Maximum Solubility Research Articles

Mefenamic acid solid dispersions: Impact of formulation composition on processing parameters, product properties and performance

The objective of this study was to develop an immediate release (IR), crystalline solid dispersion (CSD) formulation of Mefenamic acid (MFA) by hot-melt-extrusion (HME) and assess the impact of drug loading on process parameters, product physico-chemical properties and product performance. An HME process to produce a range of MFA-Soluplus®-Sorbitol polymer matrix CSD formulations was developed based on rheological screening assays of physical mixtures (PM). The impact of drug loading on process parameters was compared to the impact of drug loading on the physico-chemical properties of formulations. Based on process and product data, three groupings of API drug loading were identified: sub-saturated, saturated, and supersaturated systems. CSD formulations were obtained for 20–50% (w/w) drug loading containing the stable polymorphic form I of MFA. CSD formulations predominantly improved the consistency of the product performance. An Amorphous Solid Dispersion (ASD) was obtained for 10% (w/w) drug loading, exhibiting faster drug release even at physiologically relevant pH. This study illustrates the impact of drug loading on process and product characteristics and how a better understanding of maximum API solubility in a given polymer system can improve targeted formulation development.

Nisoldipine in Several Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Cosolvent Solutions: Solubility Modeling and Preferential Solvation Research

The study mainly reported the equilibrated solubilities of nisoldipine in aqueous solutions of n-propanol/acetonitrile + water and non-aqueous solutions of ethyl acetate + ethanol/isopropanol by dint of experimentation and model correlations. Solubility was experimented via the shake-flask method under 101.2 kPa from 278.15 to 318.15 K. The maximum of nisoldipine solubility (in mole fraction unit) was found in neat n-propanol/acetonitrile/ethyl acetate at 318.15 K, and the minimum was found in neat water/isopropanol/ethanol. The total and three-dimensional Hansen solubility parameters were employed herein to explain the solubility behavior of nisoldipine. Modeling solubility through mixture response surface, Jouyban–Acree, and Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff models resulted in relative average deviations of <10.3%. Quantitative research upon preferential solvation was carried out by applying the approach of inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals for the four solution systems considered in the present study and two aqueous solutions of ethanol/isopropanol reported in the literature. The local fractions of n-propanol/acetonitrile/ethanol/isopropanol for the four aqueous solutions as well as ethyl acetate for non-aqueous solution of ethyl acetate + isopropanol were greater than that of bulk ones in n-propanol/acetonitrile/ethanol/isopropanol/ethyl acetate-rich and middle composition proportions, demonstrating that the solvation of nisoldipine was preferred by cosolvents (n-propanol/acetonitrile/ethanol/isopropanol/ethyl acetate). It is able to speculate that nisoldipine displays Lewis acid behavior in these regions with the cosolvent molecules in aqueous solution systems and with the ethyl acetate molecules or isopropanol in the ethyl acetate + isopropanol solution system.

Solubilization of a novel antitumor drug ribociclib in water and ten different organic solvents at different temperatures

ABSTRACT Objective This study reports new solubility and physicochemical data for ribociclib (RCB) in water and ten organic solvents including “methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), n-butanol (n-BuOH), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), acetone, ethyl acetate (EA), Transcutol-HP (THP), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)” at 293.2-313.2 K and 101.1 kPa. Significance The obtained data are useful for the industrial applications of (RCB) Methods The solubility of RCB was measured and regressed using “van’t Hoff, Buchowski-Ksiazczak λh, the modified Apelblat, and Jouyban models”. Results The overall deviations of <4.0% were recorded for all four models. The maximum mole fraction solubility of RCB was 2.66 x 10−2 in PEG-400 at 313.2 K, however the lowest one was in water. The RCB solubility increased with temperature and the order followed in the water and ten different organic solvents was PEG-400 (2.66 x 10−2) > THP (1.00 x 10−2) > PG (5.39 x 10−3) > DMSO (5.00 x 10−3) > n-BuOH (3.23 x 10−3) > acetone (3.11 x 10−3) > IPA (1.58 x 10−3) > EA (1.41 x 10−3) > EtOH (1.37 x 10−3) > MeOH (8.10 x 10−4) > water (2.38 x 10−5) at 313.2 K. The maximum solute-solvent interactions were found in RCB-PEG-400 in comparison with other combination of RCB and solvents. “Apparent thermodynamic analysis” indicated an “endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution” of RCB in water and ten organic solvents. Conclusions Based on all these data and observations, PEG-400 can be used as the best co-solvent for RCB solubilization.

