MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory Research Articles

Comparing the M.D. Anderson Symptom and Dysphagia Inventories for Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Where patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) may be administered at multiple patient visits, it is advantageous to capture these symptoms with as few questions as possible. In this study, the M.D. Anderson Head and Neck Symptom Inventory (MDASI-HN), and the M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) is compared to determine if using the MDASI-HN alone would overlook symptoms identified with MDADI. The MDASI-HN and the MDADI were completed by 156 patients, postradiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Associations between the two instruments were analyzed using correlation analysis, unsupervised machine learning, and sensitivity analysis. Little correlation was found between the two surveys; however, there was overlap between MDASI-HN dry mouth and many MDADI items, confirming that dry mouth is an important factor in difficulty swallowing, and patient QoL. Taking longer to eat (MDADI), was the most commonly reported item overall, with 85 (54%) patients rating it as moderate-severe. Dry mouth was the most endorsed MDASI-HN item (68, 44%). There were 51 patients missed by the MDASI-HN, reporting no moderate-severe symptoms, but reported one or more moderate-severe QoL impacts on MDADI. If patients who reported a score of 2 or higher on the MDASI-HN Dry Mouth item are flagged as requiring follow-up, the number of patients missed by MDASI-HN drops to 15. In an HNC clinic where MDASI-HN is routinely administered, assessment of symptoms and QoL might be enhanced by reducing the value at which MDASI Dry Mouth is considered moderate-severe to 2. 3 Laryngoscope, 132:2388-2395, 2022.

Health-related quality of life in maxillectomy patients undergoing dentoalveolar rehabilitation

ObjectivesSurgical resection of the maxilla impairs aesthetics, speech, swallowing, and mastication. Maxillary reconstruction is increasingly performed with virtual surgical planning (VSP) to enhance functional dental rehabilitation with a conventional denture or osseointegrated implants. The aim of this study was to determine whether dental status and VSP is associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and function in patients who have undergone maxillectomy. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who underwent free flap reconstruction or obturation of the maxilla between July 2009 and December 2020. The FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer (FACE-Q) module, M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and Speech Handicap Index (SHI) were used to evaluate HRQOL. ResultsForty-three patients (response rate 59%) completed questionnaires and 48% underwent dental rehabilitation. In Okay Class II and III defects, adjusting for the effect of radiotherapy and time from surgery, there was a positive association between denture status and FACE-Q smiling (p = 0.020), eating (p = 0.012), smiling (p = 0.015), and MDADI global (p = 0.015), emotional (p = 0.027), functional (p = 0.028), and composite (p = 0.029) scores. VSP was associated with FACE-Q swallowing (p = 0.005), drooling (p = 0.030), eating (p = 0.008), smiling (p = 0.021), MDADI global (p = 0.017), emotional (p = 0.041), functional (p = 0.040), composite (p = 0.038), and SHI total scores (p = 0.042). ConclusionsDentoalveolar rehabilitation and VSP were associated with higher HRQOL scores relating to eating and drinking, smiling, and speaking.

Avoidance of primary site adjuvant radiotherapy following transoral robotic surgery: a cohort study.

Post-operative radiotherapy (PORT) volumes and dose to target structures likely influence swallowing function and quality of life following transoral robotic surgery (TORS). The aim of this study is to analyse disease control and swallowing outcomes in patients undergoing TORS for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) to determine the impact of omitting the primary site from the PORT treatment volume. Prospectively collected data from patients that underwent TORS between March 2013 and April 2021 were reviewed. Patients were categorized into three groups: (1) no PORT, (2) PORT to the neck alone or (3) PORT to the primary site and neck. Survival curves were generated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and swallowing was assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale, Public Status Scale Head and Neck, MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory and feeding tube/gastrostomy dependence. A total of 121 patients underwent TORS, of which 103 met inclusion criteria with a median follow up of 2.6 years. No patients developed local recurrence. The 3-year regional control rates were 90%, 100% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Disease-specific survival was 97% over the study period. Patients that received PORT to both the primary site and the neck (group 3) had worse swallowing outcomes at 12 months. Following TORS for OPSCC, avoiding PORT to the primary site, in appropriately selected patients, appears to be oncologically safe and is associated with superior swallowing outcomes.

Randomized Trial of Radiotherapy Versus Transoral Robotic Surgery for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Results of the ORATOR Trial.

