Maximum Sensitivity Values Research Articles

AMLVaran: a software approach to implement variant analysis of targeted NGS sequencing data in an oncological care setting

BackgroundNext-Generation Sequencing (NGS) enables large-scale and cost-effective sequencing of genetic samples in order to detect genetic variants. After successful use in research-oriented projects, NGS is now entering clinical practice. Consequently, variant analysis is increasingly important to facilitate a better understanding of disease entities and prognoses. Furthermore, variant calling allows to adapt and optimize specific treatments of individual patients, and thus is an integral part of personalized medicine.However, the analysis of NGS data typically requires a number of complex bioinformatics processing steps. A flexible and reliable software that combines the variant analysis process with a simple, user-friendly interface is therefore highly desirable, but still lacking.ResultsWith AMLVaran (AML Variant Analyzer), we present a web-based software, that covers the complete variant analysis workflow of targeted NGS samples. The software provides a generic pipeline that allows free choice of variant calling tools and a flexible language (SSDL) for filtering variant lists. AMLVaran’s interactive website presents comprehensive annotation data and includes curated information on relevant hotspot regions and driver mutations. A concise clinical report with rule-based diagnostic recommendations is generated.An AMLVaran configuration with eight variant calling tools and a complex scoring scheme, based on the somatic variant calling pipeline appreci8, was used to analyze three datasets from AML and MDS studies with 402 samples in total. Maximum sensitivity and positive predictive values were 1.0 and 0.96, respectively. The tool’s usability was found to be satisfactory by medical professionals.ConclusionCoverage analysis, reproducible variant filtering and software usability are important for clinical assessment of variants. AMLVaran performs reliable NGS variant analyses and generates reports fulfilling the requirements of a clinical setting. Due to its generic design, the software can easily be adapted for use with different targeted panels for other tumor entities, or even for whole-exome data. AMLVaran has been deployed to a public web server and is distributed with Docker scripts for local use.

Torsion bidirectional sensor based on tilted-arc long-period fiber grating.

Fiber torsion sensor has been researched for many years due to its various structure and sensitive response. In order to distinguish the torsion direction, fiber sensor still faces some difficult problems, including complex fabricating condition, special fiber structure and limited sensitivity. In this paper, a novel long-period fiber grating (LPFG) formed by tilted-arc grids is designed and fabricated in the normal simple-mode fiber, showing small size and high sensitivity. The asymmetrical tilted-arc grid structure can induce considerable chirality into the tilted-arc LPFG to enable it to distinguish torsion direction, which doesn't need any equipment to rotate or twist the fiber in the fabrication process. Theoretical analysis indicates that the structure can respond opposite wavelength shifting to the opposite torsion directions, and the torsion sensitivity is related to both the radius and tilted angle of grid. A series of tilted-arc LPFGs are fabricated with CO2-laser scanning and tested in torsion experiment, all of whom can distinguish bidirectional torsion. The maximum sensitivity value can reach 0.514 nm/(rad·m-1), which is higher than many normal tilted LPFGs and twisted fiber structures. The novel LPFG has the potential to be applied in directional torsion field due to its direction-distinguishing ability, high sensitivity and simple fabrication.

Enhanced Sensitivity of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Functionalized with Doped Polyaniline Composites for the Detection of Low-Concentration Acetone Vapour

PANI/chitosan composite and a ternary composite comprising of PANI, chitosan, and reduced graphene oxide have been successfully synthesised and characterised using FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Optical constants of the composites were extracted from the UV-VIS spectra. The extracted parameters were applied in the simulation of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor functionalised with PANI/chitosan and ternary composites. The aim was to explore the applicability of the composite-based SPR sensor in the detection of low-concentration acetone vapour within the range of 1.8 ppm–5.0 ppm for diabetes monitoring and screening. The functionalization of the SPR sensor with the PANI/chitosan and the ternary composites shows promising application of the sensor in the detection of acetone vapour at a low concentration down to less than 0.5 ppm. The maximum sensitivity values of about 60 and 180 degree/refractive index change were observed for PANI/chitosan and ternary composite sensing layers, respectively, in comparison with the bare gold-based SPR which shows no response up to 10 ppm concentration of acetone vapour in air. In addition, the two sensing layers show good selectivity to acetone vapour compared to ethanol, methanol, and ammonia. The response in the case of ternary composite shows better linearity with a correlation coefficient of 1.0 compared to PANI/chitosan- and gold-based SPR layers with 0.9999 and 0.9997, respectively.

