Mazandaran Province Of Iran Research Articles

Technical, economic, and environmental modeling of solar water pump for irrigation of rice in Mazandaran province in Iran: A case study

Abstract In this study, the required pumping power and number of PV modules for a photovoltaic water pumping system (PVWPS) were determined with the aim of supplying the water demand in a rice paddy located in north of Iran. Also, a battery bank was utilized as a backup system to increase system reliability in autonomy days. The idea of using PVWPS during non-irrigation months of the year in order to earn money through the sale of electricity generation from solar panels to the grid is one of the main objectives of this research which has not been considered in the previous works. Also, in this research, economic and environmental aspects about PVWPS have been performed and the system performance has been compared with conventional diesel pumping systems (CPS). The results show that although the initial cost of PVWPS in off-grid mode is 2.14 times of the CPS initial cost, its operating and maintenance costs and total life cycle cost (LCC) are respectively 8.7 times and 29.9% lower than that of costs of CPS. Also, the initial cost of PVWPS in the on-grid mode is slightly more than about 2.41 times of the cost of the initial CPS, but its O & M and LCC costs are 7.25 times and 16% lower than those for CPS, while in the case of selling electricity to the grid, it could generate income of $ 8212 in project lifetime, which is equivalent to 59.9% of LCC of the system and results in reducing the costs by 189.2% compared with the final cost of the CPS. Additionally, from environmental viewpoint, the results showed that CO2 production for off-grid PVWPS during the lifetime of the project is 190–201 times lower than that for the CPS and compared with the supply of power to the motor pump from the grid, CO2 emissions reduced 16.96 times. Also, by replacing the CPS with PVWPS during irrigation period, it can save about 1820–1722 L of diesel fuel and 85 L of engine oil. Additionally, in on-grid operation, the PVWPS leads to about 71% reduction in noise production than CPS.

Forest Road Design Combining Common Design Techniques and GIS (Case Study: 2nd Series of Liresar Forest)

Nowadays, it is necessary to apply modern techniques for the design of road networks, especially roads passing through ecosystems such as forests, in order to reduce operating costs, prevent further degradation of the environment, increase road efficiency and achieve sustainable development goals. In this paper, a new way of designing the road is presented. New design method has the ability to analyze a large amount of information in a variety of digital layers using GIS while being able to store, recover, and analyze information through multi-criteria decision-making process (AHP) and routing algorithms at high speed and precision. The output of the proposed design method (combining information with AHP via Dijkstra algorithm in GIS software) is compared with the existing forest road in the 2nd series of Liresar in Mazandaran province of Iran, designed using common methods. According to experts, hydrological criteria (0.408) and environmental criteria (0.375) have the highest importance and weight in comparison with other criteria in forest road design. The results show the map of area's capability for road construction is prepared for road design with better functionality and less adverse effects on the environment using the divider method compared to conventional topographic maps. Finally, the design of the new road in comparison with the existing reduce the slope (5%), increase access (15%) and reduce the cost of construction (30%).

Genetic diversity of hop stunt viroid from symptomatic and asymptomatic citrus trees in Iran

AbstractHop stunt viroid as the causal agent of cachexia disease has detected from citrus trees in different areas in Iran. Although cachexia has not been reported as a decline disease for citrus trees, it can impair crop quality and reduce plant yields. This study was undertaken to molecularly detect HSVd among different commercial citrus cultivars and determine genetic diversity of this viroid in Mazandaran province of Iran. Sampling was performed from symptomatic and symptomless citrus cultivars in Mazandaran province. HSVd specific primers were used for molecular detection. SSCP and sequencing were applied to assay HSVd genetic diversity. Results showed the detection of HSVd in all symptomatic Satsuma (25 out of 25), Clementine (25 out of 25), sweet lime (20 out of 20) and sweet orange cv. Valencia (7 out of 7), as well as, 31% (14 out of 22), 100% (12 out of 12) and 33% (5 out of 15) of page mandarin, lemon and grapefruit trees, respectively. 10 different HSVd genomes were identified by sequencing the SSCP profiles among which HSVd‐IR1 had the most frequency.

