Maximum Surface Concentration Research Articles

Significance of anthropogenic black carbon in modulating atmospheric and cloud properties through aerosol-radiation interaction during a winter-time fog-haze

The present study investigated the aerosol-radiation-cloud interaction of anthropogenic black carbon (BC) during a severe fog-haze event by utilizing WRF-Chem, multi-satellite and in-situ observations, reanalyses datasets, and HYSPLIT model. The WRF-Chem model adequately captured the regional distribution of aerosol, cloud, and meteorological variables over the study domain. The maximum BC surface concentration (≥7 μg m−3) was predominantly evident over densely populated central and lower Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) regions. Although smoke aerosols usually persisted within 4 km above the surface at daylight hours, they reached as high as 6 km during nighttime, specifically over the central IGP regions. The heavily influenced areas by BC aerosols expanded to almost the entire landmass and the continental outflow region upon doubling the anthropogenic emission. The geographical distribution of maximum perturbations in net shortwave radiation flux at the surface closely matched the spatial patterns of the highest BC concentration, indicating a crucial role of BC in directly preventing the incoming sunlight from reaching the surface. Consequently, the reduced solar radiation at the ground might result in substantial surface cooling (between −0.3 and −0.5 °C), eventually prohibiting surface evapotranspiration and diminishing the outgoing sensible and latent heat fluxes. Also, more amplified cooling in the polluted atmosphere can prevent further development of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), increasing particle entrapment near the surface via an ‘aerosol-radiation-PBL’ feedback loop. However, the most striking contrast between the two scenarios (typical and polluted) was the prolonged and intensified warming (0.5–0.8 °C) in the mid-troposphere, causing a remarkable drop in moisture (more than two to three times) and hence burn-off of liquid cloud droplets due to the semi-direct effect of increased BC aerosols. The intense mid-tropospheric heating could remarkably enhance the updraft velocity, supporting the vertical transport of the additional moisture to higher altitudes, forming more ice clouds at night. Therefore, the current study highlighted the urgency of mitigating anthropogenic BC emissions in highly polluted regions since increased emissions could considerably worsen severe fog-haze conditions and influence both liquid water and ice clouds, depending on the atmospheric conditions.

ZOOPLANKTON IN THE DEEP-SEA AREA NEAR THE WESTERN AND EASTERN COASTS OF SOUTHERN BAIKAL IN 2021

Zooplankton in the deep-water zone of Lake Baikal features endemism, a specific trophic structure, intensive food relationships and pronounced interannual variability. In the late summer period, the dynamics of zooplankton at the deep-sea zone near the western (Point 1, village Bolshye Koty) and eastern (former BCBC area of wastewater discharge) coasts, taking into account natural conditions. The total number of zooplankton in the 0-100 m layer off the west coast was 2,493 thousand per/m2. Epischura baikalensis Sars 1900 prevails - more than 51 % (1260,76 thousand per/m2). The share of rotifers was 47 % (1138,0 thousand per/m2). The number of Cyclops kolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 was 13,7 thousand per/m2 and Bosmina longirostris Muller, 1785 - 15,98 thousand per/m2 which accounts for about 2 % of the total amount of zooplankton. The total number of zooplankton in the 0-100 m layer off the east coast was 2399,18 thousand per/m2. Epischura baikalensis dominates the zooplankton community - more than 57 % (1379,99 thousand per/m2). The share of rotifers was 40 % (965,1 thousand per/m2). The number of Cyclops kolensis was 49,62 thousand per/m2 and Bosmina longirostris - 4,51 thousand per/m2 which accounts for about 3% of the total amount of zooplankton. The average temperature values in the 0-100 m layer and water transparency at the western and eastern coasts differed slightly from the long-term average. At the western shore, the maximum surface concentration of chlorophyll «a» was 1,84 mg/m3 with an average value of 1,16± 0,27 mg/m3. At the eastern coast, the maximum concentration of chlorophyll «a» at a depth of 25 m was 2,41 mg/m3 with an average value of 1,39±0,31 mg/m3. No significant differences in the state of plankton were found at the western and eastern coasts of Southern Baikal.

