Maximum Zone Of Inhibition Research Articles

High throughput biochemical profiling, and functional potential analysis for valorization of grape peduncles

Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as grape is a major fruit crop in the world. Grapes seem to confer health benefits due to their chemical components, biological and antioxidant activities. The present study is conducted to evaluate the biochemical constituents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of ethanolic grape peduncles (EGP) extract. The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as flavonoid, tannin, carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, phenol, steroid, terpenoids, quinones and anthraquinones. Furthermore, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were 7.35 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram) and 29.67 ± 0.13 mg QE/g (Quercetin Equivalent per gram) respectively. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 = 159.3 μg/mL. The antibacterial and antifungal study disclosed that the extract was highly potent against Salmonella typhi with maximum zone of inhibition of 27.2 ± 1.60 mm and Epidermophyton floccosum with 74 ± 1.81% inhibition. The extract was analyzed for its cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity and showed no activity against HeLa cell line and promastigotes of Leishmania major. Elements Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and approximately 50 compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Current work suggest that grape peduncles can be a promising source of bioactive medicinal component.

Facile Process for the Development of Antiviral Cotton Fabrics with Nano-Embossed Copper Oxide.

Metallic or metal oxide-based nanoparticles have the potential to inactivate viruses. Among various metals, copper has shown edge over others. One of the rapidly evolving areas is to combine nanoscience for production of self-sanitizing antiviral surfaces. In this study, we designed antiviral-coated fabrics to combat the spread of viruses. Copper oxide nanoparticles were sonochemically synthesized and subsequently deposited using the dip-coat process to modify the surface of fabric. The morphology and structure of uncoated and coated fabrics were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and elemental analysis. The findings show that small, agglomerated rugby ball structures made of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (16 ± 1.6 nm, according to the Scherrer equation) develop on the surface of fabric, resulting in nano-embossing and a hydrophobic (contact angle > 140°) surface. The CuO-coated fabric yielded the maximum zone of inhibition for antibacterial activity. The virucidal activity (against human adenovirus-B) of CuO nanoparticle-fabricated fabric against adenovirus shows decreased 99.99% according to the ISO 18184 testing standard. With the dip and dry approach, any textile industry can use the simple coating procedure without having to change its textile operations. This fabric can be widely used in the face mask, clothing, bedding, and aprons, and the coating remains efficient over more than 25 washes.

Biological Management of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) through Rice Rhizosphere Antagonist Actinobacteria

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for more than two billion people around the world. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (Ishimiya) Swings et al. is one of the most destructive diseases of rice in all the major rice-growing. Use of antibiotics is the common practice for the management of BLB, but it has detrimental effect on human health and environment. Hence other eco-friendly strategies like biological control and host plant resistance (HPR) should be effectively exploited for BLB management. An attempt was made to manage the disease using actinobacteria isolated from rice rhizosphere. Among sixteen actinobacterial isolates, six were selected for secondary screening based on disc diffusion assay. Out of six isolates AUDT-502 produced maximum zone of inhibition (1.81 cm) followed by AUDT-508 (1.62 cm) and were evaluated under glasshouse condition. AUDT-502 (Streptomyces rimosus) appeared as the most promising bio agent which was able to inhibit the pathogen (Xoo) both in in vitro and in vivo condition. AUDT-502 increased the plant growth parameters like number of tillers (5.73), plant height (56.85 cm), root length (34.33cm) and dry root weight (3.90g) and also reduced the leaf blight lesion length and per cent disease index (4.43 per cent) significantly when compared to other treatments. The current study thus showed that there was a good correlation between in vitro inhibition of the pathogen and the in vivo control of the disease and AUDT-502 (Streptomyces rimosus) appears to be a hopeful bioagent for the management of bacterial leaf blight of rice.

Multiphase Ce-doped manganese oxide system synthesized by solution combustion method with better antibacterial effects after reheating

Multiphase Cex@Mn1-xOy with cerium 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt% was synthesized by the solution combustion method. Initial phases MnO2 and Mn5O8, crystallized during heating at 700 °C, were transformed to Mn2O3 during reheating at 900 °C. An additional CeO2-phase was also developed during heating. Doped Ce atoms were liberated from MnO matrix while transforming to Mn2O3 during reheating and reacted with oxygen to increase CeO2-phase responsible for enhanced synergistic antibacterial activity. After heating, maximum inhibition zones of 12 mm (4 wt% Ce), 9.5 mm (4 wt% Ce), 13 mm (6 wt% Ce) and 10 mm (4 & 6 wt% Ce), were measured against A. rhizospherensis, B. meurellus, B. subtallis, and E. coli, respectively. For reheating case, better inhibition zones of 11 mm (8 wt% Ce), 16 mm (8 wt% Ce), 11.5 mm (8 wt% Ce) and 11.5 mm (4 wt% Ce) were noted against the same strains, respectively.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Morinda Citrifolia fruit extract

