husbandry.

The impact of macronutrient composition on metabolic regulation: An Islet-Centric view.

The influence of dietary carbohydrates and fats on weight gain is inconclusively understood. We studied the acute impact of these nutrients on the overall metabolic state utilizing the insulin:glucagon ratio (IGR). Following in vitro glucose and palmitate treatment, insulin and glucagon secretion from islets isolated from C57Bl/6J mice was measured. Our human in vivo study included 21 normoglycaemia (mean age 51.9 ± 16.5 years, BMI 23.9 ± 3.5kg/m2 , and HbA1c 36.9 ± 3.3 mmol/mol) and 20 type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosed individuals (duration 12 ± 7 years, mean age 63.6 ± 4.5 years, BMI 29.1 ± 2.4kg/m2 , and HbA1c 52.3 ± 9.5 mmol/mol). Individuals consumed a carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich meal (600 kcal) in a cross-over design. Plasma insulin and glucagon levels were measured at -30, -5, and 0min, and every 30 min until 240 min after meal ingestion. The IGR measured from mouse islets was determined solely by glucose levels. The palmitate-stimulated hormone secretion was largely glucose independent in the analysed mouse islets. The acute meal tolerance test demonstrated that insulin and glucagon secretion is dependent on glycaemic status and meal composition, whereas the IGR was dependent upon meal composition. The relative reduction in IGR elicited by the fat-rich meal was more pronounced in obese individuals. This effect was blunted in T2D individuals with elevated HbA1c levels. The metabolic state in normoglycaemic individuals and T2D-diagnosed individuals is regulated by glucose. We demonstrate that consumption of a low carbohydrate diet, eliciting a catabolic state, may be beneficial for weight loss, particularly in obese individuals.

Nutritional Assessment of Hospital Meals by Food-Recording Applications.

Mobile food records are currently used to determine the nutrition of healthy subjects. To determine the accuracy of such records, we evaluated the nutritional composition of a test meal (noodles and fruit juice) and a hospital meal (Japanese set meal) using two types of mobile food records. Eighteen healthy subjects (2 males and 16 females) were enrolled. Using these diets and validated nutrient-composition information, we evaluated the accuracy of the dietary assessments made by two dietary-record applications, Asken® and Calomeal®, over 5 days. For the test meal, the values provided by the two applications were close to the actual values. In contrast, for the hospital meal, the values provided by the two applications were approximately 1.5 times higher than the actual values. A linear-mixed-model analysis showed that the total energy, carbohydrate, and salt contents were significantly overestimated in the hospital meal. Protein also tended to be overestimated, while the fat content was not significantly overestimated. Furthermore, the total energy and fat contents increased significantly over time. No association with age was observed. A comparison of the coefficients of variation (CVs) for each nutrient in the hospital meal indicated that the fat levels were significantly higher than those in the test meal. In conclusion, the accuracy of mobile food records depends on the type of meal. Our data will provide lessons for the use of meal-recording applications in special cases, such as hospital food.

Exploring the nexus between food and veg*n lifestyle via text mining-based online community analytics

Attention towards veg*nism is increasing as the impact of food choices on health and sustainability as well as ethical concerns regarding animal welfare emerge. Although online user analysis is an effective tool to obtain practical insights without geographical constraints, implementation on a large veg*n population has been carried out within a limited scope. This study investigated two veg*n subreddits, r/Vegan and r/Vegetarian, using multiple text mining techniques to classify users' interests and preferences. Based on K-means and term frequency-inverse document frequency, six clusters were identified: Food, Perception, Health, Altruism, Emotion, and Situation. The proportion of each cluster and keywords representing the clusters were obtained. Being a major sector, further assessment of the Food cluster was conducted using Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling technique. Confusion was observed in relation to being pressured with sudden changes in dietary patterns, including meal composition, preparation, and shopping routines. The results also revealed barriers to transition for individuals who have recently started veg*n diets, and those wishing to switch to stricter dietary patterns. In addition to difficulties relating to economic and social aspects, our findings suggest that the establishment of detailed guidelines may help accommodate the various dietary compositions across the veg*n spectrum, and clear information relating to veg*n food products is needed from manufacturers.

Prolonged Sedentary Time May Modulate Glycemic Response To A 12-week Dietary Intervention In Obesity

Whether inter-individual variation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), and prolonged ST may help explain variability in glycemic responses to dietary interventions remains poorly understood. PURPOSE: To test the moderating effects of MVPA, ST, and prolonged ST on glycemic control response to a 12-week intervention increasing monounsaturated fat intake in 25-45 years old adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS: This study included a subsample (N = 59, 36 ♀; Mage = 35.5 ± 6.1 yrs, BMI = 33.1 ± 5.8 kg·m-2) from a randomized-controlled trial (NCT02740439). The intervention group (INT; n = 24) consumed one avocado daily. The control group (CON; n = 35) was matched on caloric intake and meal composition except for the avocado. Glucose and insulin area under the curve, insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index, MI), and β-cell function (insulinogenic index) were measured pre- and post-intervention with an oral glucose tolerance test. MVPA (≥2,200 counts·min-1, CPM) and ST (<100 CPM) were assessed with a hip-worn ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer (7 days, waking hours), and expressed as % of wear time per day. Prolonged ST was defined as % wear time spent in sedentary bouts lasting ≥20 min. The moderating effects of baseline MVPA, ST, prolonged ST, and change in ST on post-intervention glycemic control were tested with ANCOVAs, controlling for outcomes at baseline, and visceral fat. RESULTS: Groups did not differ in baseline MVPA (P = 0.07), but INT was more sedentary (ST: Mdiff = -4.73 ± 1.76 %, P = 0.01; prolonged ST: Mdiff = -7.66 ± 2.46 %, P = 0.003). ST increased in the CON (ΔM = 2.33 ± 0.96 %, P = 0.02) but not in the INT (P = 0.45). INT did not improve the indices of glycemic control (Ps ≥ 0.17). However, baseline prolonged ST moderated the intervention effect on MI (F(1,53) = 5.16, P = 0.024). INT and CON did not differ in MI within prolonged ST sub-groups (Ps ≥ 0.09). A trend in the lower prolonged ST sub-group suggested greater improvement in MI in the INT (ΔM = 1.2 ± 0.7, P = 0.09). No other interactions were noted (Ps ≥ 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: These exploratory findings suggest that inter-individual variation in prolonged ST may be relevant to identifying responders to a dietary intervention. Studies designed to test moderating effects of physical behaviors on glycemic responses to dietary interventions are needed.