The Sorption of Erythrosine E127 Dye onto Commercial Kaolin Thermokinetic Studies

In this study, a highly efficient and economical method was used to remove E127 dye using commercial kaolin (CK) as the adsorbent. The optimal pH for adsorption was found to be 4.7, and the maximum surface concentration of the dye was 53.8 mg.g-1 when 125 mg of adsorbent was used. The Freundlich isotherm was used to describe the adsorption process, which suggested that the active sites in the adsorption process were randomly selected. The adsorption capacity (qmax), enthalpy (?H), and entropy (?S) were calculated to be 74.6 mg.g-1, -12.3 KJ.mol-1, and 75.0 J.mol-1, respectively. Both thermodynamic and kinetic analyses indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, involved physical adsorption, and followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. The method was effective in extracting the E127 dye up to four times.

On accounting for emissions of pollutants from autonomous heat supply sources of individual residential buildings when conducting summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution for settlements

Introduction. Autonomous sources of heat supply (ASHS) can make a crucial contribution to the level of atmospheric air pollution in settlements. However, emissions from ASHS in most cases are either not included in the summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution at all or estimated with significant uncertainties. 
 The purpose of this study was a hygienic assessment of methods and results of accounting for emissions of pollutants from the ASHS of individual residential buildings when conducting summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution for settlements. 
 Materials and methods. the original methodology of a phased survey of the city’s ASHS was used and the results of summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution in 18 cities conducted using this methodology are presented. Calculations of single, average seasonal (for the cold period) and average annual surface concentrations of pollutants were carried out in accordance with current regulatory documents using the unified software for calculating atmospheric pollution (UPRZA) “Ecologist-city”. In all the studied cities a significant number of sources of atmospheric air pollution was established to be ASHS. In more than 90% of these sources, coal and firewood were used as energy carriers. The greatest excess of hygienic standards of atmospheric air quality was noted 
 for benz(a)pyrene. In 15 cities, the highest calculated maximum single surface concentration of at least one pollutant created by emissions from ASHS exceeded the maximum allowable single concentration (MACs). 
 Limitations of the study are due to the fact that direct instrumental measurements to determine the characteristics of emissions from ASHS into the atmosphere are impossible. 
 Conclusions. The area of the city’s territory where the estimated maximum single surface concentration of at least one pollutant exceeded the MACs, reached 45%, and the seasonal average concentration exceeded maximum allowable average annual concentration on 50% of the territory. The most effective measure to reduce air pollution by emissions from ASHS is the replacement of solid and liquid mineral fuels with natural gas. Unification of methods of accounting and inventory of ASHS as sources of atmospheric air pollution is required.

Charging Optimization of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Charge Transfer Limitation and Mass Transport Limitation

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is essential to alleviate range anxiety and accelerate the commercialization of electric vehicles. However, high charging currents seriously deteriorate battery life due to the danger of metallic lithium deposition on the anode and the accompanying degradation reactions. In this work, a reduced-order electrochemical-thermal coupled model with typical side reactions is applied to capture the dependent variables related to the behavior of lithium plating. To completely suppress lithium plating, two novel charging algorithms are designed based on the constraints of the minimum lithium plating overpotential in the anode and the maximum surface concentration at the anode/separator interface, respectively. The definitions of the sensitive parameters in the two algorithms are weighed, and the current rates of 0 to 100% state of charge at different temperatures are optimized. Then, the fast charging strategies under the specific temperatures are optimized according to the sequence of preventing the minimum lithium plating overpotential, saturated surface concentration and cut-off voltage from exceeding the preset values. Finally, the proposed charging strategies and the conventional charging protocols are performed in cyclic aging tests at different temperatures, which verified that the proposed charging strategies can significantly shorten the charging time and delay battery aging.

Noncovalent Surface Modification of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Unscrambling Adsorption Properties via Isothermal Titration Calorimetry.