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit is a well-known plant used as a traditional medicine for preventing some diseases because of its abundance in chemical compounds. This research aimed to determine the phytochemical concentration, chemical composition, and antifungal activity of M. citrifolia fruit extract. M. citrifolia fruit was extracted with methanol and then distilled water for the partition extract. Subsequently, the extract was fractionated using various nonpolar to polar solutions, such as; chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, 2-propanol, and methanol fractions. Each fraction was evaporated until the dry extract was released. Additionally, the photochemical concentration of the M. citrifolia fruit extract was quantitatively determined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The chemical composition of the M. citrifolia fruit extract of each fraction was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then, the antifungal activity of M.citrifolia fruit extract against C. albicans and C. krusei was determined using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the phytochemical concentration of the M. citrifolia fruit extract was 1970.25 ppm flavonoids, 35.61 ppm tannins, and 148.62 ppm steroids. 2-Fluorobenzoic acid, eucalyptol, 2-chloroaniline-5-sulfonic acid, hexa-decamethyl octasiloxane, and tetra-propyl stannane were found to be the major components of M. citrifolia fruit extract. According to the research, M. citrifolia fruit extract showed antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. krusei in all tested fractions. The maximum inhibition zone of C. albicans was 14.0 ± 1.00 mm in the 2-propanol fraction, while that of C. krusei was 11.7 ± 0.58 mm in the methanol fraction.

Novel hydroquinazoline derivatives from Schiff base and study their biological activity

The present work, Schiff base from reaction substituted (M1-4) were successfully designed by treatment of substituted aniline derivatives with aromatic aldehyde. The mixture of anthranilic acid with Schiff base yielded organic compounds (M 5–8) hydroquinazolin. The characterization results proved the successful formation of all organic compounds. To take the benefits from these compounds, the antibacterial activity was investigated. However, the maximum inhibition zone was 28 and 31 mm against bacillus pumilus and S. aureus, respectively.

Vaginitis phyto therapy against vaginal pathogen and molecular identification of isolated vaginal pathogen

Female genital tract infections are major public health problems, with considerable economic consequences. Drugs like metronidazole and clindamycin are unable to control the growth of vaginal infection completely, which requires alternate novel treatment strategies. Some herbal antimicrobial agents are reported to inhibit the growth of vaginal infection. Boerhaavia diffusa andAzadirachta indica are such herbs with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, vaginal fluid samples from infected patients were collected and cultured using different media. Isolated pathogens were identified using 16S rRNA sequence. Four bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified. The pathogens identified were Aeromonas cavia, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumomiae. Anti-vaginalis activity of the two herbs were analysed in an isolated pathogen. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed against S. aureus and Aeromonas caviae. The present investigation confirmed that, Boerhaavia diffusa andAzadirachta indica herbal extracts were able to control the vaginal pathogens without any side-effects

Moringa olefra Plant Based Copper and Silver Nano Particles and its Antibacterial Activity towards Leaf Spot of Chilli caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is one of the most devastating diseases, causing serious losses in chilli crop yield. The extensive usage of chemicals has increased the toxicity of the environment. Nanotechnology products are indeed being developed as a promising approach for plant disease control with minimal impact on the environment. In the present research, the antibacterial activity of green synthesized nanoparticles (Silver and Zinc nanoparticles) was investigated against Xcv. Different concentrations (0.25, 0.6 and 0.75%) of the green synthesized nanoparticles (AgNPs and ZnNPs) along with their combination were evaluated under lab conditions against Xcv under Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Results showed that the combination of both nanoparticles (AgNPs+ZnNPs) gave the best results and expressed maximum inhibition zone (25.207 mm), followed by solo applications of AgNPs and ZnNPs (18.458 and 12.253 mm). Whereas, the interaction of treatment and concentration combination (AgNPs+ZnNPs) expressed a maximum inhibition zone (28.459 mm) at 0.75% concentration as compared to other treatments. The concentration (0.75%) at which bacteria showed the maximum inhibition zone was used to control the bacterial leaf spot of chilli under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under a Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) where AgNPs+ZnNPs expressed the best results with minimum disease incidence (21.92%) followed by solo treatments of AgNPs and ZnNPs (26.999 and 35.320%)

