Maximum Total Length Research Articles

Growth, maturity, condition, size at sexual maturity and mortality of the Banded gourami Trichogaster fasciata from the Ganges River, Northwestern Bangladesh

The present study depicts the first comprehensive description on population structure, growth pattern (length-weight relationships, LWRs and length-length relationships, LLRs), condition factor (allometric, KA; Fultonʹs, KF; relative, KR and relative weight, WR), maturity (size at first sexual maturity; Lm), form factor (a3.0) and natural mortality (Mw) of Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)in the Ganges River, Northwestern Bangladesh. In addition, asymptotic weight (Wα), a3.0, Lm and Mw of this fish species from worldwide different water bodies were calculated based on the maximum total length. Samples of T. fasciata were collected from the fisher’s catch from August 2015 to July 2016 using cast net (mesh size ranges: 1.5 - 2.0 cm). For each individual, total length (TL) and body weight (BW) were measured using digital slide calipers and electronic balance with 0.01 cm and 0.01 g accuracy, respectively. A total of 278 individuals were analyzed, where the minimum and maximum TL were 3.3 cm and 9.9 cm, respectively and BW was 1.1 g and 22.04 g, correspondingly. The highest number (32.4%) of its population stands at 6.0 cm to 7.0 cm TL size group. The b value of LWR indicated negative allometric growth. Fulton′s condition factor (KF) is the best condition and WR showed significant dissimilarity from 100, signifying the balanced habitat for T. fasciata in the Ganges River. The a3.0 was 0.0214, the Lm was 5.91 cm TL and Mw was 1.35 year-1 of T. fasciata in the Ganges River. These findings will be very effective for its sustainable management in the Ganges River and connecting ecosystems.

Invasive Potential of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) From the Tributary of the Ganga River, Central India

The natural fishery or wild stock of fishes especially fresh water in India is significantly declining due to manmade stressors. The invasion of fishes and size composition are an essential component of stream, river and other large water bodies ecosystem and represents an evident of structure, function, depth and health of stream/river. During study period 683 specimens of Oreochromis niloticus were collected from February 2019 to January 2020 in Sirsa fish landing centre from the lower stretch of the Tons river at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. Size composition of fishes was varied from 82 to 463 mm (total length). The maximum total length of O. niloticus in the catches indicated that its increasing colonisation success in the river Tons. Size composition of fishes was also indicated that the stock of O. niloticus in the Tons river was in healthy condition. The 231-260 mm size group was most dominated (15.67%) compared to 261-290 mm (12.44%) and 291-320 mm (11.71%) in the total exploited stock. The middle size group was maximum exploited with 51.24% from the Tons river at Prayagraj. Higher size group contributed sizeable proportion with 25.04% in the exploited stock. The exploitation pattern was unsystematic in higher size group due to contribution of higher proportion. Current exploitation pattern is unsystematic but O. niloticus is powerfully invaded from the lower stretch of the Tons river at Prayagraj.

Growth and mortality of Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Serranidae) from Bou Ismail Bay, off Algeria, South-western Mediterranean

This study was conducted to determine the growth and mortality parameters of the comber Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) in the central region of the Algerian coast. A total of 1568 specimens were collected from January 2016 to April 2018. Total length (TL) varied between 9.3 and 26.2 cm. The maximum total length recorded in the Mediterranean Sea for the species is 26.2 cm (TLmax). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated using ELEFAN I routine in FiSAT II program (L∞ = 32.80 cm; K = 0.41 yr-1; t0 = - 0.39 yr-1) and those related to the length-weight relationship are as follows: W∞ = 372.15 g; a = 0.012 and b = 2.96 (r2 = 0.93). Total mortality (Z) and natural mortality (M) coefficients stood at 2.63 yr-1 and 0.43 yr-1, respectively. The calculated exploitation rate, E = 0.84, indicated that S. cabrilla population is overexploited. Keywords: Bony fish, Comber, Population dynamics, Serranids, Serranus cabrilla

