Maximum Water Flow Rate Research Articles

Design of a Novel Chaotic Horse Herd Optimizer and Application to MPPT for Optimal Performance of Stand-Alone Solar PV Water Pumping Systems

A significant part of agricultural farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are in off-grid sites where there is a lack of sufficient water supply despite its availability from groundwater resources in several regions of the country. Since abundant agricultural production is mainly dependent on water, farmers are forced to pump water using diesel generators. This investigation deals with the increase in the effectiveness of a solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS). It investigated, from a distinct perspective, the nonlinear behavior of photovoltaic modules that affects the induction motor-pump because of the repeated transitions between the current and the voltage. A new chaotic Horse Herd Optimization (CHHO)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking technique (MPPT) is proposed. This algorithm integrates the capabilities of chaotic search methods to solve the model with a boost converter to maximize power harvest while managing the nonlinear and unpredictable dynamical loads. The analytical modeling for the proposed SPVWPS components and the implemented control strategies of the optimal duty cycle of the DC–DC chopper duty cycle and the Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the Induction Motor (IM) has been conducted. Otherwise, the discussions and evaluations of the proposed model performance in guaranteeing the maximum water flow rate and the operation at MPP of the SPVWPS under partial shading conditions (PSC) and changing weather conditions have been carried out. A comparative study with competitive algorithms was conducted, and the proposed control system’s accuracy and its significant appropriateness to improve the tracking ability for SPVWPS application have been proven in steady and dynamic operating climates and PSC conditions.

Study Characteristic Thermal Electric Generator (TEG) Type SP1848 27145 SA

The TEG component, which operates on the Seebeck principle like a thermocouple, is widely used in the market, with TEG SP1848 27145 SA being one of the most common types. However, experiments must be conducted to determine its Seebeck coefficient, voltage, and power output when used with different heat and cold sources. This research aims to observe how the Seebeck coefficient, voltage, and power output of TEG SP1848 27145 SA change with variations in system temperature. To experiment, TEG SP1848 27145 SA is tested with a heater, and water flow rates are varied for cooling. Furthermore, the correlation between output voltage and ΔT has been determined through statistical analysis. The experiment results showed that the voltage output ranged from 0.54–1.03 V at a heater temperature of 86°C and an ΔT system value of 70.5-75°C. The Seebeck value was between 1,551.7-2,998.5 µV, and the power output was 43.5-67.7 mW. Additionally, the statistical analysis found a significant correlation between the temperature variable and output voltage variable, with an adjusted r square value of 89.2% for zero water flow rate and increasing to 95.8% for maximum water flow rate.

Identification of a different design of a photovoltaic thermal collector based on fuzzy logic control and the ARMAX model

This study investigates the effects of absorber design on the performance of a water-based photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT). In this regard, three different absorber designs with the same pipe diameter and length were tested and compared experimentally in Cairo, Egypt, during summer 2021. Furthermore, artificial intelligence techniques were used to create a model to identify the PVT system and define the input–output relationship in state space representation. This is to get a more thorough understanding and deeper evaluation of the PVT performance with various absorber designs to achieve the best possible system performance under varied operating situations and weather. The fuzzy logic control is examined by Autoregression Moving Average using an external input model (ARMAX), which relies on the autoregression moving average to achieve system performance. According to the study's findings, at a maximum water flow rate of 3 L/min, the proposed PVT system can convert solar energy with an overall efficiency of 69.6 %, 64.6 %, and 63.5 %, respectively, with a pressure loss of about 29.5 kPa, 29.33 kPa, and 24.79 kPa for absorbers A, B, and C. Furthermore, the challenging suggested fuzzy control system for the PVT system provides knowledge to comprehend the system complexity since the connection is formed by connecting 5 inputs with 3 outputs through its representation in the state space representation.

