Mbps Data Research Articles

The use of non-invasive tomographic imaging to monitor lung condition

The development of ultrasound tomography (UST) aimed to significantly enhance the precision and safety of non-invasive UST imaging, particularly for studying crystallization processes in biological tissues. The initiative sought to address the limitations of previous versions by incorporating advanced technological upgrades and providing a more user-friendly interface. The revised system comprises eight four-channel measurement cards interconnected via a high-speed FD CAN bus capable of 8 MBPS data transfer. Each card features a dedicated square wave generator, band-pass filters tailored to specific ultrasonic transducer frequencies, and a sophisticated signal envelope processing unit. The core processing unit is built around a 32-bit STM32G474RE microcontroller, ensuring robust data handling and image reconstruction capabilities. The UST device presented demonstrates improved image clarity and reduced noise interference. The measurement card redesign has achieved a sampling rate of 4 MBPS per channel and includes a two-stage amplification for dynamic range management. Upgraded power components, comprehensive shielding, and the integration of advanced analog switches have led to an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, pivotal for high-resolution imaging. The advancements presented in the UST device mark a noteworthy progression in ultrasound imaging technology, extending beyond traditional applications. High-speed data collection, precise signal processing, and user-centered design have all come together to make a system that can image crystallization processes more accurately and accurately over and over again.

Ultra-low power, high-data rate, fully on-chip radio frequency on-off keying receiver for internet-of-things applications

Despite the enormous potential of energy-efficient receivers for wireless sensor networks, the large power consumption or limited data rate support impedes its extensive applications. Here, we present an energy-efficient, ultra-low power, higher data rate supporting, completely on-chip radio-frequency receiver frontend for on-off keying modulated signals in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band. This compact-sized receiver is achieved by implementing temperature-resilient oscillator, pseudo-differential mixer, and a wideband detector while avoiding bulky external components such as bulk-acoustic wave resonators, crystal oscillators. Measurement results demonstrate that the proposed on-off keying receiver can decode low power level radio-frequency signals up to 5 Mbps data rate while consuming only 178 µW power. This work also demonstrates support for lower data rates at reduced power. Since the proposed receiver operates in different power modes, it can be integrated in diverse applications including internet-of-things devices and continuously monitoring biomedical/wearable implants.

An efficient ultra-wideband digital transceiver for wireless applications on the field-programmable gate array platform

<p>The ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is a promising short-range communication technology for most wireless applications. The UWB works at higher frequencies and is affected by interferences with the same frequency standards. This manuscript has designed an efficient and low-cost implementation of IEEE 802.15.4a-based UWB-digital transceiver (DTR). The design module contains UWB transmitter (TX), channel, and UWB-receiver (RX) units. Convolutional encoding and modulation units like burst position modulation and binary phase-shift keying modulation are used to construct the UWB-TX. The synchronization and Viterbi decoder units are used to recover the original data bits and are affected by noise in UWB-RX. The UWB-DTR is synthesized using Xilinx ISE<sup>®</sup> environment with Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and implemented on Artix-7 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The UWB-DTR utilizes less than 2% (slices and look-up table/LUTs), operates at 268 MHz, and consumes 91 mW of total power on FPGA. The transceiver achieves a 6.86 Mbps data rate, which meets the IEEE 802.15.4a standard. The UWB-DTR module obtains the bit error rate (BER) of 2×10<sup>-4</sup> by transmitting 105 data bits. The UWB-DTR module is compared with similar physical layer (PHY) transceivers with improvements in chip area (slices), power, data rate, and BER. </p>

An improved FSK-modulated class-E power and data transmitter for biomedical implants

This paper presents an efficient dual-resonance biomedical inductive link for frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation. In this link, the combination of PCB coil as the main coil and the solenoid as the compact inductance creates a dual-resonance coil. 3.22 mm of winding diameter in solenoid makes the link suitable for biomedical implants. Using the dual-resonance link, an efficient FSK-modulated power and data transmitter is proposed for biomedical implants to transmit power and data simultaneously with the same carriers and a single inductive link. So, there is no concern about the interference between power and data carriers. Also, the presence of two resonance frequencies at the secondary side of the link significantly improves the efficiency. With a 6 mm air gap and 2.5 Mbps data rate (DR), the measured power delivered to load (PDL) and power transmission efficiency (PTE) are 57.4 mW and 48.4%, respectively. Also, with a 6 mm interface of beef ribs + medical-grade silicone, the measured PDL and PTE are 48.2 mW and 38.8%, respectively. The measured bit error rate (BER) for 2.5 Mbps data rate is less than 10-5.