Modulation of 1,2-Dicarbonyl Compounds in Postprandial Responses Mediated by Food Bioactive Components and Mediterranean Diet.

Glycoxidative stress with the consequent generation of advanced glycation end products has been implied in the etiology of numerous non-communicable chronic diseases. During the postprandial state, the levels of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds can increase, depending on numerous factors, including characteristics of the subjects mainly related to glucose metabolism disorders and nutritional status, as well as properties related to the chemical composition of meals, including macronutrient composition and the presence of dietary bioactive molecules and macromolecules. In this review, we examine the chemical, biochemical, and physiological pathways that contribute to postprandial generation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. The modulation of postprandial 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds is discussed in terms of biochemical pathways regulating the levels of these compounds, as well as the effect of phenolic compounds, dietary fiber, and dietary patterns, such as Mediterranean and Western diets.

Anti-Nutritional Factors and Protein Dispersibility Index as Principal Quality Indicators for Soybean Meal in Diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus GIFT), a Meta-Analysis.

Simple SummarySoybean meal is an effective protein source in aquafeeds and is characterized by high protein content, high digestibility, reasonable price, and stable supply. The quality of soybean meal varies with factors such as seed genotype, soil type, planting area, processing conditions, storage conditions, etc. Differences in soybean meal quality may lead to differences in the production performances of animals. For this reason, we investigated the nutrient composition, anti-nutritional factors and physicochemical properties of different soybean meals produced on the same production line with soybeans from different origins, and compared the effects of different soybean meals on the physiological characteristics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus GIFT). This study identified key indicators that could distinguish the quality of soybean meals, and established a correlation model between quality indicators of soybean meal and the growth performance of Nile tilapia. These results are of great significance for evaluating the quality of soybean meals and promoting the efficient application of soybean meal in aquafeeds.Soybean meal (SBM) is the most important plant protein source in animal feed. This study investigated the characteristics of different SBMs, produced by soybeans from America and Brazil (SBM-A and SBM-B) in 2017–2021 under the same controlled conditions. The effects of different SBMs on the growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, GIFT) and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients and energy were studied. The results showed that protein dispersibility index (PDI), urease activity (UA), glycinin and fiber were the four primary key indicators for distinguishing the characteristics of the tested SBMs. The meta-analysis results suggested that UA, glycinin, and fiber showed a negative effect on the survival rate (SR) and weight gain rate (WGR) of the Nile tilapia, whereas β-conglycinin, PDI, and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) had a positive effect on the SR and WGR of the fish. The ADCs of dry matter, the gross energy, phosphorus, crude protein, valine (Val), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), serine (Ser), and glutamate (Glu) of the Diet-A group (SBM-A inclusion) were significantly higher than those in the Diet-B group (SBM-B inclusion) (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in ADCs of macro-nutrients between the two SBMs (p > 0.05). Overall, PDI, UA, glycinin, and fiber were the main indicators reflecting the characteristics of the tested SBMs, and UA, glycinin, β-conglycinin, and PDI had the greatest impact on the growth performance of Nile tilapia in this study. PDI was a more sensitive indicator than NSI for representing the protein quality of SBM.

Replacement levels of feather meal to fishmeal in broiler birds (A case study in Ishiagu, Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State)

One hundred and forty-four (144) day old “Sayyed” broiler birds were used to determine the effect of replacing fishmeal with feather meal on the growth performance and cost benefit analysis of broiler birds. The birds were randomly selected and distributed into four treatment groups of thirty-six birds, each comprising three replicates per treatment with twelve birds per replicate, which was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) format. Isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with the inclusion of the feather meal to replace fishmeal at the rate of 0, 25, 50 and 75% corresponding to T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Feed and water were given ad-libitum and relevant drugs and vaccination were administered to the birds as when due. Proximate composition of feather meal and the experimental diet was also carried out according to laid out procedure and standard. There were significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in the parameters obtained for growth performance and cost benefit analysis across the treatment groups. Growth performance was significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced across the treatments with treatment 2 having a superior (p&lt;0.05) value for final body weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio with values of 2520.10 g, 46.72 g and 2.55, which was closely followed by treatment 2 (2490.74 g, 46.12 g and 2.57), while the least values were obtained in treatment 4 (2315.34 g, 42.56 g and 2.78) respectively. Cost benefit analysis showed that profit obtained and cost benefit ratio was superior in treatment 3 (50%) with values of ₦667.51 and 2.55, while the least was observed in treatment 1 (₦514.69 and 3.56) respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that inclusion of feather meal in the diet of broiler birds up to the level of 75% is possible without much impact on their performance.