Despite the importance of noncovalent interactions in the utilization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), using these interactions to functionalize MOFs has rarely been explored. The ease of functionalization and potential for surface-selective functionalization makes modification via noncovalent interactions promising for the creation of porous photocatalytic assemblies. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, photoluminescence measurements, and desorption experiments, we have explored the nature and magnitude of the interactions of [Ru(bpy)2(bpy-R)]2+-functionalized dyes with the surface of MIL-96, where R = C3, C8, C12, and C18 alkyl chains of either straight-chain or cyclic conformations. The orientation of the dyes appears to be flat against the surface with respect to the long alkyl chains, and the surface concentration approaches a monolayer at high initial concentrations of dye. Strangely, the dodecyl-functionalized dye, despite having a smaller interaction energy and larger footprint than either octyl-functionalized dye, achieves the highest maximum surface concentration. Based on photoluminescence spectra, desorption experiments, and ITC data, we believe this is due to the core of the dye being lifted from the surface as the chain length increases. Our understanding of these interactions is important for further utilization of this method for the functionalization of the internal and external surface areas of MOFs.

Adsorption mechanisms on perfluorooctanoic acid by FeCl3 modified granular activated carbon in aqueous solutions.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an emerging organic pollutant that is persistent in the environmental, and has been detected in humans, and wildlife. Several technologies, such as activated carbon (AC) adsorption have been used to remove PFOA from water. In this study, Fe-impregnation with/without post-thermal treatment of AC was applied to improve the adsorption of PFOA. The adsorption mechanisms were evaluated using three kinetic models: pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model, and intra-particle diffusion models. Interpretation of experimental results with the kinetic models revealed that chemical interactions, such as electrostatic attraction or complexation were suggested as the adsorption mechanisms along with physical adsorption. Two isotherm models demonstrated that the modified ACs (171.0-189.9mgg-1) had increases in adsorption capacities than the unmodified AC (164.9mgg-1), which indicated that modification improved the maximum achievable surface concentrations and adsorption affinity to some extent. The evenly distributed iron content on the modified ACs was visualized using an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Fe-impregnated AC showed a reduction in the specific surface area and total pore volume; however, post-thermal treatment largely recovered the pore structures. The isotherms normalized by the accessible surface area revealed the importance of the Fe-impregnated surfaces on PFOA adsorption. Comparable pH values of the point of zero charge and chemical compositions of the ACs implied that an increase in Fe-impregnated surface was crucial to improve PFOA adsorption. Thus, substantial enhancement of PFOA removal can be achieved by implementing a proper strategy for AC modification, especially using Fe-impregnation.

On the adsorption kinetics of bovine serum albumin at the air–water interface

The adsorption kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at an air–water interface was investigated by experimentally measuring and theoretically modeling the dynamic surface tension (ST) data. A pendant bubble tensiometer was utilized for two ST measurements: (i) the adsorption onto a freshly created bubble surface and (ii) the bubble expansion/compression at the latter stage. The dynamic ST data, during the early stage of BSA adsorption, were best-fitted with the short-time approximation equation (diffusion-control) and the non-asymptomatic short-time formalism [mixed-control, Moorkanikkara and Blankschtein, JCIS, 296, 442–457 (2006)]. The fitting showed that the non-asymptotic short-time formalism could well predict the dynamic ST data; thereby, implying that the adsorption of BSA onto a clean air–water interface was mixed-controlled. A new approach for estimating the maximum surface concentration (Γ∞) and the intermolecular interaction amongst the adsorbed BSA molecules (K) was trialed. The relaxation of ST during a surface expansion was best-fitted with the Langmuir/Frumkin equation of state. A reasonably good fitting between the dynamic ST data and the theoretical ST profiles indicated that this approach could be used to estimate the Γ∞ and K for BSA without requiring the equilibrium ST data.