Developement of Multifunction PCM Recorder for Telemetry System

PCM data is result of air-vehicle flight test, this data is distributed for each engineers to analyze its condition. Since line-of-sight between the air-vehicle and the ground receiver cannot always be secured, remote PCM data recording system was claimed to be required. In this paper multi-function PCM data recorder has been described. This PCM data recorder was intended to place on inside of flight object. It can record about two hours in 32 GB SD card with maximum 7 Mbps data rate. RS-422/485 and RJ-45 interface enhanced accessibility for users. 5 V and 1 A power consumption and 19.5 mm × 152.5 mm × 102.3 mm allow to connect with mobile PCM devices. It acquired more than 190-minutes data in 12-times flight test. Also, it achieved military standard environmental test MIL-STD-810G to prove its stability and solidness.

A Cycle by Cycle FSK Demodulator With High Sensitivity of 1% Frequency Modulation Index for Implantable Medical Devices

This paper presents a cycle by cycle Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) demodulator, able to demodulate a FSK signal with 1% frequency modulation index (MI), in a single cycle. Based on the proposed demodulation scheme, a high rate data transmission link can be established through a high-Q inductive coupling link, breaking the basic tradeoff between the power transfer efficiency (PTE) and data rate in single carrier wireless power and data transfer systems. Designed and simulated with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.18\mu m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process, the proposed FSK demodulator, detects successfully a 5Mbps data with a carrier frequency of 5MHz. A test chip is fabricated in 180nm CMOS technology. Measurement results shows that the demodulator is able to demodulate the cycle-by-cycle modulated FSK signals with low modulation index of 2.5%, with a BER of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.24\times 10^{-5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> .

Reconfigurable flexible inverted-F antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy

In this study, a reconfigurable conformal antenna suitable for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is proposed. The proposed antenna achieves reconfigurable omnidirectional radiation regardless of its orientation and position inside the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The reconfigurable omnidirectional radiation pattern is obtained using two PIN diodes, which provide four stats, and with the aid of a microcontroller inside the capsule, a decision can be made to decide which state gives the higher gain simultaneously. The capsule antenna is designed as a meandered Inverted-F antenna (IFA) operating at 433 MHz on Rogers 5880 laminate and attains a volume of 30 × 15 × 0.254 mm3 in planar form, and the conformal form fits inside a capsule with a length of 26 mm and a diameter of 12 mm. The proposed capsule antenna is simulated in muscle, stomach, and colon homogenous boxes in different orientations. It achieves a realized gain of −33.64 dBi inside a colon cube of length 100 mm. The proposed antenna is then tested inside a voxel model. Moreover, the robustness of the communication system containing the capsule antenna is satisfied. When the maximum input power (11 mW) is calculated from the Specific Absorption Ratio (SAR) in the colon, the link Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/No) is higher than the required C/No for 4 Mbps data rate and at distances up to 3 m. The proposed capsule antenna’s performance is validated by fabrication and measuring it inside a muscle phantom.

Deep learning-based Human Body Communication baseband transceiver for WBAN IEEE 802.15.6

Recently, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has revolutionized e-health-care. WBAN boosts monitoring vital signs utilizing tiny wireless sensors implanted in or around the human body. In February 2012, the IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN standard was released for low-power and short-range communication around the human body. The standard defines one medium access control layer and three different physical layers: narrow band , ultra-wideband, and Human Body Communication (HBC) layers. We are motivated by exploiting the human body as a communication medium. We propose a novel optimized architecture for the HBC baseband transceiver based on deep learning. The receiver utilizes two deep neural networks: one for frame synchronization to recover data and timing precisely and the other for the channel decoder to improve transceiver performance and reduce power consumption. In addition, low-complexity Preamble/SFD generator, Walsh modulation, and FSC spreader modules are proposed to reduce the power consumption while preserving the transceiver performance. Compared with the traditional hard-decision channel decoder, the proposed neural network decoder improves the block error rate by 2 dB. The proposed HBC transceiver supports 1.312 Mbps data rate at 42 MHz clock rate. The transceiver is implemented in RTL and synthesized on 90 nm CMOS technology. It consumes 493 pJ/bit on the receiver side and 105 pJ/bit on the transmitter side.