Effect of delayed light-curing on solubility, color stability, and opacity of Fuji II LC glass ionomer cement: original article

Objective: Resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cements are among the commonly used restorative materials inlow stress-bearing areas and also for temporary restorations. The competition between acid-base reactions andlight polymerization reactions in delayed curing of RMGIs can affect their physical and mechanical properties,as well as their degree of conversion. Since solubility, color stability, and opacity are among the main physicalproperties affecting the durability and clinical service of RMGI restorations, this study aimed to assess the effectof delayed curing on solubility, color stability, and opacity of Fuji II LC RMGI. Material and Methods: This invitro, experimental study evaluated 80 Fuji II LC RMGI specimens (10 specimens per each in 4 groups) in termsof solubility, color stability, and opacity at 6 months later. Specimens were cured immediately or were curedwith 1, 5 and 10 min delay. Results: Maximum solubility and minimum change in opacity and color stabilityat 6 months were noted in the group with delayed curing by 10 min. A significant difference was noted in thesolubility of specimens cured after 10 min and 1 min. Significant differences were also noted in the opacity andcolor stability of specimens cured after 10 min and all other groups (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Delayed curingby 1 min decreased the solubility of RMGI specimens compared with immediate curing or curing after 5 min.Although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Color stability and changes in opacity are mainlyinfluenced by the acid-base reactions rather than polymerization reactions.KEYWORDSGlass Ionomer cement; Fuji II LC cement; Solubility; Color; Opacity.

Generation of a transducible version of a bioactive recombinant human TBX5 transcription factor from E. Coli

• Protein purification of a recombinant TBX5 fusion protein was performed. • Recombinant TBX5 protein maintains its secondary structure after purification. • Purified TBX5 protein has cell penetration and nuclear translocation potential. • Purified TBX5 protein is bioactive. The protein T-box transcription factor 5 (TBX5) regulates heart and forelimb development in vertebrates, and its deficiency results in Holt-Oram syndrome. Notably, TBX5 functions as a tumor suppressor protein and is a key transcription factor in the reprogramming cocktail used to induce the formation of cardiomyocytes from fibroblasts. Here, we report the expression and purification of a transducible version of recombinant human TBX5 protein from the prokaryotic host Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) under native conditions. First, the protein-coding, codon-optimized TBX5 nucleotide sequence was fused in-frame with three tags (octahistidine, transactivator of transcription, and nuclear localization sequence) at either end of the sequence for affinity purification, cellular uptake, and nuclear delivery. Subsequently, this codon-optimized gene was cloned in a protein expression vector and expressed in E. coli . Various expression parameters were screened to obtain the highest expression of this protein with maximum solubility, to enable purification from the supernatant fraction. Furthermore, the TBX5 fusion protein was purified as a pure (>90%) recombinant protein under native conditions. The purity and identity were confirmed by Coomassie staining and immunoblotting, respectively. Subsequently, the retention of the secondary structure after purification was analyzed and established through far UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. The cellular uptake and nuclear translocation ability of purified TBX5 fusion protein and its biological activity in human cells were demonstrated. The cell-permeant recombinant protein tool established in this study should help elucidate the biological role of human TBX5 in various cellular processes and pave the way for more detailed understanding of cardiac reprogramming and disease-specific studies.