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has risen rapidly, because of an epidemic of human papillomavirus infection. The optimal management of early-stage OPSCC with surgery or radiation continues to be a clinical controversy. Long-term randomized data comparing these paradigms are lacking. We randomly assigned patients with T1-T2, N0-2 (≤ 4 cm) OPSCC to radiotherapy (RT) (with chemotherapy if N1-2) versus transoral robotic surgery plus neck dissection (TORS + ND) (with or without adjuvant therapy). The primary end point was swallowing quality of life (QOL) at 1-year using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory. Secondary end points included adverse events, other QOL outcomes, overall survival, and progression-free survival. All analyses were intention-to-treat. Herein, we present long-term outcomes from the trial. Sixty-eight patients were randomly assigned (n = 34 per arm) between August 10, 2012, and June 9, 2017. Median follow-up was 45 months. Longitudinal MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory analyses demonstrated statistical superiority of RT arm over time (P = .049), although the differences beyond 1 year were of smaller magnitude than at the 1-year timepoint (year 2: 86.0 ± 13.5 in the RT arm v 84.8 ± 12.5 in the TORS + ND arm, P = .74; year 3: 88.9 ± 11.3 v 83.3 ± 13.9, P = .12). These differences did not meet the threshold to qualify as a clinically meaningful change at any timepoint. Certain differences in QOL concerns including more pain and dental concerns in the TORS + ND arm seen at 1 year resolved at 2 and 3 years; however, TORS patients started to use more nutritional supplements at 3 years (P = .015). Dry mouth scores were higher in RT patients over time (P = .041). On longitudinal analysis, the swallowing QOL difference between primary RT and TORS + ND approaches persists but decreases over time. Patients with OPSCC should be informed about the pros and cons of both treatment options (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01590355).

Functional Outcomes After Surgical Resection of Tongue Cancer; A Comparative Study Between Primary Closure, Secondary Intention Healing and Flap Reconstruction.

The purpose of the study was to assess and compare the quality of speech and swallowing between three reconstruction options (primary closure-group A, secondary intention healing-group B and flap reconstruction-group C), in small to moderate sized onco-surgical defects of oral tongue. 47 patients fulfilled the eligibility criteria during the study period, of which, 15 belonged to group A, 16 belonged to group B, 16 were in group C. Speech and swallowing assessment was done using Speech Intelligibility Assessment score and MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, respectively. The above tests wereadministered pre-operatively, 1 month and 6months post-operativey in all the study participants. The average scores of speech intelligibility at 1month were 66.13% (±19.96), 70.04% (±12.28) and 37.31% (±11.29) for groups A, B and C respectively. Similarly, average long term scores for speech intelligibility in these three groups were 72.7% (±17.72), 83.3% (±12.78) and 52.8% (±11.74) respectively. With regards to swallowing the composite scores at 1month were 73.67 (±13.69), 68.31 (±16.06) and 41.81 (±5.44), and at 6months were 83.2 (±10.24), 79.31 (±12.29) and 57.88 (±7.37), respectively for groups A, B and C. All the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Healing by secondary intention offered the best functional outcome in terms of speech intelligibility, and primary closure offered best swallowing outcomes in operated cases of oral tongue. This trial has been registered with the Clinical Trials Registry-India in December 2018 (CTRI Reg. No: CTRI/2018/12/016803).

Refining measurement of swallowing safety in the Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST) criteria: Validation of DIGEST version 2.

Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST) is a validated method to grade the severity of pharyngeal swallowing impairment as a toxicity of cancer based on the degree and patterns of penetration/aspiration and pharyngeal residue over a standardly acquired radiographic modified barium swallow (MBS) study. Since its implementation in 2016, areas for the refinement of grading mild safety impairments have been identified by clinical and research users. The objective of this study was to assess the performance and validity of refined DIGESTsafety grading criteria (per DIGEST version 2 [DIGESTv2 ]). Refined safety criteria were developed and vetted with clinical and research users. DIGESTv2 included 2 changes to the safety criteria. All MBSs with blinded DIGEST version 1 grading were sampled from a registry database (1331 patients underwent MBS over the period of December 2005 to July 2019). New criteria were applied to derive DIGESTsafety grading version 2. Measures of criterion validity, including the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory [MDADI] composite score, the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP) pharyngeal total, the MBSImP hyolaryngeal components (items 8-11), and the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients [PSS-HN] diet, were correlated with DIGESTsafety and overall DIGEST grades from versions 1 and 2 and were compared pairwise between reassigned grades. With the application of version 2 safety criteria, 112 of 1331 examinations (8.4%) and 79 of 1331 examinations (5.9%) changed in their DIGESTsafety and overall grades, respectively. The safety and overall DIGEST grades (versions 1 and 2) significantly correlated with criterion measures, including the MBSImP pharyngeal total, laryngeal MBSImP parameters of interest, MDADI, and PSS-HN (P<.0001); correlations maintained a similar magnitude between versions 1 and 2. Forty-six upgraded examinations (reassigned from safety grade 1 per version 1 to grade 2 per version 2) performed similarly to other safety grade 2 examinations (version 1), and this was likewise true for 66 downgraded examinations (reassigned from safety grade 1 per version 1 to grade 0 per version 2). Refined criteria defining mild safety impairments with the DIGEST methodology changed grades in small numbers of examinations. DIGESTv2 criteria maintained criterion validity, demonstrated ordinality, and improved the performance of the method in these rare scenarios. Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST) is a method developed and validated by the investigators in 2016 to grade the severity of pharyngeal swallowing dysfunction (dysphagia) with a decision tree or flowsheet to guide the clinician's review of a standard radiographic modified barium swallow study. This work reports on the validity of updated DIGEST criteria (version 2) that incorporate 2 modifications to the decision tree.

Swallowing After Primary TORS and Unilateral or Bilateral Radiation for Low- to Intermediate-Risk Tonsil Cancer.

The primary course of treatment for patients with low- to intermediate-risk tonsil cancer has evolved with a shift toward primary transoral robotic surgery (TORS) or radiation therapy (RT). While favorable outcomes have been reported after deintensification via unilateral TORS or RT (uniRT), comparisons of functional outcomes between these treatments are lacking. We compared clinical outcomes (Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity [DIGEST] and feeding tube [FT]) and patient-reported swallowing outcomes (MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory [MDADI]) based on primary treatment strategy: TORS, uniRT, or bilateral RT (biRT). Secondary analysis of prospective cohort. Single institution. The study sample comprised 135 patients with HPV/p16+ T1-T3, N0-2b (American Joint Committee on Cancer, seventh edition), N0-1 (eighth edition) squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil were sampled from a prospective registry. Modified barium swallow studies graded per DIGEST, FT placement and duration, and MDADI were collected. Baseline DIGEST grade significantly differed among treatment groups, with higher dysphagia prevalence in the TORS group (34%) vs the biRT group (12%, P = .04). No significant group differences were found in DIGEST grade or dysphagia prevalence at subacute and longitudinal time points (P = .41). Mean MDADI scores were similar among groups at baseline (TORS, 92; uniRT, 93; biRT, 93; P = .90), subacute (TORS, 83; uniRT, 88; biRT, 82; P = .38) and late time points (TORS, 86; uniRT, 86; biRT, 87; P = .99). FT placement and duration significantly differed among primary treatment groups (FT [median days]: TORS, 89% [3]; uniRT, 8% [82]; biRT, 37% [104]; P < .001). While TORS and uniRT offer optimal functional outcomes related to dysphagia, results suggest that no measurable clinician-graded or patient-reported differences in swallow outcomes exist among these primary treatment strategies and biRT. Aside from baseline differences that drive treatment selection, differences in FT rate and duration by primary treatment strategy likely reflect diverse toxicities beyond dysphagia.

Swallowing Function Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Transoral Robotic Surgery for Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A 2-Year Follow-up.

To evaluate 2-year follow-up swallowing function in patients with human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) who completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy and transoral robotic surgery (NAC+S). Retrospective analysis of patients with OPSCC treated with NAC+S between 2010 and 2021. A single academic institution. This is a cross-sectional study of patient-reported swallowing function, assessed with the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) at least 2 years after completion of treatment. The inclusion criteria are patients with HPV+ OPSCC who underwent NAC+S at least 2 years ago. Those requiring adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation or experiencing relapse were excluded from the study. Completed MDADIs were received from 37 patients at a median 3.8 years posttreatment (interquartile range, 2.0-8.6 years). Of those, 94.6% (n = 35) were male and 81.1% (n = 30) were White. The median age at OPSCC diagnosis was 59.0 years (interquartile range, 41-80 years). The most frequent primary subsite of OPSCC was the base of the tongue (n = 20, 54.1%), followed by the tonsils (n = 16, 43.2%). In addition, 75.7% (n = 28) had stage IVa disease (TNM seventh edition), and 29 (78.4%) had scores ≥80, classified as optimal function. When compared with patients who received bilateral neck dissection, patients who received unilateral neck dissection were associated with an age <65 years old (P = .036) and lower clinical TNM stage (P = .04), as well as higher composite, emotional, functional, and physical MDADI scores (P = .017, .046, .013, and .05, respectively). Patients with OPSCC who were treated with NAC+S achieved satisfactory long-term swallowing outcomes. Unilateral neck dissection was significantly associated with higher MDADI scores in this patient cohort.