Balık morfolojisine göre gırgır boylama eleğinin alıkoyma olasılığı

The retention-releasing patterns of the double-grid grating sieve placed on the deck of the purse seiners were revealed for four case species (Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella aurita, Engraulis encrasicolus and Boops boops) using a simulated data predicted from total length (TL) – maximum height (Hmax) and TL – maximum width (Wmax) regressions. To calculate these relationships, samples were collected during commercial purse seine operations between 3 April 2017 and 21 March 2018 in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea (Turkey). Optimal Bar Spacing (OBS) values corresponding to minimum landing sizes or the length at first maturity were calculated separately for each species. OBS values were found 10.97 mm for sardine (Sardina pilchardus), 11.29 mm for round sardine (Sardinella aurita), 7.78 mm for anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and 17.89 mm for bogue (Boops boops). The bar spacing regulations may constitute a promising management measure to release undersized fish for the purse seine fishery in the Aegean Sea.

Age and growth of the tropical oviparous shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum in Indonesian waters.

The brown-banded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum, is the most common shark caught in coastal commercial fisheries throughout Southeast Asia, yet there is a lack of the life-history information necessary for reliable stock assessments. The authors estimated growth rates and age at maturity using analysis of growth bands in vertebral centra. They trialled four different techniques to enhance the visibility and improve identification of the putative annual growth bands necessary for age estimation. The authors found that the burn method on whole vertebral centra provided the most readable and consistent results for age analysis. The logistic model was chosen as the best-fit growth model for age estimation of 330 individual C. punctatum from Indonesia. Several age verification methods, including marginal increment ratio and length-frequency analysis, were performed with the support of age validation through the use of calcein-labelled vertebrae from two sharks maintained in captivity. This study found that C. punctatum from Indonesian waters is a fast-growing species that can grow up to 18 cm year-1 , reach an estimated maximum total length of 1 m, mature at c. 6.5 years and live for up to 14 years.

Some population characteristics of Oxynoemacheilus angorae (Steindachner, 1897) from the Perşembe Plateau meandering streams in Ordu, Turkey

Abstract The aim of the current study was to determine the length-weight relationship (LWR) and length-length relationship (LLR) with condition factor (K) values for Oxynoemacheilus angorae from the Perşembe Plateau meandering streams in Ordu, Turkey. A total of 65 fish specimens, which were caught with electrofishing gear, were examined. Fish standard length (SL), fork length (FL), total length (TL), and body weight (W) were determined. There were no statistical differences between the measurements of male and female O. angorae specimens; therefore, the female and male specimens were evaluated together in the current study. The LWR equation and determination coefficient of O. angorae were W = 0.014 TL2.7359 (r2 = 0.9659). The 95% confidence interval of the b value for the O. angorae specimens from the Perşembe Plateau meandering streams was 2.7261 to 2.7435. In the present study, it was determined that O. angorae specimens showed negative allometric growth. Calculations of O. angorae TL-SL, TL-FL, and FL-SL relationship equations and determination coefficients were as follows: TL = 0.2091+1.1646 SL, (r2 = 0.986); TL = 0.1341+1.0301 FL (r2 = 0.9914); and FL = 0.0998+1.1261 SL, (r2 = 0.9868), respectively. A new maximum total length was recorded for O. angorae in this study. The average condition factor value of O. angorae was 0.9954. This value could have indicated that this species was encountering some problems in this habitat. The O. angorae parameters determined were the first data reported for the Perşembe Plateau meandering streams in Ordu, Turkey (Middle Black Sea Region).