Molecular Genotyping of the Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran

The larval stage of the tapeworm (cestode) Echinococcus granulosus is the etiological agent of hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis, which is the zoonotic parasitic disease causing morbidity and mortality in both humans and livestock. Due to a lack of accurate data on the human isolates of E. granulosus in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, the current study aimed to survey the population genetic pattern of cystic echinococcosis isolated from humans by sequencing the mitochondrial genes of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1). Overall, 47 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPT) blocks were collected from patients' files in various pathology departments of Mazandaran Province in Iran from 2003 to 2015. PCR was performed to amplify a 398bp DNA fragment of mitochondrial nad1. PCR products were sequenced by Bioneer Corporation (South Korea), and the resulting data were analyzed via relevant software to determine the genotypes. The nad1 gene was successfully amplified on 10 from all of the E. granulosus isolates. Overall, 66.6% and 33.3% of the isolates in the studied area displayed the G1 and G2-G3 genotypes, respectively. This study may provide the foundation for further studies in revealing the regional transmission patterns and also in designing adequate control procedures.

The Psychometric Assessment of the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale in Iranian Patients with Chronic Diseases

ABSTRACTBackground:To provide better health care to chronic patients, the use of valid and reliable tools is necessary. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSES). Methods:In the objective of the present methodological study 401 patients with chronic disease including renal and cardiac disease, diabetes and hypertension were selected by convenience sampling from three hospitals in Mazandaran province in Iran and filled out the CDSES. The 33-item CDSES has three dimensions. The face, content, construct, convergent and discriminant validities of the scale were assessed. Reliability was determined by internal consistency and construct reliability. Results:Based on exploratory factor analysis, a five-factor solution was selected, explaining 55.03% of the total variance. By confirmatory factor analysis, the five-factor solution and the second-order latent factor model were supported. The convergent and discriminant validities of all the factors were acceptable. The reliability of CDSES exceeded α>0.7. Conclusion:The present study results showed that the five-factor construct of CDSES had a suitable validity and reliability; thus, the Persian version of this scale can be used in assessing self-efficacy in chronic patients.

Factors Influencing Customers' Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Hotels: A Text-Mining Approach

User-generated review of hotels plays an important role in the e-commerce and big data era. The digital and big data era has created novel sources of information that can be used by scholars for knowledge creation, business intelligence, and bringing meaning into unstructured big data. In addition to build a big picture on sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, this study aims to develop results that are more practical for hoteliers. A text-mining approach was applied. Reviews of 10 hotels were collected from TripAdvisor.com for Mazandaran province in Iran. The findings of the research show that "location" appearing 99 times, "room" 53 times, and "staff" and "restaurant" 40 times are the most influential factors that determine positive reviews (customer satisfaction). At the same time, the main determinants of customer dissatisfaction were the words "restaurant," "Wi-Fi," and again "room." Given these results, it can be said that customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction can coexist, as literature shows. In this respect, the factors (e.g., room & restaurant) that make customers satisfied have potential to also make them dissatisfied, if they are not provided and properly delivered. Managerial implications are also discussed.

Factors Related to Breast Cancer Screening in Women in the Northern Part of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND:Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and affects many women around the world each year. Breast cancer screening is one of the best strategies that can be used to reduce the death rate from the disease. Different factors influence the breast cancer screening rate.AIM:This study aimed to investigate the factors that affect the screening of women for breast cancer in the northern part of Iran.MATERIAL AND METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mazandaran Province of Iran in 2016 on 1,165 women who participate in breast cancer screening programs, using a cluster-sampling method. A valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS 21.RESULTS:In this study, 62% of the women had a history of breast self-examinations, 41.1% had breast examinations by healthcare staff, and 21.7% received mammography. The woman’s age, age at first marriage, age at onset of sexual intercourse, occupation, spouse’s occupation, household income, health status, history of infertility, smoking, and decision-maker on issues of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) were the best predictors of participation in screening for breast cancer (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:To encourage participation in breast cancer screening programs, women should be encouraged to seek preventive care. Also, factors that