Investigation of baffle configurations on the water disinfection efficiency using ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes

ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of baffle configuration on the water disinfection efficiency of a planar photoreactor equipped with ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes (UV-C LEDs) was investigated. The results indicated that the configuration of the baffles influenced the hydrodynamics inside the flow channel and thus affected the microbial trajectory, and exposure time. Accordingly, a modified serpentine configuration was developed to enhance the UV light exposure of microbes in water and improve the reactor performance for microbial inactivation. According to the simulation results, the quarter-circle baffles used in the modified serpentine configuration increased the microbial path length along the flow channel. However, because the cross-sectional area of the flow channel decreased, this configuration increased the water velocity. A modified serpentine configuration with a baffle radius of 5 mm achieved the longest microbial exposure time and highest inactivation value for Escherichia coli. At a water flow rate of 160 mL/min, this configuration achieved a UV fluence of 15.2 mJ/cm2 and an inactivation value of 3.8 log, which were approximately 22% and 0.4 log higher than those obtained with the traditional serpentine configuration, respectively. In addition, the maximum water flow rate at which the UV reactor achieved an inactivation value of 4.0 log was 154 mL/min at a baffle radius of 5 mm. This flow rate was 11.5% higher than that obtained with the traditional serpentine configuration. These close agreements between the experimental and simulation results confirmed the strong capability of the proposed modified serpentine configuration to improve reactor performance.

Optimizing the Pump Storage System for Hot Water Showering at Swimming Pools

Previous studies have demonstrated the energy- and water-saving potentials of showering facilities in residential buildings. However, the prospect of public showering places where multiple showerheads usually worked together according to their opening hours has often been overlooked and rarely investigated. This study measured the water flow rate in a water supply pipe to understand the water-use patterns and water consumption of showering facilities in a swimming pool. The measurements were carried out on typical cold and warm days. The results showed that the average water consumption was 50.5 L/person in December (T = 19.7 °C) and 38.6 L/person in April (T = 24.5 °C). The fluctuation of the water flow rate demonstrated a water demand pattern for the showering facilities, where the maximum water flow rate was more than twice the average level, indicating inefficient working modes of the water supply pump. To improve the current situation, an appropriately sized water tank was suggested to be installed, which could ensure a more stable water flow rate in the main supply pipe, enhancing the water supply system efficiency and saving energy for the water pump. These results contribute to establishing the design data for optimizing water tank design in swimming pools or similar buildings with public showering demand and illustrate the energy-saving potential of water supply systems in showering facilities. Nevertheless, the results of this study are only based on theoretical calculations. More comprehensive field studies with a water tank are required to confirm these findings and better elucidate the effects.

Performance and Cost Comparison of Photovoltaic and Diesel Pumping Systems: In Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Diesel pumps have extensively used for irrigation water pumping. However, this causes challenges both in terms of economic factors (fuel costs) and environmental impacts (emits air pollution). An alternative solution is using renewable energy sources. In this regard, a battery less solar PV energy system was designed and evaluated was designed and evaluated for the geographic location and metrological data of Dugda woreda, representing the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Performance testing were conducted on sunny days of April month and with time intervals of from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, again the respective solar radiation ranges between 385.8 to 862.2 W m^(-2) h^(-1). The solar photovoltaic pumping has been evaluated with the head levels of 10, 12, 15, and 18 m. Accordingly the result showed that, PV system size can irrigate a tomato field of 0.33-0.75 ha with a mean daily water use of 8.7 and 17.4 m^3 〖day〗^(-1) at head levels of 10 and 18 meters, respectively. After evaluation, the maximum water flow rate has been at the midday day from 12:00 am to 1:00 pm. Comparative economic evaluation of the solar-powered water pump system and diesel pump devices were done using cycle cost breakdown and the cost of water per unit volume. Thus the long term economics of water pumping using solar photovoltaic and diesel pumping systems showed a cost of 1.33 〖ETB m〗^(-3) and 3 ETB m^(-3), respectively. The result demonstrated that photovoltaic water pump systems are more affordable for the long-term services of small to medium-scale farms than gasoline water pumps.

Planar reactor with a serpentine channel for water disinfection by using ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes

Water sterilization efficiency is affected by water flow patterns and irradiance distribution, which in turn are affected by reactor design. In this study, a planar flow reactor with a serpentine channel was used to treat drinking water by using 278-nm ultraviolet (UV)-C light-emitting diodes. The effects of various water flow rates, channel widths, and baffle lengths were investigated to understand their effects on fluid mixing and flow trajectory. The experimental results revealed that the UV reactor with a channel width of 13 mm exhibited the highest log inactivation value for Escherichia coli among the reactors with three different channel widths. This is because this width maximized the exposure time and increased the secondary flow at the turn regions in the serpentine channel. Furthermore, the baffle length dramatically affected the flow trajectory, circulation zones, and microbial exposure time. This length was optimized at 22 mm for all the investigated flow rates. The developed UV reactor achieved an inactivation value of 4.0 log for E. coli at a maximum water flow rate of 80 mL/min.