Design and performance analysis of human body communication digital transceiver for wireless body area network applications

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a prominent technology for resolving health-care concerns and providing high-speed continuous monitoring and real-time help. Human body communication (HBC) is an IEEE 802.15.6 physical layer standard for short-range communications that is not reliant on radio frequency (RF). Most WBAN applications can benefit from the HBC's low-latency and low-power architectural features. In this manuscript, an efficient digital HBC transceiver (TR) hardware architecture is designed as per IEEE 802.15.6 standard to overcome the drawbacks of the RF-wireless communication standards like signal leakage, on body antenna and power consumption. The design is created using a frequency selective digital transmission scheme for transmitter and receiver modules. The design resources are analyzed using different field programmable gate array (FPGA) families. The HBC TR utilizes &amp;lt;1% slices, consumes 101 mW power, and provides a throughput of 24.31 Mbps on Artix-7 FPGA with a latency of 10.5 clock cycles. In addition, the less than 10-4bit error rate of HBC is achieved with a 9.52 Mbps data rate. The proposed work is compared with existing architectures with significant improvement in performance parameters like chip area, power, and data rate.

An Energy-Efficient ASK Demodulator Robust to Power-Carrier-Interference for Inductive Power and Data Telemetry.

Wireless power and datatelemetry based on amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation over dual inductive links has been widely adopted in biomedical implants. Due to the mutual inductance between the power and data links, the large power-carrier-interference (PCI) will inevitably cause low signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of the received signal, thereby increasing the bit-error-rate (BER) of the ASK demodulation. In this paper, an innovative high energy-efficient ASK demodulator robust to PCI has been proposed. Thanks to the proposed sampling-and-subtraction (SAS) architecture, the demodulator is capable of withstanding PCI with an amplitude up to 2.5 times as the data carrier without the need for any high-order filters. The prototype has been implemented with 180 nm standard CMOS process, occupying a core area of 0.51 mm 2. The experimental results show that with 1 Mbps data rate and 13.56 MHz carrier frequency, the typical BER is less than 1.3×10 -3, while the energy efficiency is 280 pJ/bit, showing 7.5× improvement compared to the prior works. The energy-efficient robustness to PCI demonstrates the potential of the technique to be applied to retina prostheses as well as various kinds of ultra-low-power implantable biomedical devices.

Experimental Demonstration of High-Sensitivity Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Based on Photocounting Receiver

In this paper, we propose a high-sensitivity long-reach underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system with an Mbps-scale data rate. Using a commercial blue light-emitting diode (LED) source, a photon counting receiver, and return-to-zero on–off keying modulation, a receiver sensitivity of −70 dBm at 7% FEC limit is successfully achieved for a 5 Mbps intensity modulation direct detection UOWC system over 10 m underwater channel. For 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates, the receiver sensitivity is enhanced to −76 dBm and −74 dBm, respectively. We further investigate the system performance under different water conditions: first type of seawater (c = 0.056 m−1), second type (c = 0.151 m−1), and third type (c = 0.398 m−1). The maximum distance of the 2 Mbps signal can be extended up to 100 m in the first type of seawater.

A High Conversion Gain Envelope Detector with Wide Input Range for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer System

Wireless sensors networks (WSN) have been gradually facilitating the pervasive connectivity of wireless sensor nodes. A greater number of wireless sensors have been used in different aspects of our life. However, limited device battery life restricts the applications of large-scale WSN. This paper presents a batteryless envelope detector with radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) for wireless sensor nodes, which enables simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). The envelope detector is designed for small modulation index AM signals with large amplitude variations. Therefore, the envelope detector is supposed to have wide input range while achieving a high conversion gain. We proposed an adaptive biasing technique in order to extend the input range of envelope detector. The input differential pair is adaptively biased through a feedback loop to overcome the variation of bias point when the amplitude of input signal changes. The cross coupled rectifier and DC-DC boost converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are presented against power conversion efficiency (PCE) degradation of RF rectifier with the input power varying. The adaptive biased envelope detector is theoretically analyzed by square law MOSFET model. Designed with 0.18 μm complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) standard process, the power consumption of proposed envelope detector is 9 μW. Simulated with a 915 MHz AM input signal with 2 Mbps data rate and 0.05 modulation index, the proposed envelope detector achieves 20.37 dB maximum conversion gain when the amplitude of input signal is 0.5 V, and the PCE of energy harvesting circuits achieves 55.2% when input power is –12.5 dBm.