Exploring the Potential of Green Silver Nanoparticles from Berberis vulgaris against Bacterial Spot of Tomato and its Surveillance in Poonch District

Bacterial spot of tomato is a major constraint to tomato production in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates, leading to significant crop losses. The current study aimed to manage the highly devastating disease bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas perforans, using green silver nanoparticles based on Berberis vulgaris plant extract. Disease parameters, namely disease prevalence and disease incidence, were calculated from tomato growing areas of district Poonch, AJK, to document the current status of bacterial spot disease on local tomato cultivars. The associated pathogenic strains were purified, and virulence study was conducted on healthy tomato seedlings followed by characterization using morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. B. vulgaris plant extract was used for the preparation of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and three different concentrations were prepared (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). For texture and molecular composition study, characterization of green AgNPs was done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Green silver nanoparticles were then evaluated using the inhibition zone technique in the lab, and it was found that the maximum inhibition zone of 24.32 mm was observed at a 0.6% concentration. Similarly, in the greenhouse experiment, the minimum disease incidence was recorded in the treatment with a 0.6% concentration of green AgNPs. The results of the current study showed a significant reduction in disease incidence while using green silver nanoparticles against bacterial spot of tomato

Elicitor-induced phytochemicals production in Berberis lycium Royle

Medicinally important alkaloids (i.e., berberine, palmatine) and polyphenols compounds in-vitro callus cultures of Berberis lycium Royle were quantified. The maximum callus biomass and phytochemical concentrations were observed after five weeks of culture in the medium containing methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA). The cell cultures established with lower elicitation (i.e., 50 µM SA and 100 µM MeJA) concentration showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher biomass accumulation and highest alkaloids and polyphenol production compared to the control. Furthermore, upon 100 μM MeJA treatment, the elicited callus extract showed significantly higher (56.67%) antimutagenic activity than SA treatment (41.71%), and the result was comparable with that of reference compounds (gallic acid; 59.43%). Besides, the antimicrobial potential of the callus extract was investigated in different solvent mediums (i.e., methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate) and against four microorganisms, i.e., Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens. Of the different solvent mediums, the maximum zone of inhibition (11.5 ± 0.51 mm) was observed for E. coli in methanolic extract. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode detector (HPLC-PDA) analyses revealed the presence of polyphenols compounds such as gallic acid, catechin, m-coumaric acid, vanillin, phloridzin, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, naringin, o-coumaric acid and alkaloids (berberine, palmatine) in the callus culture. This is the first report of in-vitro elicitor-mediated production of different phytochemicals, polyphenolics, and alkaloids in B. lycium callus cultures. The optimized protocol developed can be used efficiently in large-scale production of pharmaceutically important metabolites, thus opening the door for industrial exploration and the conservation of this important medicinal plants.

Comparative analysis of the antibacterial efficacyand bioactive components of Thuja occidentalis obtained from four different geographical sites.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there were significant differences in the antibacterial potential of Thuja occidentalis collected from four distinct geographical sites, namely Chamba (Himachal Pradesh, India), Jalandhar (Punjab, India), Aurangabad (Bihar, India) and Kakching (Manipur, India). The plant extracts were prepared in three different solvents: ethanol, methanol, and acetone. The antibacterial potential of the plant extracts was tested against five different bacterial species using well diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the plant sample exhibiting maximum zone of inhibition against different bacterial strains were calculated. Further, the total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant efficacy (using DPPH assay) were also analysed biochemically. The activity of different antioxidant enzymes including SOD, CAT and APX were also recorded as these enzymes protect the cells from free radical damage. GC-MS analysis was also performed on all plant extracts to identify the bioactive components. The results showed that the T. occidentalis collected from the Kakching, Manipur, East side of India showed the highest zone of inhibition against all the bacterial strains, followed by Chamba, Jalandhar, and lastly Aurangabad. To analyse the impact of phytochemicals on the antibacterial efficacy, a correlation was drawn between the biochemical parameters and zone of inhibition using Karl Pearson's method. Most bacterial species demonstrated a positive correlation between antibacterial effectiveness (zone of inhibition) and biochemical markers. The GC-MS study revealed positive correlation between zone of inhibition and peak area percentages of α-Pinene, β-caryophyllene, Germacrene-D, and Humulene in all bacterial species indicating that these chemicals may play a key role in the bactericidal potential of T. occidentalis. Based on the results of this investigation, it is evident that the antibacterial effectiveness of T. occidentalis varies with its geographical location which may be attributed to the differences in the phytochemical makeup.