Potential of a Nonperennial Tributary Integrated with Solar Energy for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Ikukwa Village in Tanzania

This study evaluates the hydropower potential in the design of a micro-hydro/solar photovoltaic hybrid system with battery energy storage for increasing the access to electricity in Ikukwa Village in Mbeya Region of Tanzania. Usually, hybridized hydropower schemes are designed from perennial streams for the provision of electricity. This study incorporates the run-of-the river (COE) power scheme, which originates from the untapped potential of nonperennial hydro-energy source and the use of traditional approach of data measurements for Ikata tributary to design hybrid system. The system is optimized by the minimization of the total net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) using the soft computing method of Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software and artificial intelligent (AI) techniques. AI optimization techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and GWO-PSO hybrid (GWO-PSOHD) algorithms have been employed for further optimal results. The data for solar radiation and the tributary have been obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and traditional methods of measurements, respectively. The estimated maximum water flow rate and head are 2.943 m3/s and 13 m, respectively. In the same period, the approximated theoretical power potential of the tributary is found to be 375 kW. Total NPCs obtained from HOMER, PSO, GWO, and GWO-PSOHD methods are $ 141, 397.76, $ 95 167.21, $ 92 472.82, and $ 91,854.10, respectively. Similarly, the optimal results of COE from HOMER, PSO, GWO, and GWO-PSOHD approaches are $ 0.1818/kWh, $ 0.1185/kWh, $ 0.1182/kWh, and $ 0.1181/kWh, respectively. Comparatively, PSO implementation has indicated the greatest energy cost, while the cost acquired by GWO-PSOHD is the lowest for all aforementioned AI optimization techniques. The tributary under study has a high potential of diversification of energy sources for rural electrification in the area of study and other parts of the world with comparable conditions.

Modeling and evaluation of SC MPPT controllers for PVWPS based on DC motor

This paper presents novel models of Soft Computing (SC) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers for Photo-Voltaic Water Pumping Systems(PVWPS) Based on DC Motor. Also paper discusses and evaluates the performance of the proposed models. The proposed methodology is mainly based on duty cycle prediction of the cuk converter to track the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV array. Indeed of the maximum water flow rate of PVWPS at varying climate conditions must ensure that the motor-pump set operates at MPP. The analytical modeling for the proposed MPPT controller has been implemented to predict the optimal duty cycle of the converter for MPPT achievement within the different operating conditions of solar radiation, ambient temperature, and total static head. Also, different Soft Computing (SC) Algorithms have been implemented and evaluated based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA), and β-hill climbing (β-HC) algorithm. A comparative study between SC Algorithms, analytical modeling, and experimental works are given. Also evaluations of SC Algorithms are done to verify SC Algorithms’ accuracy. This evaluation study has proven the significant improvement of daily water flow rate and also has specified the appropriateness of the SC algorithm for MPPT for a PVWPS.

Performance comparison of piezo actuated valveless micropump with central excitation and annular excitation for biomedical applications

In recent years, microfluidic devices, particularly micropumps, are extensively utilized in biomedical applications. The micropump used in biomedical applications needs to possess precise delivery of fluids at requires rate and pressure. The present work proposes a valveless mechanical micropump with a disposable chamber integrated with a novel concept of annular excitation of the diaphragm to fulfil the need for precise delivery of fluids in biomedical applications. The proposed design of the micropump involves a reusable configuration of the amplified piezoelectric actuator (APA) for micropump actuation and a disposable pump chamber. The pumping of the fluids occurs through the oscillation of the silicone rubber bossed diaphragm. The performance of a mechanical micropump depends on the oscillation amplitude of the diaphragm. Thus, the conventional approach of central excitation of the bossed diaphragm is replaced by a novel approach of annular excitation intended to enhance the deflection range, thus the volumetric performance of the micropump. An experimental comparative study is carried out to assess the deflection characteristics of central excitation and annular excitation of the bossed diaphragm. The maximum deflection measured with the annularly excited configuration of the bossed diaphragm is about 1953.4 ± 8.00 µm at 150 V, 43.5 Hz, which is superior to the maximum deflection of centrally excited configuration delivering 717.99 ± 4.00 µm at 150 V, 9.5 Hz. Further, the experimental studies aimed to fabricate and characterize the micropump with central and annular excitation approaches. The proposed micropump with central excitation delivered the maximum water flow rate of about 7.192 ± 0.147 ml min−1 and backpressure of 0.294 kPa at 150 V, 5 Hz. However, the enhancement of the deflection characteristics of the bossed diaphragm under annular excitation leads to performance enhancement of the micropump with the flow rate of 95.10 ± 0.444 ml min−1 and backpressure of 1.472 kPa at 150, 30 Hz