Association of high sensitive C-reactive protein with coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization study

ObjectivesWhether high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has a causal effect on coronary heart disease (CHD) is unclear. This study investigated the causal effect of hs-CRP on CHD risk using Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis.MethodsA total of 3802 subjects were recruited in the follow-up study. Linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between CRP polymorphisms and hs-CRP. Survival receiver operator characteristic curve method was used to explore the cut-off of hs-CRP on CHD incidence. Cox regression model was applied to detect the association of hs-CRP with CHD by calculating the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Rs1205 and rs876537 in CRP were selected as instrumental variables in MR analysis.ResultsDuring a median follow-up time of 5.01 years, 98 CHD incidence was identified (47.03/104 person-years). Hs-CRP was significantly increased among rs1205 and rs876537 genotypes with r values of 0.064 and 0.066, respectively. Hs-CRP 1.08 mg/L was identified as the cut-off value with a maximum value of sensitivity and specificity on prediction of CHD. Participants with ≥1.08 mg/L of hs-CRP has a higher risk of CHD incidence than that of participants with < 1.08 mg/L, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.69 (1.11–2.60) with a P value of 0.016. No significant casual association was observed between hs-CRP and CHD with a P value of 0.777.ConclusionsThe association between hs-CRP and CHD is unlikely to be causal, hs-CRP might be a predictor for incidence of CHD in general population.

Fabrication of Piezoelectric Composites Using High-Temperature Dielectrophoresis

In this paper, we present a method to create a highly sensitive piezoelectric quasi 1–3 composite using a thermoplastic material filled with a piezoelectric powder. An up-scalable high-temperature dielectrophoresis (DEP) process is used to manufacture the quasi 1–3 piezoelectric polymer-ceramic composites. For this work, thermoplastic cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) is used as a polymer matrix and PZT (lead zirconium titanate) ceramic powder is chosen as the piezoelectric active filler material. At high temperatures, the polymer is melted to provide a liquid medium to align the piezoelectric particles using the DEP process inside the molten matrix. The resulting distribution of aligned particles is frozen upon cooling the composite down to room temperature in as little as 10 min. A maximum piezoelectric voltage sensitivity (g33) value of 54 ± 4 mV·m/N is reported for the composite with 10 vol% PZT, which is twice the value calculated for PZT based ceramics.

Robust topology optimization under load position uncertainty

SummaryThe topology optimization problem of a continuum structure on the compliance minimization objective is investigated under consideration of the external load uncertainty in its application position with a nonprobabilistic approach. The load position is defined as the uncertain‐but‐bounded parameter and is represented by an interval variable with a nominal application point. The structural compliance due to the load position deviation is formulated with the quadratic Taylor series expansion. As a result, the objective gradient information to the topological variables can be evaluated efficiently in a quadratic expression. Based on the maximum design sensitivity value, which corresponds to the most sensitive compliance to the uncertain loading position, a single‐level optimization approach is suggested by using a popular gradient‐based optimality criteria method. The proposed optimization scheme is performed to gain the robust topology optimizations of three benchmark examples, and the final configuration designs are compared comprehensively with the conventional topology optimizations under the loading point fixation. It can be observed that the present method can provide remarkably different material layouts with auxiliary components to accommodate the load position disturbances. The numerical results of the representative examples also show that the structural performances of the robust topology optimizations appear less sensitive to the load position perturbations than the traditional designs.