Sources, concentrations, distributions, fluxes and fate of microplastics in a hypersaline lake: Maharloo, south-west Iran

Hypersaline lakes support unique ecosystems and biogeochemistries but are often subject to anthropogenic pressures from pollution, water abstraction-diversion and climate change. Less understood, however, are the inputs, distributions and impacts of microplastics (MPs) in hypersaline environments. In this study, MPs are determined in water and sediment cores of Maharloo Lake, south-west Iran, and in the anthropogenically-impacted rivers that recharge the lake. MP concentrations in river water ranged from 0.05 MP L−1 in the headwaters to about 2 MP L−1 downstream of industrial effluents, with intermediate (but elevated) concentrations observed in the lake. The maximum surface concentration in lake sediment cores was about 860 MP kg−1, and concentrations displayed a progressive reduction with increasing depth down to 50 cm that are qualitatively consistent with temporal changes in plastic production. The size distribution of MPs was skewed towards the finest fraction (< 100 μm) and the most abundant polymer types were polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene and nylon. Flux calculations using river water data and published atmospheric deposition data for the region reveal that the atmosphere is, by at least an order of magnitude, the more important source. MPs added to the lake appear to be maintained in suspension by high density water but are subsequently deposited to sediments by encapsulation and nucleation as salts precipitate. In addition, it is proposed that direct atmospheric deposition to sediment takes place on areas that seasonally dry out and are subsequently inundated. The impacts of MPs on hypersaline ecosystems and biomass resources are unknown but warrant investigation.

Assessment of the influence of geophysical parameters on the value of maximum surface concentrations from emissions of asphalt concrete plants

The influence of geophysical parameters of the coefficient of temperature stratification of the atmosphere and terrain, as well as climatic characteristics on the maximum values of surface concentrations of emissions into the atmosphere is analysed. The results of the presented material make it possible to predict atmospheric pollution by emissions coming from asphalt concrete plants. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the inventory data of the ACP of six cities of the Russian Federation (Perm, Temryuk, Kursk, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, and Novgorod); calculations of gross emissions made by specific indicators for all ingredients: dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. The dependence of the maximum surface concentration of a harmful substance on the coefficient of temperature stratification of the atmosphere and the dependence of the maximum surface concentration of a harmful substance on the terrain coefficient are established. There is a significant difference in annual emissions into the atmosphere in different regions with the same productivity and efficiency of treatment systems. The difference in the technogenic load on the environment from the geophysical characteristics of the region is revealed. The significant influence of the geographical location of Russian cities on the norms of maximum permissible emissions and the parameters of their dispersion, in particular, on the maximum surface concentration, is presented.

IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF BOILER PLANTS CHIMNEYS

The study results of heat engineering and environmental indicators of emissions from chimneys of gas-consuming heating boiler plants equipped with systems for deep heat recovery of exhaust gas are presented. The issues of the application heat methods efficiency to prevent condensate formation in these pipes to improve the environmental safety of chimneys when using heat-recovery technologies are considered. Methods such as partial bypassing of boiler exhaust gases past heat-recovery equipment, drying of the exhaust gases cooled after heat-recovery in heat exchangers-gas heaters and mixing dry and heated air from the boiler house air heater into the cooled gases have been studied. The effectiveness of using these methods to improve the dispersion conditions in the environment of harmful emissions contained in the flue gases of gas-consuming boilers has been analyzed. The relative decrease in the maximum surface concentration of such harmful emissions as nitrogen and carbon oxides due to the use of specified heat methods in heat-recovery systems has been determined. Comparison of efficiency indicators of the proposed methods and their ranking to improve the conditions for the dispersion of harmful emissions by chimneys of various types is carried out. It is shown that the proposed methods, usually used for corrosion protection of boiler plants chimneys using heat-recovery technologies with deep cooling of exhaust gases, also contribute to improving (up to 32 %) of the environmental friendliness of these pipes. The ranking of the considered heat methods is carried out.