Length‐weight relationships of 6 fish species caught in a Mediterranean lake (Trichonis‐NW Greece)

In the present study the length–weight relationships (LWRs) of 6 fish species which are endemic to Western Greece, caught in the natural Lake Trichonis by experimental gillnets and electrofishing were estimated. Benthic (mesh size 5–55 mm; height 1.5 m; length 30 m) and pelagic (mesh size 6.25–55 mm; height 6 m; length 27.5 m) Nordic type multimesh gillnets were used seasonally, between February 2019 and November 2019, at different depth zones (0-57m). Electrofishing (80 Hz) conducted in the littoral zone of the lake during four samplings (2018, 2019). All the estimated LWRs were highly significant (p < .05) with high correlation coefficient (r2 ≥ 0.962). The estimated b values ranged from 3.058 to 3.344. For five of the studied species (Trichonis spined loach (Cobitis trichonica Stephanidis 1974), Trichonis blenny (Salaria economidisi Kottelat 2004), Trichonis rudd (Scardinius acarnanicus Economidis 1991), Acheloos roach (Leucos panosi (Bogutskaya & Iliadou 2006)) , Hellenic minnowroach (Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus (Stephanidis 1971)) new maximum total body lengths (TL) were recorded, while for two species (T. hellenicus and L. panosi) LWRs are presented for the first time.

Length–weight relationships of seven fish species in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters, Eastern China

The length–weight relationships (LWRs) for seven fish species belonging to five families in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters are presented. Cynoglossus gracilis, Cynoglossus macrolepidotus, Ctenotrypauchen chinensis, Collichthys niveatus, Ophichthus apicalis and Erisphex potti were collected monthly in 2009 using trammel nets (the size of smaller mesh net was 1.5 m × 15 m × 4 panels with mesh sizes of 2.5, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.8 cm; the size of larger-mesh net was 2.4 m × 30 m × 4 panels with mesh sizes of 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 cm; soaking overnight). Lophiogobius ocellicauda were collected December in 2020 using shrimp trawl nets (mesh size 2.0 cm). The precision of measurement for the fish specimens is 0.1 cm total length and 0.1 g total weight. The estimated ranges of the parameters a and b for the seven fish species were from 0.0001 to 0.0289 and 2.718 to 3.541, respectively. Two new maximum total length were recorded for Ctenotrypauchen chinensis and Ophichthus apicalis.

Evaluación del crecimiento del Pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Pisces, Atherinopsidae) cultivados en jaulas flotantes en el Lago Titicaca

The pejerrey, is a species introduced to Lake Titicaca from the continental waters of Argentina. The study was carried out at the Titicaca Trout Fishing Company, located in front of the city of Pomata, Puno Region, at an altitude of 3882 msnm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Odontesthes bonariensis from two batches (A and B) grown in Titicaca, Peru, in floating cages developed in 2018 and 2019. Silverside juveniles of 77.9 mm in length were used. average 120 days old, sowing a total of 8500 individuals (batch A = 5300 and batch B = 3200), from artificial spawning of broodstock confined in floating cages. After 360 days in batch A, a maximum total length of 230.0 ± 2.10 mm was achieved, total weight 80.0 ± 1.73 g, the feed conversion was found at 1.7 ± 1.39. In batch B, a maximum total length of 231.7 mm ± 2.70 was obtained, total weight 83.07 ± 1.67 g and the feed conversion factor was found at 1.3 ± 0.67. The feed used was commercial trout feed. It is concluded that the trials of silverside growth in floating cages in Lake Titicaca (Peru), presented encouraging results, showing that the fish tolerates the type of culture and could become an alternative for the development of aquaculture in the region.

Length–weight relationships of six marine fish species from the coast of Ghana

This study estimated the LWRs of six fishes from the coastal waters of Greater Accra, Ghana. Data was obtained monthly from June 2018 to July 2019 and analyzed for total length and weight measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.01 g respectively. The sampling was done using hooks and line as well as monofilament and multifilament gear types. The mesh sizes for both monofilament and multifilament gear types ranged from 0.5 to 2 inches whereas the hooks types ranged from 6 to 12. The b values for the assessed species were within the range 2.8–3.2. There was strong correlation between the length and weight of all the species (R2 > .95). This study provides LWRs for Cynoglossus senegalensis, Scorpaena histrio and Pseudotolithus senegalensis and larger maximum total length (TLmax) for Syacium micrurum, Eucinostomus melanopterus and Brachydeuterus auritus.