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) using the da Vinci Xi: prospective analysis of feasibility, safety, and outcomes.

The da Vinci Xi system is not Food and Drug Administration approved for transoral robotic surgery (TORS), resulting in limited data. This prospective study evaluates the feasibility, safety, and outcomes of Xi-TORS in an oncological setting. Sixty-one patients with head and neck cancer were consecutively included for Xi-TORS. Adequate exposure and macroscopically complete resection were achieved in 59 patients (success rate=96.7%). Intraoperative difficulties and complications were encountered in 47.5% and 20.3% of patients, respectively. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in 11.9%; no treatment-related deaths were encountered. Two-year overall survival and disease-specific survival were 90.5% and 95.6%, respectively. No long-term (>1month) tracheotomies were necessary, and only two patients remained tube-feeding dependent. The functional baseline level was regained at 12 months for the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory and at 24 months for the Swallowing quality-of-life questionnaire. QLQ-H&N35-assessed QOL returned to baseline 6months postoperatively. Xi-TORS is safe, feasible, and with high oncological and functional effectiveness.

Free Flap microvascular pharyngeal closure results in improved dysphagia-specific quality of life following total laryngectomy

BackgroundTotal laryngectomy (TL) as either a primary or salvage treatment strategy remains an effective oncologic operation in the management of laryngeal cancer. Dysphagia is the most common complication following TL and this has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life (QOL). Following removal of the larynx, a number of pharyngeal closure techniques exist. We aimed to evaluate the effect pharyngeal closure techniques have on dysphagia-specific QOL postoperatively.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients who had undergone TL at our institution (2014–2019). Patients alive at the time of study were invited to complete the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI). Outcomes were compared among Primary Closure (PC), Pedicled Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap (PMMF) and Free Flap (FF) closure groups.ResultsThere were 27 patients identified for inclusion. Eight patients (30%) underwent PC, 10 patients (37%) had PMMF-assisted closure and 9 patients (33%) underwent FF-assisted closure. Patients within the FF group scored consistently higher MDADI scores across all subscales (emotional, functional, physical, global) as well as composite MDADI score in comparison to the PC and PMMF groups. FF closure was associated with a reduced inpatient length of stay (LOS). Additionally, no significant differences in postoperative morbidity including rates of pharyngo-cutaneous fistula (PCF) were observed between groups.ConclusionsWe now advocate FF closure for our patients following salvage TL due to the improved dysphagia-specific QOL, reduced inpatient LOS and lack of additional surgical morbidity.Level of evidence, Level III, therapeutic/prognostic study.

Translation and Validation of the Indonesian MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) in Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Swallowing Disorders

Introduction Dysphagia is common in head and neck cancer patients; it is associated with significant morbidity, including quality of life. Several instruments can be used to assess the quality of life of dysphagia patients, including the M.D Anderson dysphagia inventory (MDADI) questionnaire, which is sufficiently valid and reliable to improve the quality of life of patients with neurological disorders and head and neck cancer. Objective The purpose of the present study is to perform adaptation, cultural translation, and validation of the MDADI questionnaire for the Indonesian language. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed the validity and reliability of the MDADI Indonesian adaptation instrument in head and neck cancer patients with swallowing disorders in the Otorhinolaryngology clinic of the Dr. Sardjito hospital, Yogyakarta, from May to August 2019. Results There were 40 study subjects, including 31 men and 9 women. The MDADI instrument adapted to Indonesian is valid and reliable as an instrument for assessing the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer with swallowing disorders, with r-values ranging from 0.314 to 0.939. Internal consistency shows that Cronbach's α is 0.915, and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation) ranges from 0.919 to 0.985. Conclusion The translation and validation of the Indonesian MDADI instrument were performed as an instrument for assessing the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients with swallowing disorders.

Patient-Reported Outcomes-Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer.