Experimental Study of Electrical and Thermal Efficiencies of a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Hybrid Solar Water Collector with and Without Glass Cover

Investigating the thermal and electrical gains and efficiencies influence the designed photovoltaic thermal hybrid collector (PVT) under different weather conditions. The designed system was manufactured by attaching a fabricated cooling system made of serpentine tubes to a single PV panel and connecting it to an automatic controlling system for measuring, monitoring, and simultaneously collecting the required data. A removable glass cover had been used to study the effects of glazed and unglazed PVT panel situations. The research was conducted in February (winter) and July (summer), and March for daily solar radiation effects on efficiencies. The results indicated that electrical and thermal gains increased by the increase in solar radiation. The average rise in PVT water collectors' thermal energy efficiency with a glass cover for three cases was 5% compared with the unglazed PVT water collector. While the maximum total efficiencies of 79 % and 69.5 % for glazed and unglazed collectors were recorded under maximum solar radiation of 1100 W/m2 and maximum water flow rate in the tubes system for July. The recorded result seemed promising and significant, indicating that the manufactured system is useful for adjusting PVT thermal and electrical efficiencies for cold and hot weather conditions.

Experimental Study of Electrical and Thermal Efficiencies of a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Hybrid Solar Water Collector with and Without Glass Cover

Investigating the thermal and electrical gains and efficiencies influence the designed photovoltaic thermal hybrid collector (PVT) under different weather conditions. The designed system was manufactured by attaching a fabricated cooling system made of serpentine tubes to a single PV panel and connecting it to an automatic controlling system for measuring, monitoring, and simultaneously collecting the required data. A removable glass cover had been used to study the effects of glazed and unglazed PVT panel situations. The research was conducted in February (winter) and July (summer), and March for daily solar radiation effects on efficiencies. The results indicated that electrical and thermal gains increased by the increase in solar radiation. The average rise in PVT water collectors' thermal energy efficiency with a glass cover for three cases was 5% compared with the unglazed PVT water collector. While the maximum total efficiencies of 79 % and 69.5 % for glazed and unglazed collectors were recorded under maximum solar radiation of 1100 W/m2 and maximum water flow rate in the tubes system for July. The recorded result seemed promising and significant, indicating that the manufactured system is useful for adjusting PVT thermal and electrical efficiencies for cold and hot weather conditions.

Simulation Studies of Numerical Relationship of Sewage Energy Dissipation Chamber Efficiency

The paper introduces a computer model to simulate design of an energy dissipation chamber (EDC). This model allows expressing the air flow rate through the system as a function of the incoming effluent rate. A method is developed to proceed with statistical analysis of simulation results. A set of plots of air flow rate is developed for effluent rates under different parameters of energy dissipation chamber. The approximating function and coefficients allowing obtaining the air consumption under certain conditions (geometrical parameters of the energy dissipation chamber and the effluent rate) are represented. The graphs are obtained in the form of three-dimensional surfaces reflecting a dependence of the ejected air flow rate on the incoming sewage liquid rate for at various values of the stand pipe embedment relative to the liquid level. The developed graphs show that the highest air flow rate is achieved at the maximum water flow rate and at the minimum embedment. Thus, the numerical dependences of the ejected air flow rates were obtained for the energy dissipation chamber as functions of the water flow rate. The embedment of the stand pipe at the level of the overflow wall and the zero inlet radius are shown to be the most effective parameters of energy dissipation chamber design.