Landslide prediction capability by comparison of frequency ratio, fuzzy gamma and landslide index method

This study presented the prediction capability of three methods including the frequency ratio (FR), fuzzy gamma (FG) and landslide index method (LIM) to produce landslide-prone areas in the Sari-Kiasar watershed, Mazandaran Province of Iran. In the first step, 105 landslide locations were selected and were randomly divided into two groups of 75% (78 locations) and 25% (27 locations) as training and testing datasets. Then the 17 landslide conditioning factors including land use/land cover, Differential Vegetation Index (DVI), lithology and distance from faults, elevation, slope aspect, slope angle, tangential curvature, profile curvature and plane curvature, distance from drainage, rainfall, Stream Power Index, Sediment Transport Index and temperature, and distance from road, density of settlement were considered for the proposed modelling approach. Finally, by applying the training dataset, three landslide susceptibility maps were constructed by using the FR, FG and LIM methods. The prediction capability of the performed model was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating curve or AUC for both training (success rate) and testing (prediction rate) datasets. The results showed that the AUC for success rate of FR, FG and LIM models was 82.04%, 81.08% and 73.61% and for prediction rate was 82.72%, 79.09% and 65.45%, respectively. The results showed that the FR model has a higher prediction accuracy than the FG and LIM methods. This study revealed that the most important factors in landslide occurrence are rainfall, slope and vegetation. The result of the present study can be possibly useful for land use planning and watershed management.

Estimation of the economic values for the important traits of Zel Sheep in the intensive production system using a bio-economic model

To estimate economic values (EVs) of seven important traits including pregnancy rate (PR), litter size (LS), lamb weight at birth (BW0), three (weaning; BW3), six (BW6) and nine (BW9) months weight and survival rate until the age of 6 months (SR) in Zel sheep under an intensive production system in Mazandaran province of Iran, data from two farms were analysed using a bio-economic model. Variable costs accounted for about 99% of the total costs and the feed costs had the highest proportion with 72.54%. Among the income sources, the sale of surplus animals formed 81.4% of the total revenues. The EVs were estimated as the amount of change in the profit of the system after each trait mean increased by both 1% and one unit, while all other traits were constant at their mean values. The most important trait in this system was LS, followed by SR, PR, BW9, BW3, BW6 and BW0 respectively. The sensitivity of EVs was investigated by changing prices of feed and live weight of 9-month-old lambs by ±20%. Results showed that the EV of BW9 was the most constant and EV of BW0 was the most variable. As the prices of feed and live weight of 9-month-old lambs were simultaneously changed by ±20%, the variation in the EVs decreased and they showed more consistency. This study showed that the profitability in an intensive production system of Zel sheep could be increased by improving LS, SR, PR and BW9.

Accountability, Legitimacy, and Voluntary Tax Compliance: A Case Study in Tax Offices in Mazandaran Province of Iran

This study investigates the impact of the tax system's accountability on improving taxpayers' voluntary tax compliance through influencing taxpayers' perceived legitimacy in tax offices in Mazandaran province of Iran. The accountability is here taken as ‘responsiveness’. Adopting mixed methods design, the Delphi technique was first used to identify the legitimate expectations and demands of taxpayers. In the second step, 4 types of accountability mechanisms were identified as the components of overall accountability. In the third step, using partial least squares path modeling via Smart PLS software, the impact of the tax system's accountability on the perceived legitimacy of the tax system as well as the impact of perceived legitimacy of the tax system on voluntary tax compliance was tested. The obtained results indicated that the tax system's accountability affects voluntary tax compliance through influencing taxpayers' perceived legitimacy of the tax system. Furthermore, political and social accountability was not at the optimal level and the optimality of managerial and legal accountability did not have a significant impact on voluntary tax compliance. Finally, it is suggested that to improve the perceived legitimacy of the tax system. As the results of voluntary tax compliance showed, more attention should be paid to the mechanisms of political accountability in the political sector and social accountability in both the political and administrative sectors of the tax system.