Biofabrication of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Marine Streptomyces sp. and Assessment of Its Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and In Vivo Cytotoxic Potential

In recent days, there is increasing demand for the benign production of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) over synthetic methods. Hence in this present study SeNPs were synthesized using the cultural supernatant of marine actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. MA4. The UV spectral analysis of synthesized SeNPs showed a characteristic peak at 290 nm. The HR-SEM analysis confirmed that the synthesized SeNPs were spherical in shape with the average diameter of 50–70 nm and EDX analysis proved that selenium exists as the major constituent of SeNPs. FTIR analysis evidenced the occurrence of peptides, amides, and aldehydes as capping and reducing agents. The synthesized SeNPs is shown to possess broad spectrum antibacterial activity against tested bacteria with the maximum zone of inhibition of 31.3 ± 0.4 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of SeNPs against P. aeruginosa were found to be 128 µg/100 µl. In the anti-biofilm assay, it was also found that biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa was inhibited by SeNPs at the concentration higher than 25 µg/ml. The antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical increases with increasing concentrations of SeNPs. Further in vivo cytotoxicity of SeNPs was tested by brine shrimp larvicidal assay that showed low toxicity with LC50 168.5 µg/ml.

Antimicrobial activity of Curcuma amada extract on Streptococcus mutans-An in vitro study.

Dental caries is prevalent in spite of widespread use of mechanical and chemical plaque control methods. Streptococcus mutans is said to have a strong background in initiation of dental caries. Hence, exceptional methods are required which would be effective against dental caries. Current era is taking people back to traditional or herbal medicine, which is said to have comparatively better healing effects than synthetic drugs in the market. Determine and analyse the minimum zone of inhibition of Curcuma amada against Streptococcus mutans. An In vitro Study. The well diffusion method using blood agar plates was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 5%, 10% and 25% concentration of C. Amada extract against Streptococcus mutans in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine. Results were statistically analysed using independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test to compare mean or median zone of inhibition between two groups. Thus, the zone of inhibition (in mm) was analysed using the mean of all the readings obtained and the level of significance at <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 5% of level of significance. Maximum zone of inhibition was found to be with C. amada compared to corresponding concentration of 0.2% chlorhexidine. Thus, inhibitory effect of C. amada is significantly better than 5%, 10% and 25% chlorhexidine mouthwash. The inhibitory effect increases as the concentration increases. The antibacterial activity of C. amada against Streptococcus mutans raises the possibility of incorporating it in various dental therapeutic agents.

One-Pot Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides and Their Biological Efficacy.

The main objective of the present research work is to assess the biological properties of the aqueous plant extract (ACAE) synthesised silver nanoparticles from the herbal plant Ageratum conyzoides, and their biological applications. The silver nanoparticle syntheses from Ageratum conyzoides (Ac-AgNPs) were optimised with different parameters, such as pH (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and varied silver nitrate concentration (1 mM and 5 mM). Based on the UV-vis spectroscopy analysis of the synthesised silver nanoparticles, the concentration of 5 mM with the pH at 8 was recorded as the peak reduction at 400 nm; and these conditions were optimized were used for further studies. The results of the FE-SEM analysis recorded the size ranges (~30-90 nm), and irregular spherical and triangular shapes of the AC-AgNPs were captured. The characterization reports of the HR-TEM investigation of AC-AgNPs were also in line with the FE-SEM studies. The antibacterial efficacies of AC-AgNPs have revealed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. typhi to be within 20 mm. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of AC-AgNPs is shown to have an effective antiplasmodial property (IC50:17.65 μg/mL), whereas AgNO3 has shown a minimum level of IC50: value 68.03 μg/mL, and the Ac-AE showed >100 μg/mL at 24 h of parasitaemia suppression. The α-amylase inhibitory properties of AC-AgNPs have revealed a maximum inhibition similar to the control Acarbose (IC50: 10.87 μg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the AC-AgNPs have revealed a better property (87.86% ± 0.56, 85.95% ± 1.02 and 90.11 ± 0.29%) when compared with the Ac-AE and standard in all the three different tests, such as DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 scavenging assay, respectively. The current research work might be a baseline for the future drug expansion process in the area of nano-drug design, and its applications also has a lot of economic viability and is a safer method in synthesising or producing silver nanoparticles.