Assessment of the ecological and social potential of the organization of ecological zones to ensure sustainable transport development of territories

The article presents the results of an assessment of the impact on the environment and public health of measures to prohibit entry into a certain territory of the city of cars belonging to low environmental classes (“ecological zone” or “ecozone”). When justifying the choice of the city on the example of which the research was conducted (Novosibirsk), both environmental and socio-economic aspects were taken into account. The assessment of the environmental impact of the ecozone organization consisted in modeling traffic flows on the road network before and after the organization of the ecozone, estimating the emissions of pollutants from the totality of traffic flows, calculating the maximum and average annual surface concentrations of the considered pollutants on the territory of the ecozone. Based on the calculated average annual concentrations of pollutants, characteristics of the population density living in the ecozone, and scenarios of its interaction with pollutants, public health risk assessments were carried out before and after the organization of the ecozone. Studies have shown that the change in gross emissions of major pollutants during the organization of the ecozone in Novosibirsk will be 40…60%. Ground-level concentrations of these pollutants will decrease by about the same amount. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to the population will be reduced by about half.

Методы определения эффективной высоты трубы при учете рассеивания выбросов в рабочей зоне производств

Introduction. In order to determine the height of the rise of the polluted substances above the source of the pollution, it is important to know the exact distribution of the gas plume. Problem Statement. The determination of the dust concentration in the working area of asphalt concrete plants should take into account the assessment of the concentration of harmful substances in the working area of the asphalt concrete plant. The study is the analysis of methods for determining the effective height of the pipe, taking into account the dispersion of emissions in the working area. Theoretical Part. The paper considers the dependences of the estimation of the initial rise of the gas jet, proposed by Berland, Holland, Briggs, and the specialists of the Tennessee Valley. The value of the initial rise of the impurity jet depends on the moment of the amount of gas movement, the thermal power of the wind speed carrying the jet, and the conditions of thermophoresis. The paper presents the comparative graphs of the calculation of the level of the initial rise of the gas jet at different rates of gas exit from the pipe and constant wind speed. Conclusion. The method of taking into account the initial rise of the heated gas jet gives us better convergence in the calculations of the maximum surface concentrations of harmful substances and in the estimation of distances to them.

Dilatational rheology of water-in-diesel fuel interfaces: effect of surfactant concentration and bulk-to-interface exchange.

Micrometer-sized water droplets dispersed in diesel fuel are stabilized by the fuel's surface-active additives, such as mono-olein and poly(isobutylene)succinimide (PIBSI), making the droplets challenging for coalescing filters to separate. Dynamic material properties found from interfacial rheology are known to influence the behavior of microscale droplets in coalescing filters. In this work, we study the interfacial dilatational properties of water-in-fuel interfaces laden with mono-olein and PIBSI, with a fuel phase of clay-treated ultra-low sulphur diesel (CT ULSD). First, the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) is measured using pendant drop tensiometry, and a curvature-dependent form of the Ward and Tordai diffusion equation is applied for extracting the diffusivity of the surfactants. Additionally, Langmuir kinetics are applied to the dynamic IFT results to obtain the maximum surface concentration (Γ∞) and ratio of adsorption to desorption rate constants (κ). We then use a capillary pressure microtensiometer to measure the interfacial dilatational modulus, and further extract the characteristic frequency of surfactant exchange (ω0) by fitting a model assuming diffusive exchange between the interface and bulk. In this measurement, 50-100 μm diameter water droplets are pinned at the tip of a glass capillary in contact with the surfactant-containing fuel phase, and small amplitude capillary pressure oscillations over a range of frequencies from 0.45-20 rad s-1 are applied to the interface, inducing changes in interfacial tension and area to yield the dilatational modulus, E*(ω). Over the range of concentrations studied, the dilatational modulus of CT ULSD with either mono-olein or PIBSI increases with a decrease in bulk concentration and plateaus at the lowest concentrations of mono-olein. Characteristic frequency (ω0) values extracted from the fit are compared with those calculated using equilibrium surfactant parameters (κ and Γ∞) derived from pendant drop tensiometry, and good agreement is found between these values. Importantly, the results imply that diffusive exchange models based on the equilibrium relationships between surfactant concentration and interfacial tension can be used to infer the dynamic dilatational behavior of complex surfactant systems, such as the water-in-diesel fuel interfaces in this study.