E-waste management and presentation of a suitable approach for disposal of these wastes: a case study in North of Iran, Nowshahr

The electrical and electronic wastes are growing increasingly in the developing world, and because of the presence of potential toxic substances in them and improper management, they will be hazardous to the health and environment on the one hand. On the other hand, because of the presence of precious metals, they also have an economic value. A case study was conducted in the city of Nowshahr in Mazandaran province of Iran from February 2017 to September 2017. In this study, questionnaire strategy was used for evaluation of e-waste disposal methods and presentation of suitable approaches to disposal of these wastes. General questionnaires were distributed between 200 employees of municipality, environment protection organization, environmental health office and university teachers and students and peoples with free jobs in this city. The regression and Pearson correlation coefficients of studied factors in the questionnaire were calculated by software SPSS. The results from data analysis of the questionnaire showed that effects of total factors on the main factor were significant in 1% level. Investigation of Pearson coefficients showed that 13 factors were correlated together in 1% or 5% level. According to the obtained results, awareness level of the city’s citizens was low and so far, the city officials have not taken any action for education of the citizens and correct disposal of these wastes in this city. However, the citizens and the city officials agreed to establish recycling centers in this city. Overall, the results of this study indicated that e-waste recycling will be a proper approach to correct disposal of these wastes in this city.

Pyricularia oryzae Causing Blast on Foxtail Millet in Iran

Each year Pyricularia oryzae causes blast diseases of rice, wheat, and cereals of local importance (millets), which destroy enough food supply to sustain millions of people (Pennisi 2010). Blast disease is one of the major constraints for the production of foxtail millet (Setaria italica), especially in northern China and India (Nakayama et al. 2005). Blast in its severe form causes up to 30 to 40% loss in grain yield in these areas (Nagaraja et al. 2007). In July 2016, during the survey of infected foxtail millet farms in Mazandaran province of Iran, some plants of foxtail millet showing typical blast symptoms were collected. All the leaves and heads of plants in the fields were infected, and disease was widespread on all plants in several fields. Brown spots on heads and lesions on leaves appeared as diamond shape with a light margin. Five isolates of Pyricularia sp. were obtained from disease samples as descripted by Pordel et al. (2015). To determine the species of Pyricularia causing blast on foxtail millet, we sequenced four gene regions (ACT/CAL/ITS/RPB1) used for taxonomic identification of Pyricularia species (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Sequences were generated for two of the five Iranian strains (IR0106 and IR0107) collected on foxtail millet and were aligned with 15 additional sequences of P. oryzae strains from different hosts, and from the closely related species P. pennisetigena, P. penniseticola, P. ctenantheicola, and P. grisea reported in the reference publication of Klaubauf et al. (2014). The two strains were clearly assigned to P. oryzae. Foxtail millet plants were inoculated with the strains isolated from diseased samples following a protocol adapted from Silue et al. (1992). Typical diamond-shaped, dark-bordered lesions with pale centers were visible on leaves of all inoculated plants after 5 days and were similar to lesions observed in the field. Foxtail millet strains caused severe lesions leading to complete leaf wilt. The fungus was reisolated from leaf lesions of inoculated plants and morphologically identified, confirming Koch’s postulates. This disease should be monitored because it may be an emerging problem on foxtail millet crop in Iran, where the area cultivated doubled in 5 years to reach 8,500 ha in 2016 (FAO 2018). This is the first report of blast disease outbreak on foxtail millet in Iran.