Comparative transcriptome profiles of large and small bodied large-scale loaches cultivated in paddy fields

Fish culture in paddy fields is a traditional aquaculture mode, which has a long history in East Asia. Large-scale loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) fast growth is suitable for paddy fields aquaculture in China. The objective of this study was to identify differential expression genes (DEGs) in the brain, liver and muscle tissues between large (LG, top 5% of maximum total length) and small (SG, top 5% of minimum total length) groups using RNA-seq. In total, 150 fish were collected each week and 450 fish were collected at twelfth week from three paddy fields for all the experimental. Histological observation found that the muscle fibre diameter of LG loaches was greater than that of SG loaches. Transcriptome results revealed that the high expression genes (HEGs) in LG loaches (fold change ≥ 2, p < 0.05) were mainly concentrated in metabolic pathways, such as “Thyroid hormone signalling pathway”, “Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)”, “Carbon metabolism”, “Fatty acid metabolism”, and “Cholesterol metabolism”, and the HEGs in SG loaches were enriched in the pathways related to environmental information processing such as “Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)”, “ECM− receptor interaction” and “Rap1 signalling pathway”; cellular processes such as “Tight junction”, “Focal adhesion”, “Phagosome” and “Adherens junction”. Furthermore, IGFs gene family may play an important role in loach growth for their different expression pattern between the two groups. These findings can enhance our understanding about the molecular mechanism of different growth and development levels of loaches in paddy fields.

Length weight relationships of five marine fishes from the Bay of Bengal

Length weight relationships (LWR) of five marine fishes were estimated from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Fish samples were collected occasionally from fisher's catch with gill net (mesh size: 3 cm) during November 2019 to October 2020. Fishing was done overnight. Total length (0.1 cm) and body weight (0.01 g) of each individual were measured. We recorded maximum total length for P. maculatus (55.0 cm) and P. parmatus (39.0 cm).

Length‐weight relationships of four fish species from the Hei River in northwest China

Length-weight relationships (LWRs) were assessed from four fish species in Hei River in northwest China. All specimens were collected using (fishing1 km along the river and 3 meters along the river bank) and netting (gill nets, nets: 30 × 1.2 m; mesh size: 3 × 3 cm) and shrimp cages (nets: 20.0 × 0.5 × 0.4m; mesh size: 0.5 cm) seasonally from April 2019 to October 2020. The gill nets and shrimp cages were soaked in water in the afternoon and pulled in around 10 a.m. the next day after an overnight stay. These specimens were measured for total length (L, 0.1 cm) and body weight (W, 0.1 g) while the specimens were fresh. The parameters for the LWRs were estimated with the basic statistical analyses. The study provided the new maximum total length for Gymnocypris chilianensis (21.0 cm) and Triplophysa tenuis (17.0 cm).

Length‐weight relationships of six Nemacheilid fish species (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from different rivers of Manipur, India

The length-weight relationships (LWRs) of six Nemacheilid species (Schistura chindwinica, S. fasciata, S. khugae, S. minuta, S. reticulata and S. rubrimaculata) have been analyzed. Fish samples were collected on quarterly basis from March 2018 to February 2019. Sampling was performed using cast nets (mesh size 5–10 mm; about 50 sq m area covered each time and water depth was 4 ft approx.), and electrofishing (Ultrasonic Inverter Electro Fisher, 24 volts, 4 m) in the day time. The total length (TL) of individual fish was measured to 0.1 cm with a digital caliper and body weights (BW) were measured to 0.001 g with digital electronic balances. The parameters for the LWR equations were calculated, and the respective statistics such as the 95% confidence interval for parameters “a” and “b” are provided as well as the coefficient of correlation. For five species a new maximum total length has been documented.