PurposeTo identify which patient-reported outcomes (PROs) may be most improved through adaptive radiation therapy (ART) with the goal of reducing toxicity incidence among head and neck cancer patients.MethodsOne hundred fifty-five head and neck cancer patients receiving radical VMAT (chemo)radiotherapy (66-70 Gy in 30-35 fractions) completed the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory, MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and Xerostomia Questionnaire while attending routine follow-up clinics between June-October 2019. Hierarchical clustering characterized symptom endorsement. Conventional statistical approaches indicated associations between dose and commonly reported symptoms. These associations, and the potential benefit of interfractional dose corrections, were further explored via logistic regression.ResultsRadiotherapy-related symptoms were commonly reported (dry mouth, difficulty swallowing/chewing). Clustering identified three patient subgroups reporting: none/mild symptoms for most items (60.6% of patients); moderate/severe symptoms affecting some aspects of general well-being (32.9%); and moderate/severe symptom reporting for most items (6.5%). Clusters of PRO items broadly consisted of acute toxicities, general well-being, and head and neck-specific symptoms (xerostomia, dysphagia). Dose-PRO relationships were strongest between delivered pharyngeal constrictor Dmean and patient-reported dysphagia, with MDADI composite scores (mean ± SD) of 25.7 ± 18.9 for patients with Dmean <50 Gy vs. 32.4 ± 17.1 with Dmean ≥50 Gy. Based on logistic regression models, during-treatment dose corrections back to planned values may confer ≥5% decrease in the absolute risk of self-reported physical dysphagia symptoms ≥1 year post-treatment in 1.2% of patients, with a ≥5% decrease in relative risk in 23.3% of patients.ConclusionsPatient-reported dysphagia symptoms are strongly associated with delivered dose to the pharyngeal constrictor. Dysphagia-focused ART may provide the greatest toxicity benefit to head and neck cancer patients, and represent a potential new direction for ART, given that the existing ART literature has focused almost exclusively on xerostomia reduction.

Long-term swallowing-related outcomes in oral cancer patients receiving proactive swallowing therapy

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to evaluate the impact of proactive swallowing rehabilitation on swallowing function and quality of life (QoL) in oral cancer patients in the first two years after definitive treatment. Materials and MethodsConsecutive adult patients with locally advanced oral cancer who received radical surgery, free flap reconstruction, and adjuvant radiotherapy were recruited prospectively, to whom proactive swallowing rehabilitation was provided. Body weight (BW); fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), functional oral intake scale (FOIS), and diet level; 10-item eating assessment tool (EAT-10), and MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI); and adherence at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were evaluated. ResultsA total of 104 patients were included during May 2018 to July 2020. Compared to the baseline, significant deterioration in BW, FOIS, and MDADI was noted at one month. However, a trend of recovery was observed in FOIS from one month, and in BW and MDADI from three months. A total of 94% patients were free of tube feeding at 12 months but with a diet requiring special preparations or compensation. Safe swallowing could be achieved in approximately 90% of the participants after six months with diet modification or compensatory maneuvers. BW at 18 and 24 months did not differ significantly from baseline. ConclusionProactive swallowing therapy is feasible for patients with locally advanced oral cancer receiving definitive treatments. It facilitates safe oral intake and adequate nutrition. Patients who performed swallowing exercises had a faster and better recovery in swallowing function and swallowing-related QoL.

Evaluating dysphagia and xerostomia outcomes following transoral robotic surgery for patients with oropharyngeal cancer

We assessed long-term patient-reported dysphagia and xerostomia outcomes following definitive surgical management with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in patients with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) via a cross-sectional survey study. Patients with OPC managed with primary oropharyngeal surgery as definitive treatment at least 1year ago between 2015 and 2019 were identified. The M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) and Xerostomia Inventory (XI) scores were compared across treatment types (i.e., no adjuvant therapy [TORS-A] vs. adjuvant radiotherapy [TORS+RT] vs. adjuvant chemoradiotherapy [TORS+CT/RT]). The sample had 62 patients (10 TORS-A, 30 TORS+RT, 22 TORS+CT/RT). TORS-A had clinically and statistically significantly better MDADI scores than TORS+RT (p=0.03) and TORS+CT/RT (p=0.02), but TORS+RT and TORS+CT/RT were not significantly different. TORS-A had clinically and statistically significantly less XI than TORS+RT (p < 0.01) and TORS+CT/RT (p < 0.01). Patients with OPC who have undergone TORS+RT or TORS+CT/RT following surgery face clinically worse dysphagia and xerostomia outcomes relative to patients who undergo TORS-A.