An Energy-Autonomous Power-and-Data Telemetry Circuit With Digital-Assisted-PLL-Based BPSK Demodulator for Implantable Flexible Electronics Applications

Wireless power transmission and data telemetry technology has been widely adopted in healthcare applications based on flexible electronics. It is challenging to achieve high data rate (up to Mbps), low bit-error-rate (BER< 0.1%) data telemetry, as well as simultaneous high energy-efficiency power transmission, with small-volume flexible devices. In this paper, an energy-autonomous power-and-data telemetry circuit with digital-assisted-phase lock loop (PLL)-based binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK) demodulator for implantable flexible electronics applications has been proposed. Only a single pair of coils has been employed to transmit both power and data based on a BPSK modulated Class-E amplifier. The energy recovery circuit enables a battery-less energy-autonomous implantable device. The proposed digital-assisted control circuitry resets the PLL to maintain the lock state and demodulate the BPSK data. As a result, the maximum data rate is no longer limited by the PLL’s bandwidth, which can be improved significantly. The chip has been implemented with standard 180nm CMOS process, occupying an area of 0.96 mm 2 . The post-layout simulation shows up to 2.26 Mbps data rate can be achieved with a low BER less than 8.6x10 −5 with the coupling factor ranging from 0.13 to 0.17. Thanks to the digital-assisted-PLL-based demodulator, the power consumption of the receiver is only $817.4 ~\mu \text{W}$ and the demodulator Figure-of-Merit (FoM) is 362 pJ/bit with 13.56 MHz carrier frequency. The energy-autonomous circuit based on a single and small-volume pair of coils demonstrates its potential capability to be applied to various kinds of implantable biomedical applications.

PHY-DTR: An Efficient PHY based Digital Transceiver for Body Coupled Communication using IEEE 802.3 on FPGA Platform

Body coupled communication (BCC) is an efficient networking approach to body area network (BAN) based on Human-centric communication. The BCC provides interference only between humans in very close proximity. In this work, an efficient Physical layer (PHY) based digital transceiver) is designed for BCC. The digital transceiver Module mainly contains a Digital transmitter (TX) with Manchester encoder, clock synchronization unit, and Digital receiver (RX) with Manchester decoder. The TX and RX modules are designed using a finite state machine as per the IEEE 802.3 Standards. The complete work is also varied for BAN applications by connecting two Application layer transceivers and two Physical layer-based digital transceivers. The architecture is simulated in a Model-sim simulator. The complete Module is synthesized using different FPGA families, and the hardware design constraints are contrasted. The digital transceiver works at 231.28 MHz operating frequency, consumes 0.113W power, and provides a 7.7 Mbps data rate and 4.67 Kbps/Slice efficiency on Artix-7 FPGA. The proposed transceiver is also compared with existing digital transceivers with hardware constraints improvements.

5G Internet of Radio Light Positioning System for Indoor Broadcasting Service

Many features of 5G are definitely important to the broadcasting service, including diverse content services such as follow-me TV, video-on-demand, but also gaming, Virtual reality (VR) and Augmented reality (AR) and many others. Meanwhile, those services depend more and more on the user’s position accuracy, especially in indoor environment. With the increase of broadcasting data traffic indoors, to obtain a highly accurate position is becoming a challenge because of the impact of radio interference. In order to support a high-quality indoor broadcasting service, a high-accuracy positioning, radiation-free, and high-capacity communication system is urgently needed. In this paper, a 5G indoor positioning system is proposed for museums. It utilizes unlicensed visible light of the electromagnetic spectrum to provide museum visitors with high-accuracy positioning, multiple forms of interaction services, and high-resolution multimedia delivery on a mobile device. The geographic data and the location-related data integrated into the 5G New Radio (NR) waveform are detailed. A general-purpose system architecture is provided and some basic techniques to enhance system performance are also investigated. A preliminary demonstration is built in the laboratory environment. It supports over 45.25 Mbps data rate and a mean positioning error of 0.18 m.

Compact metal-plate slotted WLAN-WIMAX antenna design with USB Wi-Fiadapter application

In this study, a compact antenna design, which operates in the 2.4, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz (WLAN) and 3.5 and 5.5 GHz (WiMAX) frequency bands, has been implemented to be compatible with the 802.11.ac/n standards. The proposed metal antenna is made of a copper plate of thickness 0.5 mm with a compact overall physical size of 20 mm $\times$ 30 mm. Although it is low-profile, it can work with high efficiency because it has a cheap planar metal structure and it does not contain any expensive dielectric material. The antenna is investigated in terms of S parameters, input impedance, efficiency, surface current distributions, and radiation pattern. The implemented antenna has been used in a USB WiFi adapter design for a desktop computer as an indoor WLAN application. The protector outer jacket of the WiFi adapter has been designed using a 3D printer, and the adapter card and driver are acquired commercially. As a result, the produced WiFi adapter has been realized in a size of approximately 60$\%$ smaller than the other modules using commercially available monopole antennas on the market. The WiFi adapter provides IEEE 802.11.n/g/b standards and supports USB 2.0. It has been observed that the speed measurement tests have been performed successfully and that the download-link and upload-link can reach 600 Mbps data rates. In addition, BPSK, QPSK, and 16QAM with OFDM modulation techniques are used.