Prediction of epilepsy seizure from multi-channel electroencephalogram by effective connectivity analysis using Granger causality and directed transfer function methods.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder, which causes strange perceptions, muscle spasms, sometimes seizures, and loss of awareness, associated with abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. The goal of this study is to investigate how effective connectivity (EC) changes effect on unexpected seizures prediction, as this will authorize the patients to play it safe and avoid risk. We approve the hypothesis that EC variables near seizure change significantly so seizure can be predicted in accordance with this variation. We introduce two time-variant coefficients based on standard deviation of EC on Freiburg EEG dataset by using directed transfer function and Granger causality methods and compare index changes over the course of time in five different frequency bands. Comparison of the multivariate and bivariate analysis of factors is implemented in this investigation. The performance based on the suggested methods shows the seizure occurrence period is approximately 50min that is expected onset stated in, the maximum value of sensitivity approaching ~ 80%, and 0.33 FP/h is the false prediction rate. The findings revealed that greater accuracy and sensitivity are obtained by the designed system in comparison with the results of other works in the same condition. Even though these results still are not sufficient for clinical applications. Based on the conclusions, it can generally be observed that the greater results by DTF method are in the gamma and beta frequency bands.

Utility of the relative apparent diffusion coefficient for preoperative assessment of low risk endometrial carcinoma

ObjectivesLymphadenectomy is not recommended for low risk stage I endometrial carcinoma (EC) patients. This study was to investigate the predictive value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in predicting patients with low risk EC, and to identify an optimum ADC measurement for preoperative assessment. Materials and methodsEighty-one patients with stage I EC who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at 1.5T were included and divided into low group and intermediate-high risk group based on the ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO classification. Clinical indexes, conventional MRI parameters, minimum ADC values (minADC), mean ADC values (meanADC) and relative ADC values (rADC) were compared between those two groups. rADC was calculated using the equation ADC (cancer)/ADC (reference) with the obturator internus muscle as reference. The optimal ADC measurement and cut-off ADC value for low risk EC were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. ResultsThe low risk group had significantly higher meanADC, minADC, and rADC values than did the intermediate-high risk group (1.095 vs. 0.902 × 10−3 mm2/s, 0.755 vs. 0.657 × 10−3 mm2/s, 0.754 vs. 0.603, respectively). In assessments of low risk EC patients, the area under the curve (AUC) values for meanADC, minADC, and rADC were 0.840 (95%CI, 0.749,0.931), 0.681 (95% CI: 0.561,0.800), and 0.876(95% CI: 0.798,0.954), respectively. The optimal cut-off rADC value for prediction was 0.669, the maximum Youden index, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values were 0.683, 81.8%, 86.5%, and 84.0%, respectively. ConclusionsrADC is superior to minADC and meanADC for predicting patients with low risk EC, and could potentially aid to the surgical management of these patients in avoiding unnecessary lymphadenectomy.

Optical temperature sensing properties of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped LuVO4 up-conversion phosphors

In this paper, Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped LuVO4 phosphors were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The crystalline structure and up-conversion luminescence features have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and up-conversion emission spectra. Green emission located at 525 nm (2H11/2 → 4I15/2) and 554 nm (4S3/2 → 4I15/2), red emission centered at 655 nm (4F9/2 → 4I15/2) have been observed excited by 980 nm laser. The up-conversion luminescence is enhanced significantly with the co-doping of Yb3+ ions due to the effective energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions. Moreover, the optical temperature sensing property are recorded based on two thermally coupled levels (2H11/2 and 4S3/2) in the range of 100–500 K. By using the fluorescence intensity ratio method, the maximum value of absolute sensitivity (SA) is obtained to be 0.0067 K−1 at 500 K. The results indicate that the LuVO4:Er3+/Yb3+ phosphors with high sensitivity could be applied as potential optical temperature-sensing materials.

Fano Resonance in an Asymmetric MIM Waveguide Structure and Its Application in a Refractive Index Nanosensor.

Herein, the design for a tunable plasmonic refractive index nanosensor is presented. The sensor is composed of a metal–insulator–metal waveguide with a baffle and a circular split-ring resonator cavity. Analysis of transmission characteristics of the sensor structures was performed using the finite element method, and the influence of the structure parameters on the sensing characteristics of the sensor is studied in detail. The calculation results show that the structure can realize dual Fano resonance, and the structural parameters of the sensor have different effects on Fano resonance. The peak position and the line shape of the resonance can be adjusted by altering the sensitive parameters. The maximum value of structural sensitivity was found to be 1114.3 nm/RIU, with a figure of merit of 55.71. The results indicate that the proposed structure can be applied to optical integrated circuits, particularly in high sensitivity nanosensors.