A Comprehensive Study on Asparagus officinalis: Its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Characteristics

The Asparagus plant is considered to be a palatable chemical source against treating infectious diseases and flavorings. Its prevalent distribution is well-known in Asian and sub-Asian regions. Objective: To understand different activities that have been functional in the stem and leaf extracts of Asparagus officinalis including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Further, phytochemical constituents of asparagus are also discussed. Methods: The antibacterial assay of extracts for the variety of bacteria, indicated a maximum inhibition zone against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) (24 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) (34 mm), whereas Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) (14 mm) at their respective temperature a minimum inhibition zone after 24 hours and 48 hours of incubation (37 °C for bacteria). Results: As a robust antioxidant reference standard, these antioxidant activities resulted in the stable radical 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). It can be reduced to yellow-coloured DPPH-H, reaching 75.81% of the DPPH scavenging impact at its 100% concentration in contrast to ascorbic acid. Various experiments have been carried out, including the Molisch test, Ninhydrin test, Wagner’s test, Alkaline reagent test, Froth test, Ferric reagent test, and Salkowski test for the phytochemical analysis. Conclusion: To sum that up, carbohydrates, saponins, and flavonoids are present in these extracts. These extracts were found to perform satisfactory activities in all tests.

Estimation of Biocidal Potential of Desert Phytopowders for the Management of Citrus Canker

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops, throughout the world. It is a rich source of antioxidants and vitamin C. Citrus canker is a potential threat to its successful production. In current study, ten desert phytopowders including Xanthium strumarium, Dipterygium galucun, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, haloxylon recurvum, Suaeda fruticosa, Salsola baryosma, Citruluscolocynthis, Abutilon indicum, Aerva javanica, and Calotropis procera at three different concentrations (5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) were evaluated under in vitro conditions against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. Among all phytopowders, X. strumarium and S. fruticosa, showed maximum inhibition zone (40 mm) followed by S. baryosma(38.50 mm) C. colocynthis(37 mm), Abutilon indicum(34 mm), H. recurvum(32 mm), D. galucun (30.5 mm), A. javanica, (29.50 mm), L. pyrotechnica, (29.5 mm) and C. procera (28 mm) as compared to control. Then, effective phytopowders were applied under greenhouse and field conditions @ 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% against citrus canker. Combination of X. strumarium + S. baryosma showed minimum disease severity (22%) followed by X. strumarium (26%), X. strumarium + S. fruticosa (27%), S. fruticosa (27%), X. strumarium + S. baryosma (27%), and S. baryosma (29%) as compared to control. While in field experiment, the combination of X. strumarium + S. fruticosa showed significant results with minimum disease severity (32%) followed by S. fruticosa + S. baryosma (32%), X. strumarium + S. baryosma (33%), S. baryosma (35%), X. strumarium (36%) and S. fruticosa (36%) as compared to control. It is concluded that application of X. strumarium + S. baryosma phytopowders will be helpful for farmers to combat citrus canker.

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF N-(4-METHOXYPHENYL)ACETAMIDE AND N-PHENYLACETAMIDE DERIVATIVES

Particular attention in the cultivation of industrial and agricultural crops is paid to the fight against pathogenic fungi, which not only lead to significant yield losses, but they are also dangerous to humans. The aim of this work is the synthesis of biologically active compounds in the series of aromatic dithiocarbamic acids based on N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide and N-phenylacetamide and the study of their antifungal and antibacterial activities. Results and discussion. Biologically active aromatic sodium dithiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of amines (N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide and N-phenylacetamide) with carbon disulfide in the presence of NaOH in ethanol at a temperature of 25°C in 78 and 85% yields. Thioanhydrides were synthesized by the acylation of sodium acetyl(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamodithioate and sodium acetyl(phenyl)carbamodithioate with acid chlorides (benzoic, 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic, 2-bromobenzoic, and 4-nitrobenzoic) in chloroform at a temperature of 25°C. The corresponding derivatives of aromatic thioanhydrides of dithiocarbamic acids were obtained in 49-88% yields. The structure of the synthesized compounds was established on the basis of elemental analysis data, IR spectra, 1Н and 13С NMR spectroscopy. Antifungal and bactericidal properties of the synthesized compounds were studied against phytopathogenic fungi and Fusarium oxysporum and Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria. Conclusion. According to the test results, it was revealed that sodium acetyl(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamodithioate at a concentration of 0.4% has a high fungicidal activity and completely inhibits the growth of the Fusarium oxysporum phytopathogen. The maximum zone of inhibition (18 mm) of Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria was at a concentration of 0.4%.

