Maximum SpO2 Research Articles

Physical and Physiological Predictors Determining the Maximal Static Apnea Diving Time of Male Freedivers

This study aimed to investigate what factors determine freedivers' maximal static apnea dive time. We correlated some physical/physiological factors with male freedivers’ maximum apnea diving duration. Thirty-six experienced male freedivers participated in this study. The divers participated in two days of the experiments. On the first day, apnea diving time, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), stress index, and blood parameters were measured before, during, and after the apnea diving in the pool. On the second day, body composition, lung capacity, resting and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and the Wingate anaerobic power were measured in the laboratory. The data were analyzed with Pearson’s Correlation using the SPSS 22 program. The correlation coefficient (R) of determination was set at 0.4, and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. There were positive correlations of diving experience, maximum SpO2 , and lung capacity with the maximum apnea time R>0.4, P<0.05). There were negative correlations of BMI, body fat percentage, body fat mass, minimum SpO2 , stress index, and total cholesterol with the maximum apnea diving time (R>-0.4, P<0.05). No correlations of age, height, weight, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, HR, BP, blood glucose, betahydroxybutyrate, lactate, and hemoglobin levels with the maximum apnea diving time were observed (R<0.4, P>0.05). It is concluded that more experience in freediving, reduced body fat, extended SpO2 range, and increased lung capacity are the performance p

Quantitative descriptive study of oxygen saturation in women living at altitudes greater than 2800 M.A.S.L. Huancavelica Peru

The objective of the research work was to determine the oxygen saturation (SpO2) in women of childbearing age who live at altitudes greater than 2800 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) Huancavelica 2021. The study was observational, prospective, cross-sectional, in 151 healthy women of childbearing age, from 18 to 49 years old, the SpO2 was evaluated, through a pulse oximeter, to all women who attended the consultation between July and August of the year 2021, women without cardiopulmonary pathology were considered within the study group and those who accepted take part. Results: the average of the SpO2, of those who live between 2819 - 3499 m.a.s.l. is 93.72% and between 3500 - 4200 m.a.s.l., it is 90.85%; the minimum SpO2 was 85% and 83% respectively, the maximum SpO2 was 99% in both altitude floors. According to age, 92.91% were between 18 and 19 years old, 93.09% between 20 and 34 years old, and 91.74% between 35 and 49 years old. The average SpO2 of the pregnant women was 92.29% and in the non-pregnant women 92.67%, the minimum SpO2 was 88% and 83% respectively, while the maximum value was the same in both groups 99%. Conclusion: the inhabitants show lower saturations at higher altitudes, and it is observed to decrease after 35 years old, no difference is found between pregnant and non-pregnant women.

Association between oxygen delivery and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis.

Tissue hypoxia due to microvasculopathy is the main cause of digital ulcers (DUs) in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Reduced oxygen delivery (DO2) to the tissues may also contribute to the development of DU. This study was conducted to investigate the association between DO2 and DUs in patients with SSc. In all, 111 patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. DO2 was calculated by using the formula; DO2=Cardiac output×arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2)×serum haemoglobin level×1.39×10. Both right index finger SpO2 measurements (index-SpO2) and highest value of SpO2 (maximum SpO2) obtained among the fingers of the subjects were used for the calculations and DO2 results were adjusted both for weight and body surface area (BSA). Mean DO2 was lower in SSc patients as compared to controls in all 4 different calculations but the difference was only statistically significant when using index-SpO2 and adjusting for BSA (498mL/min/m2 vs 549mL/min/m2, p=0.03). There was a strong positive correlation between cardiac output and DO2 calculated by using the index-SpO2 (r=0.903; p<0.001). Of the SSc patients, 46 (41.4%) had DUs within the last 12months. Patients with DUs had higher mean mRSS, lover mean FVC and more frequently diffuse disease, interstitial lung disease, anti-SCL70 antibody positivity (p<0.05 for all). No difference was observed in DO2 among DU positive or DU negative groups by any calculation (p>0.05 for all). DO2 in SSc patients seems to be lower than healthy controls. However, DO2 is similar between the patients with and without DUs. Our results suggest that the contribution of DO2 is negligible to the development of DU and support the major role of microvasculopathy in SSc patients with DUs.