ОЦЕНКА ОПАСНОСТИ ЗАТОПЛЕНИЯ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ ПУНКТОВ РЕКОЙ ТЕРЕК НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ КАБАРДИНО-БАЛКАРСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

The aim of the work is research aimed at identifying dangerous sections of the river Terek on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic exposed to flooding of localities and their infrastructures. There were carried out full-scale route surveys to study the main parameters of the Terek riverbed. There were identified three dangerous sections of the Terek riverbed where erosion (wear) of an earth dam with a reinforced concrete lining is from 50 to 100%. Due to the erosion of the dam during the flood period by the river Terek water four settlements are flooded: town Terek, villages Planovskoye, Internatsionalnoye and Urozhaynoye. Field work data were used in calculations to determine the maximum water flow rate of 1% availability and the height of the water level in the riverbed Terek. Based on the results of the calculations, the boundaries of the flooding zones of the territories of settlements were determined. The areas of flooding by the Terek river water were calculated for all four settlements, as well as the total flooded area in the territory of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic.

EXISTING ISSUES OF HYDROLOGY CALCULATIONS. PART 1

The article begins a discussion on the validity of applying methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics in hydrology calculations. The methodology of river flow calculations nowadays is based on the statistical processing of observation datas. These methods are specified in prescriptive documents (such as SR 33-101-2003) and, in fact, are required for using in engineering calculations. Any other alternative methods are not advisable. However, our experience of using probabilistic-statistical methods in engineering-hydrometeorological surveys let us to doubt the propriety of such application. It is questionable whether the concept of a random variable is applied to hydrological characteristics, in particular, to water consumption. In terms of mathematics, the sample input data subsequently used in solving statistical problem is the result of an experiment conducted under unaltered conditions. Water consumption depends on many natural factors, some of which are constantly changing. In addition, dependence on some factors is almost functional. For example, precipitation causes an increase of river flow, and their absence causes a decrease. Other factors, in contrast, are quite stable. For each catchment area, they are not random and behave predictably. For example, extrapolation of the maximum water flow rate in the region of rare probability, seems insufficiently reasoned. The error of measurements (definitions) of water flow in the river increases as its value increases. This is facilitated by the almost impossible measurement of river flow when water enters the floodplain, while floating of ice, while timber drifting on rivers, etc. The measurement methods used in these cases give an error of up to 25% by experts assessment. Herewith water flows are differs by 5-10%. Thus, we do not have the ranked values of several of the highest water flow, but some average maximum flow with regular repeatability. As a result, it was concluded that the use of probabilistic-statistical analysis in hydrological calculations is insufficiently justified.

Low-cost, monolithically 3D-printed, miniature high-flow rate liquid pump

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of the first monolithically 3D-printed, high-flow rate miniature liquid pumps in the literature. Our low-cost, leak-tight, miniature devices are microfabricated using 150 to 300 μm layers in pure Nylon 12 via fused filament fabrication with a multi-step printing process that monolithically creates all key features with <13 μm in-plane misalignment. Each pump has a rigid frame, a 21 mm-diameter, 150 μm-thick membrane connected at its center to a piston with an embedded magnet, a chamber, passive ball valves, and two barbed fluidic connectors. Pump fabrication under 2 hours and costs less than $4.65 (about $0.65 in printable feedstock). Finite element analysis of the actuator predicts a maximum stress of 18.7 MPa @ 2 mm deflection, i.e., about the fatigue limit of Nylon 12 for infinite life (i.e., 19 MPa). A maximum water flow rate of 1.37 ml/min at 15.1 Hz actuation frequency is calculated –comparable to reported values of miniature liquid pumps with up to two orders of magnitude higher actuation frequency.

Performance improvement of alternate temperature systems with ice storage-based internal water loop

Alternate temperature systems can be found in many areas, e.g., environmental simulation chambers. Circulated air forced convection and refrigerant bypass adjustment are the common ways to control the temperature of the system (or chamber) to be considered. In this paper, we study modified designs with ice storage-based internal water loop. The internal circulated water is cooled by ice melting and the ice is produced by recovering the refrigerant bypass loss. Two methods to change the performance are used: water cooling of the chamber in constant high temperature stage, and refrigerant subcooling in falling temperature stage. The results show that if there is only the water cooling of the chamber, the compressor ON-time will be shortened. The energy consumption can drop in most cases, but the size of the refrigeration device will increase. If both the water cooling of the chamber and the refrigerant subcooling are adopted, the energy consumption and the size of the refrigeration device can be reduced simultaneously. Dynamic water flow rate is documented, which confirms the feasibility of the accurate temperature control of the chamber. As an indicator of the size of the circulated water pump, the maximum water flow rate is also discussed.