Novel forecasting approaches using combination of machine learning and statistical models for flood susceptibility mapping

In this research, eight individual machine learning and statistical models are implemented and compared, and based on their results, seven ensemble models for flood susceptibility assessment are introduced. The individual models included artificial neural networks, classification and regression trees, flexible discriminant analysis, generalized linear model, generalized additive model, boosted regression trees, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and maximum entropy, and the ensemble models were Ensemble Model committee averaging (EMca), Ensemble Model confidence interval Inferior (EMciInf), Ensemble Model confidence interval Superior (EMciSup), Ensemble Model to estimate the coefficient of variation (EMcv), Ensemble Model to estimate the mean (EMmean), Ensemble Model to estimate the median (EMmedian), and Ensemble Model based on weighted mean (EMwmean). The data set covered 201 flood events in the Haraz watershed (Mazandaran province in Iran) and 10,000 randomly selected non-occurrence points. Among the individual models, the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC), which showed the highest value, belonged to boosted regression trees (0.975) and the lowest value was recorded for generalized linear model (0.642). On the other hand, the proposed EMmedian resulted in the highest accuracy (0.976) among all models. In spite of the outstanding performance of some models, nevertheless, variability among the prediction of individual models was considerable. Therefore, to reduce uncertainty, creating more generalizable, more stable, and less sensitive models, ensemble forecasting approaches and in particular the EMmedian is recommended for flood susceptibility assessment.

The cardiovascular risk factors and health-related physical fitness of employees at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran Province in Iran

The evidence shows that the sedentary life increases the risk of coronary heart disease and decreases physical fitness. However, this study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors and health-related physical fitness of employees at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran Province in Iran. For this purpose, using random sampling method, 40 employees (age mean= 35.54 ± 7.63 years old, body mass index= 22.61 ± 9.70 kg/m2) at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran were selected as sample. Then, after collecting necessary data by questionnaire, the health-related physical fitness was measured in terms of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, body fat percentage, strength, and flexibility. Also, the sphygmomanometer was used to measure heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Finally, 5 ml blood was taken from subjects to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). The findings showed that there was no significant difference between TC, TG, LDL, HDL, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of employees at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran and desirable situation. However, there was significant difference between health-related physical fitness of employees and desirable situation (P &amp;lt; 0.05). It was concluded that due to undesirable situation of physical fitness of employees, it is necessary to take measures to emphasize regular exercise programs and promote their fitness and health.

Dynamic Behavior of Masonry Arch Bridge under High-Speed Train Loading: Veresk Bridge Case Study

AbstractThis paper studies the dynamic behavior of one of the oldest masonry arch bridges of the Iranian railway network, the Veresk bridge, located in the Mazandaran province of Iran. To do so, th...

RETRACTED: Attitude towards and intention to use biological control among citrus farmers in Iran

Abstract Biological control (BC) through the release of BC agents is regarded as a potential strategy for achieving sustainable pest control and provides a way to substantially reduce pesticide use without sacrificing crop yield. Despite all its potential, understanding attitude and intention to use BC still remains low, especially among smallholder farmers. This study explored the extent to which knowledge of the adverse effects of pesticides and two components of the Health Belief Model (i.e., belief in the efficacy of BC and perceived barriers to BC) are related to: (i) farmers' attitude towards BC as a pest control method and (ii) farmers' intention to use BC in the future as a pest management practice. A random sample of 381 citrus farmers from Sari County in Mazandaran Province of Iran was used. The majority of the farmers (71.1%) had a positive attitude towards BC, while 60.1% agreed that they would use BC in the future as a pest management practice. Farmers were not well aware of the adverse effects of pesticides used in citrus fields, such as pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, and chlorpyrifos. Knowledge of the adverse effects of pesticides was not significantly associated with either dependent variable (i.e., belief in the efficacy of BC and perceived barriers to BC). However, farmers who believed in the efficacy of BC as a pest management method were more likely (P

A Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Moral Distress Scale-Revised for Nurses