Predictors of severe dysphagia following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

ObjectiveTo investigate if severe dysphagia following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) could be predicted by patient and tumor characteristics, feeding tube use, weight factors, jaw opening function, and saliva secretion.MethodsData was collected from 94 HNC patients 6 to 36 months post radiotherapy. Swallowing function was assessed by videofluroscopy (VFS). Severe dysphagia was defined by Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) as PAS≥5 or a total score ≤60 on the M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI).ResultsThirty‐three patients (35%) had PAS ≥5 and 19 (20%) a MDADI ≤60, that is, presented with severe dysphagia. Univariable logistic regression analysis (UVA) gave that tumor of the tonsil, overweight at time of VFS and each unit increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) predicted less risk of PAS ≥5. Dependency of feeding tube at time of VFS and each month's continued use and weight loss ≥7.5% since treatment to time of VFS predicted increased risk of PAS ≥5. Predictive variables from the UVA of PAS ≥5 (tumor of the tonsil, overweight, and total duration of feeding tube), were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. All retained power as independent predictors. UVA for MDADI showed that use of feeding tube at time of VFS predicted MDADI ≤60 with the risk increasing each month. Each increasing unit of BMI decreased risk of MDADI ≤60.ConclusionLong time users of feeding tube and higher weight‐loss are at risk of severe dysphagia. This makes collaboration between professionals working with dysphagia an important step in detecting severe dysphagia.Level of Evidence: 3.

Health-Related Quality of Life, Dysphagia, Voice Problems, Depression, and Anxiety After Total Laryngectomy.

The aims were to determine health-related quality of life (HRQoL), including voice problems, dysphagia, depression, and anxiety after total laryngectomy (TL), and investigate the associations between HRQoL and the late effects. Cross-sectional study. 172 participants having received a TL 1.6 to 18.1 years ago for laryngeal/hypopharyngeal cancer filled in the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, Core and Head and Neck module (EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-H&N35), Voice-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (V-RQOL), M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires. Participants scored worse than normative reference populations on all scales/items of the EORTC questionnaires, except one, and almost half of the scales/items showed a clinically relevant difference. Moderate/severe dysphagia was present in 46%, moderate/severe voice problems in 57%, depression in 16%, and anxiety in 20%. Decreasing age, increasing numbers of comorbidities, increasing voice problems, increasing dysphagia, and increasing depression symptoms, were associated with a lowered EORTC QLQ-C30 summary score. A substantial proportion of participants experienced clinically significant late effects and increasing levels of these were associated with a lowered HRQoL. 3 Laryngoscope, 132:980-988, 2022.

Adherence to Home-Based Swallowing Therapy Using a Mobile System in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors.

Purpose A large knowledge gap related to dysphagia treatment adherence was identified by a recent systematic review: Few existing studies report on adherence, and current adherence tracking relies heavily on patient self-report. This study aimed to report weekly adherence and dysphagia-specific quality of life following home-based swallowing therapy in head and neck cancer (HNC). Method This was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. Patients who were at least 3 months post-HNC treatment were enrolled in swallowing therapy using a mobile health (mHealth) swallowing system equipped with surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback. Participants completed a home dysphagia exercise program across 6 weeks, with a target of 72 swallows per day split between three different exercise types. Adherence was calculated as percent trials completed of trials prescribed. The M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) was administered before and after therapy. Results Twenty participants (75% male), with an average age of 61.9 years (SD = 8.5), completed the study. The majority had surgery ± adjuvant (chemo)radiation therapy for oral (10%), oropharyngeal (80%), or other (10%) cancers. Using an intention-to-treat analysis, adherence to the exercise regimen remained high from 84% in Week 1 to 72% in Week 6. Radiation therapy, time since cancer treatment, medical difficulties, and technical difficulties were all found to be predictive of poorer adherence at Week 6. A statistically significant improvement was found for composite, emotional, and physical MDADI subscales. Conclusions When using an mHealth system with sEMG biofeedback, adherence rates to home-based swallowing exercise remained at or above 72% over a 6-week treatment period. Dysphagia-specific quality of life improved following this 6-week treatment program.

Validity and Reliability of an Arabic Version of MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI).