Pulse Oximeter Design for SpO2 and BPM Recording on External Memory to Support the Covid-19 Diagnosis

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) is an acute respiratory illness induced by exposure to coronavirus 2 in 2019 (SARS-CoV-2). WHO confirms that there were 1.8 million registered deaths in 2020 and that there were 3.5 million recorded deaths in 2021. People who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 without symptoms should have a pulse oximeter. Early detection of low oxygen levels in the blood can lead to fewer complications. Continuously decreasing oxygen saturation, if not controlled, will cause hypoxia (an abnormal respiratory circulation system condition that causes breathlessness). In normal conditions, oxygen levels and heart rate are related. When a person has a shortage of oxygen (breathlessness), their heart rate increases to supply the oxygen. Regulating heart rate can aid in the prevention of disorders such as arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. A pulse oximeter is used to measure the oxygen saturation in the blood and the patient's heart rate (BPM) with non-invasive methods. Conventional pulse oximeters do not support users by not having features such as medical records, which are required for further examination by a doctor. The purpose of this research is to make a pulse oximeter with external storage capability. The difference in wavelength between the red and infrared LED lights that will be captured by the photodiode is measured. SpO2 and HR values will be generated as a result of comparative measurements. Using a MAX30102 sensor to detect SpO2 and heart rate, and an Arduino Mega256 to process data for display on the TFT Nextion with Memory Card storage. By comparing the module to a conventional pulse oximeter, data was collected 10 times for each respondent. The maximum SpO2 error value is 0.43%, whereas the BPM parameter has the largest error value of 2.02% and the smallest error value of 0.01% based on the data collected. A significant error value is caused by finger movement. The module is usable, based on the results, because the maximum error tolerance for a pulse oximeter is 1% SpO2 and 5% BPM, according to the 2001 Ministry of Health Ministry's Guidelines for Testing and Calibrating Medical Devices.

A single-sided trans-nasal catheter for smooth and efficient oxygen delivery can improve the safety in patients undergoing pancreato-biliary endoscopy under intravenous sedation: A randomized trial.

BackgroundPancreato‐biliary endoscopic procedures often need to be performed under deep intravenous sedation. The patients are at an increased risk of respiratory depression influenced by the anatomical dead space of the upper respiratory system. We aimed to evaluate the benefit of oxygen delivery through a single‐sided trans‐nasal catheter (TC) for patients undergoing pancreato‐biliary endoscopy.MethodsOxygen supplementation during the procedure was provided either by insertion of a single‐sided TC or insertion of a conventional nasal catheter (NC). A prospective, single‐blind, randomized controlled study was conducted in two groups.ResultsThe number of patients who indicated a decrease in the peripheral transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2; desaturation) was significantly lower in the TC group than in the counterpart (8/58; 13.8% vs. 26/58; 44.8% p < 0.001). The efficient oxygen delivery in the safe range was better conserved in the TC group than in the NC one. There was no adverse effect on both groups. The maximum SpO2 while the endoscopic procedure was significantly higher in the TC group (99.7% vs. 99.3% p = 0.016) and the minimum SpO2 was also significantly higher in the same group (97.7% vs. 94.1% p < 0.0001), which meant that the efficient oxygen delivery was better maintained in TC group than the NC group.ConclusionsA single‐sided TC placed in the pharynx in patients undergoing pancreato‐biliary endoscopy prepares a superior condition of the patients for venous sedation, maintained hyper‐oxygen saturation and a relatively higher SpO2 level to be maintained in limited conditions to reduce the dead space with acceptable tolerance, as compared to the placement of a conventional NC.

Audit of oxygen administration to achieve a target oxygen saturation range in acutely unwell medical patients

Purpose of the studyTo evaluate documentation of a target oxygen saturation (SpO2) range and ability to achieve this range in acutely unwell inpatients.Study designIn this single-centre audit, patients with discharge...

Gagal Napas Akut dengan Hipoksemia Refrakter pada Preeklampsi Berat Aplikasi “PEEP Tinggi dan Balans Cairan Negatif” di ICU

Introduction: Acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy due to preeclampsia is a life-threatening event and a form of maternal morbidity. The hypoxemia is clinical manifestation feature. Refractory hypoxemia is an increasing in the partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries (PaO2) &lt;5 mmHg with a 10% increase in FiO2 or PaO2 &lt;60 mmHg or P/F ratio &lt;100 on FiO2 80-100% with PEEP&gt; 10-20 cmH20 at more than 12- 24 hours. In this case, a 35-year-old female patient entered to the ICU Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital from the emergency room operating teater with acute pulmonary edema ec PEB + Post Sectio cesarian, mechanical ventilation (VM) PCV+ Pins 20 mode, PEEP 10, PS 15, RR 20, Vt 350 – 400 ml, FiO2 100% was performed and maximum SpO2 produced only up to 96%, P/F ratio 95,2. After 11 hours of mechanical ventilation, blood gas analysis obtained pH 7.52, PaCO2 28.5, sat 89.6%, PaO2 50.1 HCO3 23.2 BE 2.2 P/F ratio 62 with 100% FiO2 and airway pressure 30 cmH2O and was diagnose refractory hypoxemic.&#x0D; Therapy: Sedation, administration of muscle relaxants, changes in high PEEP ventilator settings and fluid evacuation. setting high PEEP up to 25 cmH2O by increasing the A / W pressure every 2 minutes periodically until 55 cmH2O hold for 2 minutes and setting ventilator PCV: Pinsp 20, PEEP 15-20, FiO2 80%. and fluid evacuation with diuretics is carried out.&#x0D; Results: Improvement of P / F ratio up to 139 at the time of recruitment maneuver and P / F ratio improved up to 244 after 6 hours of the maneuver. the patient was weaning from the ventilator at 5th day care with P / F ratio 313 and tranfer to ward care on the 6th day care.