A molecular parameter to scale the Gibbs free energies of adsorption and micellization for nonionic surfactants

A long standing goal in the interfacial thermodynamics community is free energies of adsorption and micellization in terms of molecular parameters. Historically, correlations for CiEj's, a common class of nonionic surfactants, have been proposed between the number of ethylene glycol groups and/or the number of carbons and thermodynamic parameters, such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the equilibrium constant (K), and the maximum surface concentration (Γ∞). However, no such correlations to date are capable of capturing a large dataset of CiEj thermodynamic parameters. In this paper we propose the functional form of the critical micelle concentration and adsorption isotherm parameters in terms of molecular parameters for nonionic, CiEj surfactant chemistry. An extensive review of the literature is performed to generate interfacial thermodynamic parameters for a wide-range of CiEj chemistries. The data are used to parameterize and validate the molecular models. More specifically, we combine the well known linear dependence of CMC and K on the number of carbons, NC, with the theorized dependence on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), represented as yphob, which is capable of collapsing all experimental data onto mastercurves. The resulting free energy models represent the first successful phenomenological theory which is able to collapse a broad range of experimental data for CiEj surfactants. Furthermore, the proposed models for the free energies of micellization and adsorption are capable of predicting the maximum surface concentration of CiEj surfactants at the air–water interface, thus providing a link between the physics of adsorption and self-assembly. This theory is a step towards engineering interfacial thermodynamics by chemical design which enables prediction of interfacial properties of novel surfactants without extrapolation. In addition, this paper summarizes the many years of experimental and theoretical understanding of surfactant structure property relationships for CiEj's and the resulting theory quantitatively explains many hypotheses about their interfacial thermodynamics.

Equilibrium model for estimating micellar aggregation number from surface equation

The Aggregation Surface Equation (ASE) is attained by coupling the Gibbs adsorption equation and surface aggregation isotherm. The resulting equation can be used to study fluid-fluid interfaces in connection with the micelle formation process. This new equation contains two boundary conditions in the vicinity of the saturation region: (i) the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which corresponds to the onset of micelle formation; and (ii) the critical spherical micelle concentration (CSC) (i.e. the completion of spherical micellar aggregates). These boundary conditions, which appear within a narrow surfactant concentration range, provide the basis to calculate the average aggregation number under the assumption of constant average aggregation number and spherical micelles geometry. The resulting Surface Equation (SE) contains the maximum surface concentration of the surface monolayer, the critical micelle concentration and the micelle average aggregation number. The mass action law allows extending the ASE as a function of the free monomer, as opposed to the total or nominal surfactant concentration, which was recently performed in the STAND model (Langmuir, 32, (16), (2016), 3917-3925). This paper presents a simple and direct method to calculate the micellar average aggregation number from surface tension data and the proposed surface equation.

Evaluation of the influence of the catalysts application on the level of emissions of carbon monoxide in the manufacture of electrodes

The object of research is emissions harmful to the environment by the example of emissions from the manufacturer of electrodes of Ukrgrafit JSC (Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine). As well as carbon material, during the heat treatment of which the formation of carbon monoxide occurs, taking into account the use of the catalyst directly in the technological process of heat treatment of carbon material. Based on the simulation of dispersion of emissions of Ukrgrafit JSC in the air, taking into account the size of the sanitary protection zone, it is shown that the CO surface concentration, taking into account background pollution, exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) at control points. It is determined that in order to achieve the established standards at the border of residential development, it is necessary to modernize production by introducing scientific and technical solutions to protect the atmosphere from pollution by carbon monoxide. Physical modeling of the processes of heat treatment of carbon materials for the production of electrodes, such as bedding, granular pitch, charge for billets, in a laboratory setup is carried out. The thermal regime is evaluated for the level of carbon monoxide emissions during firing of carbon material. The results are compared with the data obtained by examining the parameters of the furnaces in the enterprise.The efficiency of using the catalyst directly in the technological process of heat treatment of carbon material to the efficiency of the oxidation of carbon monoxide is determined. It is established that a successful solution to the problem of exceeding the standard of carbon monoxide emissions in the technology for the production of electrodes is possible by using overfill modified with manganese dioxide with a MnO2 content of 1.5 %.It is shown that after the catalytic neutralization of carbon monoxide, the maximum CO surface concentration on the boundaries of housing taking into account background pollution does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. This ensures that 0.576638 MPC is obtained from the value of the maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide, minimizes the environmental risks from the company's emissions for the population. Modernization of production by introducing a system of catalytic neutralization of carbon monoxide does not require special equipment, compared with well-known analogues it does not require significant investment.