A New Control Scheme for Integrating Processes with Inverse Response and Time Delay

Abstract This paper presents a novel technique in designing controller for integrating process with inverse response and time delay. Using Pade’s approximation, the positive zero is approximated to a negative zero by modifying the time delay of process. The polynomial approach is employed for the rearranged process to derive the controller parameters. The tuning parameter is selected based on the value of maximum sensitivity. Set point filtering is employed to reduce the overshoot in servo response. Various bench marking examples are considered to evaluate the proposed method. The evaluation is carried out in terms of various performances.

Design considerations of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based tapered fiber optic bio-sensing probe with graphene-MoS2 over layers

In this paper, we have reported the design considerations of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based tapered fiber optic sensor by coating a thin film of platinum on a tapered fiber core followed by graphene-molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) monolayers. The theoretical study is based on five-layer matrix model. To see the effect of graphene-MoS2 over layers, performance parameters in terms of sensitivity and detection accuracy are evaluated for four taper profiles viz. exponential-linear, linear, parabolic and quadratic along with the taper ratio. From results, we inferred that with increase in taper ratio sensitivity also increases while detection accuracy decreases monotonically. For the proposed sensor configuration, maximum sensitivity value is found to be 7.04 μm/RIU at taper ratio 2.0 for exponential-linear taper profile while maximum detection accuracy obtained is 16.7623μm−1, at taper ratio 1.0. Thus, the results show that by introducing additional graphene-MoS2 monolayers, the sensitivity of the proposed sensing probe is enhanced by more than 44% at taper ratio 2 as compared to the conventionally used SPR based fiber optic sensors coated with platinum only. Also, the effect of increasing number of layers of graphene and MoS2 on the performance parameters is evaluated and compared. The advantageous features of the graphene and MoS2 layers have also been discussed for bio-sensing applications.

Nanoscale, tunable, and highly sensitive biosensor utilizing hyperbolic metamaterials in the near-infrared range.

A plethora of research in recent years has been reported on biosensing in the surface plasmon resonant systems. However, very little research has reported a tunable and highly sensitive biosensor in a nanoscale platform. In this regard, we propose a nanoscale hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)-based prism coupled waveguide sensor (PCWS) in the near-infrared range. The HMM layer makes up one of the constituents of the PCWS-comprised of a periodically arranged assembly of silver nanostrips. The structure is numerically simulated by the finite difference time domain method. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity of the reflected light can be tuned through the refractive index (RI) of the solution. Moreover, the effects of alteration of constituents of PCWS on the sensitivity have been analyzed. Results show that the sensitivity of PCWS can be harnessed by altering the thickness, slant angle of HMM layer, volume fraction (f) of metal in the HMM layer, and the incidence angle of light. For this purpose, the structure is numerically simulated by the finite difference time domain method. In the optimum design of the proposed sensor, the maximum value of sensitivity is achieved as high as S=3450 nm/refractive index unit with θ=10° and ϕ=10° and a metamaterial thickness of 250nm. Moreover, the structure has a nanoscale footprint of 600 nm×400 nm×200 nm.

Regulation of morphologies and luminescence of β-NaGdF4:Ybc+,Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles by hydrothermal method and their dual-mode thermometric properties

Exploring the thermometric properties of UCNPs is of great importance for non-contact fluoresce thermometers. Ln-doped β-NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been fabricated by varying the ratio of citric ions to molecules in precursor. Morphology of the as-prepared β-NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs turns from hexagonal prisms to agglomerations of smaller particles with decreased dimension. Luminescence intensity decreases and red-to-green ratio increases with increasing ratio of citric ions to molecules. A dual-mode thermometric property has been found in the as-prepared β-NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs. The first mode derives from the temperature dependent fluoresce-intensity-ratios of thermally coupled manifolds of Er3+ (2H11/2) and (4S3/2) manifolds, of which the maximum relative sensitivity value is 0.0036 K−1. The other mode derives from temperature dependent red-to-green ratios, which is a linear function of temperature and the maximum relative sensitivity value is 0.0238 K−1. The β-NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs with morphology of agglomerations of smaller particles with high surface-to-volume ratios show advanced sensitivities, which are suitable for noncontact optical thermometer.