Noninvasive Ventilation as an Important Adjunct to an Exercise Training Program in Subjects With Moderate to Severe COPD.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can positively affect exercise capacity, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ), and symptoms after a 6-week physical training program for subjects with moderate to very severe COPD. 47 subjects with COPD who were enrolled in a physical training program were randomized to either physical training alone or NIV + physical training (NIV-Physical training). Physical training consisted of dynamic aerobic exercises on a treadmill 3 times/week for 6 weeks, for a total of 18 sessions. NIV was titrated according to the subject's tolerance at rest and during exercise. Assessments included physiological responses and symptoms at the incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test peak and during submaximal exercise on a treadmill, 6-min walk distance, maximum inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory pressure (PEmax), BODE index, and health-related quality of life. 43 subjects completed the 6-week physical training program. Both groups improved 6-min walk distance, PImax, BODE index, and quality of life, and no differences were found between groups. However, significant improvements were observed for subjects in the NIV-Physical training group with regard to PEmax, maximum V̇O2 , maximum metabolic equivalents, circulatory power, and maximum SpO2 . A 6-week physical training program alone can improve tolerance for exercise and quality of life, in addition to reducing the risk of mortality. However, NIV associated with a physical training program was shown to have an additive beneficial effect on powerful prognostic markers (maximum V̇O2 and circulatory power) and to reduce symptoms and improve oxygen saturation in subjects with moderate to very severe COPD.

Effect of capillaroscopic patterns on the pulse oximetry measurements in systemic sclerosis patients

Nailfold capillaroscopy is a simple method for determining microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The pulse oximeter is a noninvasive tool that is used to estimate a patient's arterial blood oxygen saturation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of capillaroscopic patterns on pulse oximetry measurements in SSc patients. The nailfolds from 2nd to 5th fingers in both hands were examined in all subjects by using capillaroscopy. Patients were categorized according to their capillaroscopy findings in 3 groups as having early, active or late patterns. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurements were performed from 2nd to 5th fingers in both hands with a finger probe. We studied 53 SSc patients (F/M: 48/5). According to capillaroscopy findings 18 patients were classified as having early pattern (34.0%), 19 active pattern (35.8%), and 15 late pattern (28.3%). Only 1 (1.9%) patient had normal capillaroscopy findings. SpO2 could not be measured in 47 (11.0%) fingers and in 20 (37.7%) SSc patients. There were 20 (37.7%) patients with a ≥4% difference between the minimum and maximum SpO2 measurements among fingers. There were no difference between the groups of SSc patients defined by capillaroscopy findings in terms of mean maximal SpO2 or mean minimal SpO2 measured from fingers (p NS, for all). Assessment of SpO2 values in patients with SSc is challenging. We did not detect any effect of capillaroscopic patterns on mean SpO2 values. On the other hand ≥4% difference between minimum and maximum SpO2 values measured from fingers of a patient may be considered as an indirect sign of microvascular damage. Assessment of the highest measured SpO2 values among the fingers of a patient may be more suitable in practice.

Circadian Variability of Pulse Oximetry in Healthy Children Under the Age of 7

BackgroundPeripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) measured by pulse oximetry is widely used in clinical practice, but its fluctuations over the course of the 24h of a day have not been explored at length. Recently, we reported that children hospitalized due to non-cardiopulmonary causes had a circadian variation in SpO2. This finding needed to be corroborated in healthy children, which is the objective of the present study. Patients and methodsHealthy children residing in a state foster home were studied with pulse oximetry every 2h for 24h. ResultsEighty-two children were included in the study, ranging in age from 1 month to 6.5 years (average±standard error of 3.06±0.16 years), with a weight-for-length/height percentile of 65.5±2.9. In 65 (79.3%) children, the SpO2 levels followed a sinusoidal curve suggesting circadian rhythm. The total group of sinusoidal curves in this population had a mesor of 95.10±0.08%SpO2, period of 21.05±0.54h (in 53.8% of these children, the period was between 20 and 28h). The maximum SpO2 was reached at 3:14pm±16min, and the minimum at 5:16am±48min. When the 24h were divided into four periods, it was demonstrated that the highest SpO2 levels were reached between 2pm and 8pm. ConclusionsIn this population of clinically healthy children, there was a circadian variation in pulse oximetry, with maximum values in the late afternoon and minimal values in the early morning.