Lithium‐ionbatterySOC/SOHadaptive estimation via simplified single particle model

Compared with battery Equivalent Circuit Models (ECM), Single Particle Model (SPM) has more appropriate physics representation and higher accuracy theoretically. However, SPM-based parameter estimation performance is restricted by the SPM model complexities. In this paper, a simplified SPM and its corresponding adaptive State of Charge (SOC)/State of Health (SOH) estimation scheme are studied. First, the SPM is simplified from Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for a trade-off between model complexity and consistency. Second, an adaptive model observer is proposed to estimate battery parameters, which include a SOC state implying normalized lithium-ion concentration, and a SOH parameter implying the maximum lithium-ion surface concentration, both in the solid surface phase. Because the ODE-based adaptive parameter estimation is capable of avoiding complex identification procedures, this new approach can be implemented in practical applications with high accuracy. Through massive simulation scenarios, the proposed SPM model is validated based on comparison between ODE SPM and PDE SPM, as well as Benchmark Validation. Finally, both simulation and experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of the simplified SPM and the superiority of the proposed SOC/SOH estimation scheme.

Optimizing the Performance of Electroplating Gas-Cleaning Equipment

Electroplating industry has by-products, most of which are harmful. The paper considers the issue of removing aerosol emissions during chrome coating. We developed a droplet separator, which was granted a patent for a useful model. Based on the model, we proposed a stage-by-stage technical procedure for cleaning gas-air mixture to optimize the performance of gas-cleaning equipment during hard chrome coating. We calculated the amounts of water vapor and chromic anhydride which is released during chrome plating without cleaning and when using the developed procedure for gas mixture cleaning. We determined maximum surface concentrations of pollutants in exhaust gases after cleaning.

Тяжелые металлы в почвах геохимически сопряженных ландшафтов Красноуральского промышленного узла

The results of a study of the gross content of heavy metals in soils in the area of operation of the Svyatogor copper smelter located in the Sverdlovsk region are presented. In the course of the research, sections were laid at different distances and directions from the emission source. The gross concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu was measured in the selected soil samples. According to the results of the analysis, a ranking was carried out with the calculations of the total pollution coefficient, lateral and radial differentiation of heavy metals, and the technogenicity index. In order to confirm the routes of the arrival of heavy metals with airport emissions, the maximum single surface concentration in atmospheric air was calculated with the calculation of the distance at which this concentration reaches its maximum value. In the calculation of the total pollution coefficient, it follows that areas located in the immediate vicinity of the emission source have an extremely dangerous category of soil pollution. Also, in these areas, the proportion of technogenic involvement of the element is more than 90%. The obtained values of the coefficient of radial differentiation of heavy metals in the meridional and latitudinal directions, indicates the presence of a number of physical and chemical geochemical geochemical barriers. The migration of heavy metals between conjugated systems is confirmed by the lateral differentiation coefficients. In the course of the work, the main sources of heavy metals entering the soil were identified, such aero-industrial emissions of the plant and aeolian transfer from technogenic disturbed lands. Among the identified patterns of distribution of heavy metals, the main ones are the presence of a high degree of relations of disturbed lands with autonomous natural areas and periodic changes in the direction and power of aero-technogenic flows of the plant.