Dysphagia is a common adverse event among head and neck (H&N) cancer patients. We aimed, for the first time, to validate the Arabic version of the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) among 82 Saudi Arabian patients with H&N cancer. We followed established validation guidelines and translated the 20-item MDADI using the forward-backward method. Our results revealed 100% feasibility. Test-retest reliability demonstrated acceptable interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the subscale domains (emotional = 0.973, physical = 0.971, and functional = 0.956) and composite score (ICC = 0.984). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the emotional, functional, and physical subscales were 0.937, 0.825, and 0.945, respectively (composite score = 0.975). We confirmed concurrent validity by demonstrating significant correlations between the domains of the Arabic MDADI and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality-of-Life Head and Neck Module (QLQ-H&N35). Our study validated the Arabic version of the MDADI among H&N cancer patients from Saudi Arabia.

Improvement in Dysphagia Outcomes Following Clinical Target Volume Reduction in the De-ESCALaTE Study

AimsThe De-ESCALaTE study showed an overall survival advantage for the administration of synchronous cisplatin chemotherapy with radiotherapy in low-risk oropharyngeal cancer when compared with synchronous cetuximab. During the trial, a radiotherapy quality assurance protocol amendment permitted centres to swap from the original radiotherapy contouring protocol (incorporating the whole oropharynx into the high-dose clinical target volume (CTV); anatomical protocol) to a protocol that incorporated the gross tumour volume with a 10 mm margin into the CTV (volumetric protocol). The purpose of this study was to examine both toxicity and tumour control related to this protocol amendment. Materials and methodsOverall survival and recurrence at 2 years were used to compare tumour control in the two contouring cohorts. For toxicity, the cohorts were compared by both the number of severe (grades 3–5) and all grades acute and late toxicities. In addition, quality of life and swallowing were compared using EORTC-C30 and MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, respectively. ResultsOf 327 patients included in this study, 185 were contoured according to the anatomical protocol and 142 by the volumetric protocol. The two cohorts were well balanced, with the exception of significantly more patients in the anatomical cohort undergoing prophylactic feeding tube insertion (P < 0.001). With a minimum of 2 years of follow-up there was no significant difference in overall survival or recurrence between the two contouring protocols. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the rate of reported severe or all grades acute or late toxicity and no sustained significant difference in quality of life. However, there was a significant difference in favour of volumetric contouring in several domains of the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory questionnaire at 1 year, which persisted to 2 years in the dysphagia functional (P = 0.002), dysphagia physical (P = 0.009) and dysphagia overall function (P = 0.008) domains. ConclusionIn the context of the unplanned post-hoc analysis of a randomised trial, measurable improvement in long-term dysphagia has been shown following a reduction in the CTV. Further reductions in the CTV should be subject to similar scrutiny within the confines of a prospective study.

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Questionnaires for Evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life with Dysphagia in Different Countries: A Systematic Review.

Dysphagia can have devastating and long-lasting effects on the patient's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In recent years, a number of questionnaires for the evaluation of the HRQoL of patients with dysphagia have been developed and have been adapted for use in different countries and cultures. However, problems may arise in the process of cultural adaptation and validation, which can affect the quality of the questionnaires and their measurements. This study was conducted to systematically summarize the cultural adaptation and validation of questionnaires for the evaluation of dysphagia-related HRQoL in different countries, assessing the varieties, measurement properties, and qualities of these questionnaires, with the aim of identifying the status of their adaptation and validation and ways in which they might be improved. Four databases were searched, and relevant articles were screened, with data from eligible reports extracted and reviewed. The methodological quality of the included articles was evaluated using the QualSyst critical appraisal tool. The HRQoL questionnaires for patients with dysphagia were assessed using the quality criteria for the measurement properties of health status questionnaires proposed by Terwee et al. and Timmerman et al. 29 studies published between 2008 and 2020 were included. The questionnaires described in these 29 studies were translated into 19 languages and culturally adapted to 21 countries. The adapted questionnaires were based on the Swallowing quality of life questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) by Mchorney et al., the Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI) by Silbergleit et al., the M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) by Chen et al., and the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) by Belafsky et al. It was found that the questionnaires were reliable and valid instruments for the assessment of dysphagia-related HRQoL, but the quality criteria for cultural adaptation and validation were not strictly followed, especially in the categories of criterion validity, agreement, responsiveness, and interpretability. In conclusion, although the questionnaires were found to be both reliable and valid, the quality criteria should be considered and strictly followed in the cultural adaptation and validation process in the future.