Variabilidad circadiana de la oximetría de pulso en niños sanos menores de 7 años

BackgroundPeripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) measured by pulse oximetry is widely used in clinical practice, but its fluctuations over the course of the 24h of a day have not been explored at length. Recently, we reported that children hospitalized due to non-cardiopulmonary causes had a circadian variation in SpO2. This finding needed to be corroborated in healthy children, which is the objective of the present study. Patients and methodsHealthy children residing in a state foster home were studied with pulse oximetry every 2h for 24h. ResultsEighty two children were included in the study, ranging in age from one month to 6.5 years (average±standard error of 3.06±0.16 years), with a weight-for-length/height percentile of 65.5±2.9. In 65 (79.3%) children, the SpO2 levels followed a sinusoidal curve suggesting circadian rhythm. The total group of sinusoidal curves in this population had a mesor of 95.10±0.08%SpO2, period of 21.05±0.54h (in 53.8% of these children, the period was between 20 and 28h). The maximum SpO2 was reached at 3:14PM±16min, and the minimum at 5:16AM±48min. When the 24h were divided into four periods, it was demonstrated that the highest SpO2 levels were reached between 2PM and 8PM. ConclusionsIn this population of clinically healthy children, there was a circadian variation in pulse oximetry, with maximum values in the late afternoon and minimal values in the early morning.

Clinical assessment of infant colour at delivery

Objective:Use of video recordings of newborn infants to determine: (1) if clinicians agreed whether infants were pink; and (2) the pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (Spo2) at which infants first looked...

Pulse Oximetry Desaturation Following The Use Of Isosulfan Blue: Influence Of The Site Of Injection

Purpose: To examine the influence of injection site on pulse oximetry oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), following intraoperative injection of isosulfan blue (IB) into breast or cutaneous melanoma regions. Purpose: Anesthetic records of 497 patients with breast cancer and 824 with cutaneous melanoma were reviewed. SpO2 was recorded every 15 minutes from 15 minutes before until 120 minutes after IB injection. Results: The mean SpO2 was lower in the breast than melanoma group at 15-120 minutes after IB injection (p 4% SpO2 decrease) was higher in the breast (20.9%) than melanoma group (1.7%) (p<0.00001). The breast group had a greater maximum SpO2 decrease and lower minimum SpO2 during desaturation (p<0.00001), higher incidence of minimum SpO2<95% (p<0.00001), and earlier desaturation onset (p=0.0088). Risk factors for desaturation of any severity were breast group, higher body mass index, and lower intraoperative FiO2, and for major desaturation were breast group and higher baseline intraoperative SpO2. Conclusion: Injection of IB into breast tissue was associated with a higher incidence, greater severity, and earlier onset of SpO2 desaturation, compared to intradermal injection into the area surrounding cutaneous melanomas.

A practical anesthesia monitoring protocol for free-ranging adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana).

Twenty free-ranging adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in northern Botswana were immobilized with a mean (+/- SD) of 9.5 +/- 0.5 mg etorphine hydrochloride and 2,000 IU hyaluronidase by intramuscular (IM) dart. The mean time to recumbency was 8.7 +/- 2.4 min. All animals were maintained in lateral recumbency. The anesthesia monitoring protocol included cardiothoracic auscultation; palpation of auricular pulse for quality and regularity; checking of rectal temperature, and monitoring of respiratory and heart rates. Results of basic physiologic measurements were similar to those of previous field studies of African elephants immobilized with etorphine or etorphine-hyaluronidase. In addition, continuous real-time pulse rate and percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) readings were obtained on 16 elephants with a portable pulse oximeter. Duration of pulse oximetry monitoring ranged from 3 to 24 min (mean +/- SD = 8.2 +/- 4.8 min). Differences between minimum and maximum SpO2 values for any given elephant ranged from 1 to 6 percentage points, evidence for relatively stable trends. The SpO2 readings ranged from 70% to 96% among the 16 elephants, with a mean of 87.3 +/- 2.8%. Fifteen of 16 elephants monitored with a pulse oximeter had mean SpO2 values > or = 81 +/- 2.4%, with 11 having mean SpO2 values > or = 85 +/- 1.5%. All 20 animals recovered uneventfully following reversal: diprenorphine at 23.3 +/- 1.5 mg intravenous (IV) with 11.7 +/- 0.5 mg IM, or 24 mg diprenorphine given all IV.