Moral distress is a growing problem for healthcare professionals that may lead to dissatisfaction, resignation, or occupational burnout if left unattended, and nurses experience different levels of this phenomenon. This study aims to investigate the factor structure of the Persian version of the Moral Distress Scale-Revised in intensive care and general nurses. This methodological research was conducted with 771 nurses from eight hospitals in the Mazandaran Province of Iran in 2017. Participants completed the Moral Distress Scale-Revised, data collected, and factor structure assessed using the construct, convergent, and divergent validity methods. The reliability of the scale was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, Theta, and McDonald's omega coefficients) and construct reliability. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The exploratory factor analysis (N = 380) showed that the Moral Distress Scale-Revised has five factors: lack of professional competence at work, ignoring ethical issues and patient conditions, futile care, carrying out the physician's orders without question and unsafe care, and providing care under personal and organizational pressures, which explained 56.62% of the overall variance. The confirmatory factor analysis (N = 391) supported the five-factor solution and the second-order latent factor model. The first-order model did not show a favorable convergent and divergent validity. Ultimately, the Moral Distress Scale-Revised was found to have a favorable internal consistency and construct reliability. The Moral Distress Scale-Revised was found to be a multidimensional construct. The data obtained confirmed the hypothesis of the factor structure model with a latent second-order variable. Since the convergent and divergent validity of the scale were not confirmed in this study, further assessment is necessary in future studies.

Assessing the Relationship between Psychological Factors of Empowerment with Organizational Entrepreneurship at the Social Security General Administration of Mazandaran Province in Iran

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the psychological factors of empowerment and organizational entrepreneurship of the employees and to provide the necessary guidelines and recommendations according to the results of the research to the managers and decision makers of the organization by providing the necessary ground for enhancing the ability of the employees for organizational entrepreneurship. The population of this study consisted of 63 individuals from the General Administration of Social Security of Mazandaran Province in Iran that 54 people of them were selected by using Krejcie & Morgan s' table and random sampling. The tool for collecting information in this research is library method and field method (questionnaire) that is used Bordbar's 29-items questionnaire for evaluating organizational entrepreneurship and Spritezer's 15-items questionnaire to measure the psychological factors of empowerment. In examining the sub- hypotheses of the research, it was found that, apart from the meaningful dimension, there is a significant relationship between the other Psychological dimensions of empowerment with organizational entrepreneurship. According to the results of the research, officials should provide appropriate conditions for the psychological dimension of employees to create and strengthen their entrepreneurship.

Locating Emergency Facilities Using the Weighted k-median Problem: A Graph-metaheuristic Approach

An efficient approach is presented for addressing the problem of finding the optimal facilities location in conjunction with the k-median method. First the region to be investigated is meshed and an incidence graph is constructed to obtain connectivity properties of meshes. Then shortest route trees (SRTs) are rooted from nodes of the generated graph. Subsequently, in order to divide the nodes of graph or the studied region into optimal k subregions, k-median approach is utilized. The weights of the nodes are considered as the risk factors such as population, seismic and topographic conditions for locating facilities in the high-risk zones to better facilitation. For finding the optimal facility locations, a recently developed meta-heuristic algorithm that is called Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO) is used. The performance of the proposed method is investigated through different alternatives for minimizing the cost of the weighted k-median problem. As a case study, the Mazandaran province in Iran is considered and the above graph-metaheuristic approach is utilized for locating the facilities.

The prevalence of heavy metals in Cladophora glomerata L. from Farahabad Region of Caspian Sea – Iran

ABSTRACTThe presence of toxic heavy metals in the environment is considered as a risk factor for adverse human and environmental health effects. Farahabad Region is a tourist center in the southern coast of Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province of Iran. Environmental monitoring of this site is important for public health for individuals visiting and residing in this region. Although numerous biomonitoring data are available globally, very few if any apparent investigations have been conducted in this region. In this study, concentration of three heavy metals chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) was determined for one year in Cladophora glomerata, the predominant macroalga species present in this region. Detection of heavy metals was performed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer using standard methods. Results showed that the range of Cr metal in various algal samples was 29–55 ppm/g dry weight. The levels of Pb in algal samples (Cladophora) ranged from 2 to 8 ppm/g dry weight. The Cd concentrations in C. glomerata biomass ranged from 1.5 to 8.2 ppm/g dry biomass. In view of potential threats of such high metal concentrations in coastal waters and in algal tissues, it is necessary to adopt conservation measures to ensure public health safety.