Down-conversion PL characteristics of CaSrSiO4:Tb3+ nanophosphor and its application on optical low-temperature sensor

The CaSrSiO4 nanophosphor-doped 0.7 mol% Tb3+ ions have been prepared by the high-temperature sintering method. XRD pattern is consistent with the standard card of CaSrSiO4 host, and the average particle size of CaSrSiO4:0.7Tb is about 50 nm. There exist intense green (544, 552 nm) and weak blue (485, 488 nm), yellow (588 nm), and red (625 nm) emissions under the excitation of 325 nm He–Cd laser, corresponding, respectively, to the transitions of Tb3+ ions from 5D4 and its splitting to 7F5,4,6,3,2 energy levels. The low-temperature photoluminescence characteristics of the sample are measured in the range of 290–10 K. The relationship between fluorescence intensity ratio and temperature is FIR = 0.895 + 0.469exp(− 145.8/T) and the maximum value of sensitivity is 17.6 × 10− 4 K− 1 at 70 K, indicating that CaSrSiO4:Tb3+ nanophosphor is a promising sensing material for low-temperature measurement.

Sensitivity enhancement of a lossy mode resonance based tapered fiber optic sensor with an optimum taper profile

In this study, we have presented the design considerations of lossy mode resonance (LMR) based tapered fiber optic sensors for sensitivity enhancement. The study includes the effect of the taper ratio and the taper profile, i.e. exponential-linear, linear, parabolic, gaussian and quadratic, on the sensitivity. Also, we have analyzed the effect of various coating materials on the sensitivity. It is revealed from the analysis that with an increase in the taper ratio, the sensitivity increases. The effect of the taper profile shows that among five profiles considered for comparison, the exponential-linear profile has the maximum sensitivity value whereas the quadratic profile has the lowest value. For indium tin oxide (ITO), for the exponential-linear taper profile, the sensitivity corresponding to the first and second lossy modes is 12.005 µm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 0.8 µm/RIU, respectively, at the taper ratio 1.7; whereas for aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), the corresponding values are 0.515 µm/RIU and 0.235 µm/RIU, respectively, at the taper ratio 2.0. For surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based tapered fiber optic sensors, the maximum sensitivity value for the exponential-linear taper profile for platinum is 6.39 µm/RIU at the taper ratio 2.0, whereas for copper its value is 3.665 µm/RIU. At the taper ratio 1.0, i.e. the uniform core, the sensitivity of the LMR based tapered fiber optic sensors using an ITO coating is two times greater than the platinum-coated SPR based fiber optic sensor. Increasing the taper ratio further enhances the sensitivity around 40% when compared to the uniform core fiber optic sensor. Therefore, LMR based tapered fiber optic sensors with the considered optimum design parameters demonstrate around a 2.5-fold enhancement in sensitivity compared with conventionally used SPR based fiber optic sensors, giving an optimum structure for sensitivity enhancement. We believe that this study will find suitable applications in research/industry for those working in the area of chemical and biological sensing.

Highly sensitive nano-scale plasmonic biosensor utilizing Fano resonance metasurface in THz range: Numerical study

We report a numerical study of the tunable-enhanced sensitivity of a nano-scale plasmonic biosensor in THz range. In the structure, gold Metasurface is utilized to excite of Fano resonance modes that their dispersion properties can be harnessed with different geometrical parameters. Here, the coupling of the incident beam to the surface modes of the structure is used to improve the performance parameters including figure of merit, sensitivity, and footprint. The Fano resonance, which is strongly rely on any change in refractive index of the material, is excited in the structure by changing geometrical parameters. The structure is numerically simulated by the finite difference time domain method. In the optimum design of the proposed sensor, the maximum value of sensitivity is achieved as high as S = 1700 nm/refractive index unit with a large value of figure of merit (FoM = 283.3 1/refractive index unit) and a narrow linewidth of Δλ = 6 nm. Moreover, the structure has a nano-scale footprint of 500 nm × 500 nm × 190 nm. It is also shown that Fano resonance can be controlled through manipulating the external parameters such as incident angle and various bio-materials. Therefore, we expect that this theoretical result leads to remarkable applications in plasmonic integrated circuits, e.g. optical biosensors.