A Lightweight Processing Method for Hand-Drawn Pressure-Sensitive Trajectories Oriented Toward Web-Based 3D Modeling

Digital geometry processing of hand-drawn pressure-sensitive trajectories oriented toward Web-based three-dimensional (3D) modeling becomes attractive problem. Existing practices usually focus on converting raw trajectories into 3D stroke meshes with consistent line width, which the pressure information can not been fully utilized for denoising, simplification and reflecting realistic graphics of 3D stroke mesh. Also, there are little research on the high quality of trajectory with data transmission fluency and light weight in the Web environment. We propose a lightweight processing method for hand-drawn pressure-sensitive trajectories that is oriented toward Web-based 3D modeling. An angle-chord height united trajectory simplification (ACUTS) algorithm is proposed, in which the discrete points are simplified by comprehensively considering the angle deviation and chord height deviation with the sliding window mechanism. In addition, a lightweight reconstruction algorithm based on pressure -sensitivity for discrete points (LRPDP) is also proposed, in which the pressure value can be fully utilized for simplifying the redundant points while ensuring the reconstructed 3D stroke mesh more realistic. Besides, the experimental results show that compared to some other methods, we perform best in terms of data reduction using compression ratio and reduction percentages. We also perform best in terms of high accuracy of 3D stroke mesh using mean stochastic error distance, local maximum error and total length error. Although the insufficient utilization of the pressure-sensitive information limits our research to some extents, the significance of our research is to provide a new strategy to realize Web-based 3D modeling using hand drawing mode.

The Size–Age Structure, Growth, and Maturation of the Spotted Catfish Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The size–age structure, growth, and maturation of the spotted catfish Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) from the Hau River estuary, Mekong Delta, Vietnam, were studied for the first time. A total of 460 fish specimens collected from January to March 2019 were examined. The annuli on the otoliths were visualized; their formation may be related with the alternation of the dry and rainy seasons. The male to female ratio in the catches was 1 : 1.81. The proportion of males decreased in the older age groups. The maximum total body length of the females was 21.9 cm; for the males, it was 23.7 cm. The maximum recorded age of females in catches was 7+; for males it was 8+. No inter-gender differences in growth were detected. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation for both sexes according to empirical data were as follows: L∞ = 28.3 cm; k = 0.15/yr; t0 = –1.03 yr; growth performance index, φ = 2.08. The coefficients of the relationship between mass and length were as follows: a = 0.0054; b = 3.22. Maturation began at a body length of 13 cm at an age of 3 yr and ended at a body length of 18 cm at an age of 6 yr; 50% of the individuals became mature at a body length of 15 cm at an age of 4 yr. No inter-gender differences in the timing of maturation were found. A. maculatus from the Mekong Delta is characterized by a low growth rate compared to other populations, which may be associated with the labile habitat conditions in the estuary zone.

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of endemic genus Seminemacheilus (Teloestei=Nemacheilidae) for Turkey

Abstract. This study was aimed to determine the length-weight relationships and Fulton s condition factors of the genus Seminemacheilus that is endemic for Turkey. The specimens were collected from 2017 to 2019 using an electrofishing device (SAMUS 1000MP). The total length and the total weight of the examined specimens ranged from 3.5 to 9.1 cm and from 0.31 to 7.52 g, respectively. Based on the results, the growth coefficient values b ranged from 2.56 (S. ispartensis) to 3.48 (S. attalicus). Also, the condition factor of the studied fishesranged from 0.77 (S. dursunavsari) to 1.11 (S. attalicus). This study represents the first reports of length-weight relationship data for S. ahmeti, S. attalicus, S. dursunav ari, S. ekmekciae, and S. ispartensis from Turkish inland waters and four new maximum total lengths for the Seminemacheilus species. The results of this study provide useful information for further fisheries management, fish population dynamic studies and comparisons in future studies.