A cross-flow Type Design of 5 kW Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Area In West Java

A 5 kW of cross-flow type micro hydro power plant has been designed to fulfill the need of energy in rural area in West Java. The primary data is taken on site by considering the height of water level, water flow rate, and other parameters related to topography of the location. The system is designed by two main steps of theoretical calculation and calculation-based construction. After installation on site, a maximum water flow rate of 63.7 liters/s and generator output power of 4,025 watt are smoothly reached. The expected 5 kW of generator output power is not yet obtained, due to many losses that still occur. This situation should encourage further study for more promising development.

Methodology of calculation the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments of mudflows (within Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic)

The main natural factors that have a significant impact on the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments are identified. The most universal of these factors is the maximum water flow rate, which creates an opportunity for the formation and development of mudflow processes, as well as determines the power of the mudflow. As a rule, the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments increases with increasing catchment area. At the same time, the larger the size of a river basin is, the greater the impact of various physical and geographical factors. Such complex factors include: Qmax – the maximum water flow rate, φ – the coefficient of natural over regulation of rivers, ϒ – the index of ploughness, Ψ – the forest cover index, İ – the slope of the catchment area. These factors are closely interrelated and interdependent, as mudflows are, to a certain extent, a mirror reflecting the influence of the main natural and anthropogenic factors. It seems to us that of the above factors determining the general background, the most universal ones are singled out for calculating the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments. We believe that there should also be a link between the values of the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments and the set of parameters that more clearly reflect the influence of natural factors. In this regard, in individual basins of any territory mudflows appear with different capacity. The relationships between the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments and the complex of natural factors reflect hydrological and geological-geomorphological conditions. Horizontal and vertical differentiation of mountain slopes with different exposures allowed us to identify this dependence in the form of 3 equations. The first two equations characterize the increase of maximum flow of suspended sediments in watershed and plowed slopes that lead to the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments. But forest cover and the coefficient of rivers flood natural overregulation lead to the lowest flow rate of suspended sediments. The third equation is characterized by the largest increase in water flow rate and in the average height of the catchment, which increases the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments, and the catchment area and the natural over regulation of rivers leads to its reduce.

Life cycle assessment of a large water treatment plant in Turkey.

The objective of this study is to assess the environmental sustainability of a large water treatment plant through life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. This study is a pioneering one that explores the environmental impacts of a water treatment plant in Turkey by using the data collected from an actual plant. Decision makers of the treatment plant under investigation, operators of similar installations, and the scientific researchers that work on LCA of water treatment facilities are defined as the target audience. GaBi software is used for the LCA model, and CML 2001 method is adopted to calculate the results given per 1m3 water ready to be distributed to the city. The plant serves about 2,600,000 people generating a maximum potable water flow rate of 400,000m3/day. In the facility, 0.57kWh of electricity is required to obtain 1m3 of water. Of this total electricity consumption, 85% is allocated to inlet and outlet pumping stations. The results denote that the environmental impacts are dominated by electricity consumption that in turn depends on the energy source/s adopted. Sensitivity analysis on energy sources reveals the following outcomes: In case of using hard coal as energy source rather than grid mix, impacts are increased apart from freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential, ozone layer depletion potential, and abiotic depletion potential elements. Once solar panels are used instead of grid mix, values for all impact categories except abiotic depletion potential elements and human toxicity potential are lowered. The usage of wind turbines in place of grid mix results in 29 to 84% reductions in all investigated impact categories. The best option to decrease the environmental impacts is attained when energy is generated using wind turbines. As pumps having 90% efficiency replace the pumps with 60% efficiency, reductions ranging from 15 to 24% on all impact categories are obtained. The work performed for this study should be further pursued to obtain more representative inventory data for countries with scarce LCA studies.