Study on optical temperature sensing properties of Tb3+, Eu3+ co-doped CaMoO4 phosphor

CaMoO4: 5% Tb3+, x% Eu3+ (x = 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2) phosphors were synthesized successfully via precipitation method. The Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the synthesized phosphors were measured. Fluorescence Intensity Ratio (FIR) of Eu3+ to Tb3+ is dependent on temperature, and the FIR increases with the increase of temperature. The Fluorescence Intensity Ratio was used characterize the temperature. When FIR of Eu3+ to Tb3+ is used to characterize the temperature, the sensitivity increases with the increase of Eu3+ concentration. The maximum value of sensitivity is 0.095 K−1 (at 603 K), when the concentration of Eu3+ is 2%. The sensitivity is one order of magnitude higher than common Er3+ activated materials. In addition, the lower concentration of Eu3+, the greater change range of luminescent color of the samples which is reflected from color coordinates.

GB-SVNN: Genetic BAT assisted support vector neural network for arrhythmia classification using ECG signals

Arrhythmia is a cardiac condition generated by the abnormal electrical activity of the heart, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a tool utilized by the cardiologists for determining the arrhythmias or heart abnormalities. Owing to the existence of noise, the non-stationary nature of the ECG signal and the abnormality of the heartbeat, physicians face difficulties in the diagnosis of arrhythmias. Hence, there is a need for computer-aided diagnosis system which can achieve higher recognition accuracy. Since the existing methods of classification consumed huge time and less accurate in case of considerably similar ECG signal, this paper proposes an effective method termed as Genetic Bat optimization algorithm for training the Support Vector Neural Network (GB-SVNN) for arrhythmia classification using ECG signals. Initially, multi-resolution wavelet-based approach and the Gabor filters are used for extracting the wave interval features and other texture features from the ECG signal. Based on the features, the SVNN classifies the ECG signal as the affected arrhythmia or no arrhythmia signal. The SVNN is trained using the GB algorithm. The experimentation of the proposed method is done using MATLAB 2015.a, and the performance is evaluated with the existing methods, such as KNN, Neural Network (NN), Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering, and Support Vector Neural Network (SVNN) for accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. From the results, it can be shown that the proposed GD-SVNN attains a maximum value of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity at a rate of 0.9696, 0.99, and 0.9583 respectively.

Vertical profile of tropospheric ozone derived from synergetic retrieval using three different wavelength ranges, UV, IR, and microwave: sensitivity study for satellite observation

Abstract. We performed a feasibility study of constraining the vertical profile of the tropospheric ozone by using a synergetic retrieval method on multiple spectra, i.e., ultraviolet (UV), thermal infrared (TIR), and microwave (MW) ranges, measured from space. This work provides, for the first time, a quantitative evaluation of the retrieval sensitivity of the tropospheric ozone by adding the MW measurement to the UV and TIR measurements. Two observation points in East Asia (one in an urban area and one in an ocean area) and two observation times (one during summer and one during winter) were assumed. Geometry of line of sight was nadir down-looking for the UV and TIR measurements, and limb sounding for the MW measurement. The retrieval sensitivities of the ozone profiles in the upper troposphere (UT), middle troposphere (MT), and lowermost troposphere (LMT) were estimated using the degree of freedom for signal (DFS), the pressure of maximum sensitivity, reduction rate of error from the a priori error, and the averaging kernel matrix, derived based on the optimal estimation method. The measurement noise levels were assumed to be the same as those for currently available instruments. The weighting functions for the UV, TIR, and MW ranges were calculated using the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model, the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM), and the Advanced Model for Atmospheric Terahertz Radiation Analysis and Simulation (AMATERASU), respectively. The DFS value was increased by approximately 96, 23, and 30 % by adding the MW measurements to the combination of UV and TIR measurements in the UT, MT, and LMT regions, respectively. The MW measurement increased the DFS value of the LMT ozone; nevertheless, the MW measurement alone has no sensitivity to the LMT ozone. The pressure of maximum sensitivity value for the LMT ozone was also increased by adding the MW measurement. These findings indicate that better information on LMT ozone can be obtained by adding constraints on the UT and MT ozone from the MW measurement. The results of this study are applicable to the upcoming air-quality monitoring missions, APOLLO, GMAP-Asia, and uvSCOPE.