Comparison of Electronic Length Frequency Analysis (ELEFAN) for Estimation of Growth Parameters for Lollyfish, Holothuria (Holothuria) atra and Sand Sea Cucumber, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in the North Arabian Sea, Pakistan

To estimate the growth parameters, the non-seasonal von Bertalanffy and Hoenig seasonal von Bertalanffy models were fitted to the length frequency data of Holothuria atra and H. arenicola obtained from coastal areas of Karachi in the northern Arabian Sea, Pakistan between January and December 2014. The Hoenig seasonal von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as L∞=36.1 cm total length (TL), K=0.75 year-1 for H. atra and as L∞=34.9 cm TL, K=0.70 year-1 for H. arenicola. H. atra individuals reached 73.9% of their maximum total length at the one year old. For H. arenicola it was calculated as 72.7%. Monthly mean growth rate of H. atra at the same ages was calculated higher than H. arenicola. The seasonal oscillation in growth rate for H. atra (C=0.50) was larger than it was for H. arenicola (C=0.37). The time of the year when the growth is slowest corresponded to the middle of April (WP=0.30) in H. atra and at the beginning of August (WP=0.60) in H. arenicola may be the result of the extended both reproduction and poor nutrition periods due to monsoonal effects on the marine environment. The relatively high growth rates (K&amp;gt;0.7 year-1) of these two species may have important implications for high survival rate, particularly in environmental condition where cause biological stress and marine confusion but may also increase their potential as a candidate species for aquaculture.

Length‐weight relationships of fish species from the Stung Russei Chrum River basin, Kingdom of Cambodia

This study evaluated the length-weight relationships (LWRs) for three teleost fish species sampled from the Stung Russei Chrum River basin, Kingdom of Cambodia. The fish were collected during two dry seasons (April 2019 and November 2019) and one rainy season (October 2018) using monofilament trammel nets (2–12 cm mesh size), cast net (mesh size 2 cm) and scoop-nets (mesh size with 0.3 cm). Results showed that all fitted regressions were highly significant and the coefficients of determination (r2) were high. This study expanded the value of maximum total length for Cyclocheilichthys apogon and Poropuntius laoensis while reported the wider ranges of total mass for Poropuntius laoensis. Moreover, our present study also provided the novel LWRs records for Hemibagrus filamemtus.

A New, Miniaturized Genus and Species of Snake (Cyclocoridae) from the Philippines

The Philippine archipelago is an exceptionally biodiverse region that includes at least 112 species of land snakes from 41 genera and 12 families. Recently, Cyclocoridae (formerly Lamprophiidae: Cyclocorinae) was proposed as a distinct, Philippine-endemic family, containing four genera: Cyclocorus, Hologerrhum, Myersophis, and Oxyrhabdium. Here, we describe an additional cyclocorid genus and species, Levitonius mirus, new genus and species, from Samar and Leyte Islands, Philippines. Molecular data support Levitonius, new genus, to be most closely related to Myersophis and Oxyrhabdium, and it shares multiple skeletal characteristics with these genera; Levitonius, new genus, differs from all of these taxa in body size, scalation, and other characters. Skeletal and other phenotypic data suggest that Levitonius, new genus, is fossorial and likely has a diet that is specialized on earthworms. Levitonius mirus, new genus and species, has a maximum total length of 172 mm and is at present the smallest known species in Elapoidea. Our results highlight the need for future work on Samar and Leyte Islands, which have received relatively little attention from systematists, in part because of a prevailing biogeographic paradigm that predicted (not necessarily correctly) that these islands would simply have a nested faunal subset of the Mindanao faunal region land vertebrates. The discovery of a strikingly distinct and phylogenetically divergent snake lineage on these landmasses joins numerous related studies calling for a wholesale reconsideration of the Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex model (the PAIC paradigm of diversification) biogeographic framework.