Anti Fungal Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (Lam.) and Polyalthia Longifolia (Sonn.) R

Plant-mediated nano-fabrication is a new area of nanotechnology that is preferred to traditional methods due to its advantages in terms of safety, cost efficiency, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. In the current study, copper chloride and copper sulphate are used as precursor materials to examine the effectiveness of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using the plants Bryophyllum pinnatum (lam.) and Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) . Comparative study on the efficiency of the synthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles against each precursor has been studied. Different spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques such as UV- Visible spectrophotometer, X- ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were performed to confirm the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. UV –vis spectrophotometer results confirmed the existence of copper oxide nanoparticles using Copper chloride and Copper sulphate precursor showed absorption at 235nm and 575nm respectively. X- Ray Diffraction results showed crystalline structure of the particles with three peaks at (111), (200) &amp; (220) which confirmed the presence of copper oxide nanoparticle for both the precursors. FTIR results supported the existence of several functional groups involved in capping, reducing, and stabilizing copper oxide nanoparticles. The SEM image showed that the copper oxide nanoparticles were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 40 to 90 nm. Further, the Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticle for both the copper chloride and copper sulphate precursor were studied. The Study shown maximum zone of inhibition at 100µg/ml as 18mm and 25mm respectively against Galactomyces geotrichum. As a result of the high biological potentials and powerful Antifungal activity, the green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles can be exploited in phytopathology to combat plant infections.

VALIDATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECT OF AMALTAS (Cassia fistula, METHANOLIC EXTRACT) AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL STRAINS

Increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of more potent natural product that has no adverse effects on human health. Purpose of this study is to verify the medicinal efficacy of selected plant extract (Cassia fistula) against selected bacterial strains. For this purpose the methanolic extract of Cassia fistula (Amaltas) was employed at different concentration, temperature and pH conditions to study its antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Results revealed that Cassia fistula showed maximum zone of inhibition (2.6mm±1.1) at 250mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis, while minimum zone (0.6mm±0.00) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus at 150mg/ml. The results for varying pH conditions reveled that Cassia fistula exhibits maximum inhibition (1.5mm±0.2) of Bacillus subtilis at pH-9 (concentration: 150mg/ml). In comparison, at 250mg/ml the observed zone measurement was maximum against Staphylococcus aureus at pH-9. The results at different temperature ranges depict that Cassia fistula effectively controls the growth of Bacillus subtilis at 120 o C (250mg/ml, zone of inhibition: 1.7mm±0.2). All the zones of inhibition were found significant according to the One way ANOVA. This results of current study strengthens the fact regarding antibacterial potential of plant extracts and proves that increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance can be reduced by introducing more natural antibacterial agents other than chemicals.

Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Their Larvicidal, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities.

To explore the larvicidal activity of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the ethanolic Catharanthus roseus flower extract (CRE) against the larvae of Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti), AgNPs were synthesized by an eco-friendly method and characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size Analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray spectrometry (EDX) analysis. The resultant AgNPs showed a spherically well-defined, highly stable, and monodispersed shape with an average particle size ranging from 15 to 25 nm. The absorbance of the AgNPs was measured by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 416 nm. The presence and binding of the phenolic functional group with the AgNPs were confirmed using FTIR analysis. Particle size analysis revealed an average particle diameter of 90 nm with 80 % distribution. XRD analysis revealed the highly crystalline nature of the CRE-AgNPs. The LC50 and LC90 values of CRE-AgNPs and the extract were calculated. The mortality percentage of the extract and synthesized CRE-AgNPs was observed after 24 h. The maximum larvicidal activity with 100 % mortality of A. aegypti was observed in AgNPs synthesized using ethanolic CRE. The LC50 and LC90 values are 8.963 and 20.515 ppm for CRE-AgNPs against A. aegypti larvae, respectively. The CRE-AgNPs revealed superior antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria; the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured for all of the pathogens, and the results revealed that different concentrations of CRE-AgNPs showed a remarkable ZOI of about (a) 10-14 mm for Salmonella typhimurium, (b) 6-11 mm for Bacillus subtilis, (c) 11-14 mm for Enterococcus faecalis, and (d) 9-10 mm for Shigella boydii. The maximum ZOI was observed in E. faecalis. Impeccably, the cytotoxicity of CRE-AgNPs at 250 μg/mL is 82% against the HaCaT cell lines. The synthesized CRE-AgNPs showed maximum effectiveness of paradoxical activity on mosquito larvae.