Maxwell Fry Research Articles

Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa

Research Article| September 01 2002 Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa Ikem Stanley Okoye Ikem Stanley Okoye Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2002) 61 (3): 381–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/991791 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Ikem Stanley Okoye; Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 September 2002; 61 (3): 381–396. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/991791 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2002 The Society of Architectural Historians Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Money, interest, and banking in economic development

Combining theory, empirical evidence, institutional analysis, and policy evaluation, the second edition of Money, Interest, and Banking in Economic Development provides a comprehensive overview of the role of monetary and financial economics in developing countries. Maxwell Fry includes new chapters on finance in endogenous growth models, foreign direct investment and the accumulation of foreign debt, and fiscal activities of central banks in developing countries.

Chandigarh: A planned city

A planned city presupposes the existence of an authority or an organisation sufficiently effective to secure the site, marshal1 resources for its growth, and exercise continued control until the city reaches a viable size. After that, the maintenance of a planned city is also on a regulated basis. Different from an ‘organic city’, which has developed and grown without benefit of centralised planning, a planned city is attractive as a policy tool precisely because it provides the creator with the opportunity to restructure society in accordance with his or her understanding of society. At its core, therefore, the creation of a new city is a moral and social act to improve the urban condition. Its origins are in social reform and its objectives are to restructure urban form and life to achieve more balanced growth among nature, technology, and economic and social classes. In Chandigarh, India, these objectives were defined by architect-planner Le Corbusier and endorsed by Prime Minister Nehru. The two men shared a common vision of building a city that would serve as the model for the nation, if not for the world, in city planning. That these objectives have not been fully accomplished in Chandigarh can be attributed to the absence of local authority, to a lack of understanding of the local culture and values on the part of the planners, and to the subsequent history of the region. In the development of Chandigarh, authorit~~ relations, lines of accountability, and decision-making structures never became clear and, with the subsequent bifurcation of the Punjab in 1966, have become even more blurred. When it became clear to the planners of Chandigarh that the Capital Project Office had limited political autonomy. and when faced with the challenge of building an innovative community with superior services and facilities within the confines of a tradition-bound, rural, and financially conservative system of government, they learned to appeal to the Office of the Prime Minister for implementation of their goals. When P.N. Thapar, for example, was temporarily removed from the Chandigarh project in 1951, Maxwell Fry complained to Prime Minister Nehru that there was “no unity of administrative control” remaining, which promptly brought back Thapar to Chandigarh.’ This practice intensified the involvement of the central government in Chandigarh, thereby further eroding local involvement and authority. Because power distribution structure changes with time, and because in Chandigarh no provision was made to facilitate orderly and adaptive changes in power structure, much of the legislatioI1 passed to ensure planned growth of the city has remained ineffective. Recent behaviour-modification and learning research suggests that positive reinforcement from the environment, rather than punishment, is a more powerful determinant of behaviour. This has led to the conclusion that new town designs that provide positive reinforcement for desired behaviour rather than punitive controls are more successful.’ The question of authority is

Polemic and Parody in the Battle for British Modernism

Polemic and Parody in the Battle for British Modernism

THE AESTHETICS OF UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Higher Education QuarterlyVolume 18, Issue 4 p. 341-351 THE AESTHETICS OF UNIVERSITY BUILDING MAXWELL FRY, MAXWELL FRYSearch for more papers by this author MAXWELL FRY, MAXWELL FRYSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1964 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.1964.tb01032.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4August 1964Pages 341-351 RelatedInformation