Synchronisation free non‐coherent on–off keying demodulation techniques

Digital envelope detection, self-correlation and high frequency sampling techniques are proposed for high data rate demodulation of on-off keying signals that are widely used in impulse radio ultra-wideband receivers. The proposed designs eliminate the requirement of complex synchronisation circuit architectures and algorithms. The presented circuits are all digital and can be utilised in the baseband synchronisation. The digital envelope detection and self-correlation methods are implemented in 130 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and concepts are verified with measurement results. Post-layout simulation results are given for the high frequency sampling technique. Measurements show that the digital envelope detector demonstrates successful operation up to 600 Mbps data rate with 2.1 mW power consumption. The self-correlator consumes 10 mW with 100 Mbps data rate in the measurements. The post-layout simulations results show that the high frequency sampler can operate at 2 mW with 500 Mbps data rate.

Wireless communications with programmable metasurface: Transceiver design and experimental results

Metasurfaces have drawn significant attentions due to their superior capability in tailoring electromagnetic waves with a wide frequency range, from microwave to visible light. Recently, programmable metasurfaces have demonstrated the ability of manipulating the amplitude or phase of electromagnetic waves in a programmable manner in real time, which renders them especially appealing in the applications of wireless communications. In this paper, we present the fundamental principle of applying programmable metasurface as transmitter for wireless communications. Then, we establish a prototype system of meta-surface-based transmitter to conduct several experiments and measurements over the air, which practically demonstrate the feasibility of using programmable metasurfaces in future communication systems. By exploiting the dynamically controllable property of programmable metasurface, the design, implementation and experimental evaluation of the proposed metasurface-based wireless communication system are presented with the prototype, which realizes single carrier quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) transmission over the air. In the developed prototype, the phase of the reflected electromagnetic wave of programmable metasurface is directly manipulated in real time according to the baseband control signal, which achieves 2.048 Mbps data transfer rate with video streaming transmission over the air. In addition, experimental result is provided to compare the performance of the proposed metasurface-based architecture against the conventional one. With the slight increase of the transmit power by 5 dB, the same bit error rate (BER) performance can be achieved as the conventional system in the absence of channel coding. Such a result is encouraging considering that the metasurface-based system has the advantages of low hardware cost and simple structure, thus leading to a promising new architecture for wireless communications.

Programmable metasurface‐based RF chain‐free 8PSK wireless transmitter

In this letter, a wireless transmitter using the new architecture of programmable metasurface is presented. The proposed transmitter does not require any filter, nor wideband mixer or wideband power amplifier, thereby making it a promising hardware architecture for cost-effective wireless communications systems in the future. Using experimental results, we demonstrate that a programmable metasurface-based 8-phase shift-keying (8PSK) transmitter with 8*32 phase adjustable unit cells can achieve 6.144 Mbps data rate over the air at 4.25 GHz with a comparable bit error rate (BER) performance as the conventional approach without channel coding, but with less hardware complexity.

Ultrasonic communications for real-time video-rate data transmission through tissue

Wireless implanted medical devices (IMDs), which communicate data wirelessly from sensors within the body to a receiver outside of the body, are poised to be significant contributors to medical diagnostics and treatment procedures. Currently, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves are the most frequently used communication method for wireless IMDs. However, high attenuation of RF in the body and strict regulations on the RF frequency spectrum limit the data rates to 267 kbps for in vivo applications. Considering standard definition video streaming requires 1.2 Mbps, and HD requires greater than 3 Mbps, it is not possible to use RF communication, for example, in applications that require real-time video transmission and, possibly, intervention such as real-time video capsule endoscopy. In our work, we use ultrasonic waves to communicate through tissue at video-capable data rates (>1.2 Mbps). Previously, we demonstrated a 4 Mbps data rate with BER less than 1 10-4through beef liver using small, 2-mm biocompatible transducers at 1.3 MHz. In this study, we will investigate the effects of target motion on data rates and demonstrate real-time communication links in situ in a dead animal and in vivo.