Formulation and evaluation of Lamivudinefloating tablets usingCarbopol &amp; Eudragit S 100

Lamivudinecomes underclass II drugs according to BCS classification. It is poorly water-soluble drug. It has maximum solubility in pH 1.2 and therefore it will be beneficial to retain the drug in stomach for longer period of time for better absorption. Hence, it was found necessary to develop a gastric retentive dosage form containing Lamivudinein order to increase the gastric residence time to enhance its absorption and they’re by its oral bioavailability. Also, the slow release of the drug in stomach may avoid the stomach pain associated with immediate release of the drug. The ultimate aim was to design, develop and optimize the floating tablets containing Lamivudinein order to increase its gastric retention time for enhancing absorption in stomach as well as to produce a controlled release of the drug for a longer time using polymers such as Carbopol, and EudragitS100.

Design of experiments assisted the development of inclusion complexes of ramipril using hydrophilic carriers for enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate

The goal of the present study was to develop inclusion complexes and polymers dispersions of ramipril prepared by physical mixing, kneading, co-evaporation, and solvent evaporation methods to enhance drug solubility and dissolution rate, and thereby to reduce drug dose and side effects using selected hydrophilic carriers such as β-CD, PVP-K25, PEG 4000, and HPMC K100M. The prepared formulations were characterized for solubility and in-vitro drug release studies. The systematic optimization of formulations was performed using I-Optimal experimental design by selecting factors such as type of carriers (X1), drug: carrier ratio (X2), and method of preparation (X3), and response variables including percent yield (Y1), solubility (Y2), Carr’s index (Y3) and drug release in 30 min (Y4). Mathematical modeling was carried out using a quadratic polynomial model. The inclusion complex formulation (F27) was selected as an optimized batch by numerical desirability function and graphical optimization with the help of design space. The inclusion complex prepared by the co-evaporation method showed maximum drug solubility and released in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer compared to pure and other formulations. The inclusion complex is a feasible approach to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, bioavailability, and minimization of drugs’ gastrointestinal toxicity upon oral administration of ramipril.

Solubility of glass ionomer cement in various acidic beverages at different time intervals: an in vitrostudy

Background:Glass Ionomer is a widely used cement in dentistry for luting and restoration purposes. This cement leaches a large amount of fluoride ions leading to an increase in the early solubility and disintegration in the oral fluids. The solubility of the cement is further aggravated when it is exposed to an acidic medium. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the solubility of glass ionomer cement (GIC) in various acidic beverages at different time intervals. Materials and Methods: Four commercially available beverages and distilled water was used as immersion media. The pH of the beverages was measured using a digital pH meter. Glass ionomer cement discs were prepared and immersed in beverages for 1 day, 24 hours and 7 days. After completing the immersion time in each beverage for a specific period, the specimens were retrieved and weighed. The solubility was calculated by subtracting the weight at the specific immersion period from the initial weight of the specimen. Results: Immersion in distilled water demonstrated less solubility compared to immersion in acidic beverages. Amongthe acidic beverages, GIC immersed in MAAZA showed the maximum solubility compared to the other beverages. One-Way ANOVA displayed a significant difference (p=0.000) among the beverages at different time intervals. Conclusions:This study found that the GIC immersed in fruit juices with preservatives showed more solubility at all time intervals compared to the immersion in carbonated drinks.

On improving the hygroscopic stability of palmatine chloride with crystalline palmatine sulfosalicyate pharmaceutical salt

With the aim to improve the hygroscopic stability of palmatine chloride (PMTCl), an unreported single crystal of PMT—SSA (C21H20NO4·C7H5O6S·H2O) is prepared by the solvent evaporation method and characterized. A comprehensive analysis of the structure and Hirshfeld surface reveals that π—π stacking plays a crucial role in accumulating PMT—SSA. As expected, the hygroscopic stability of PMT—SSA is significantly improved compared with that of PMTCl. This may be due to the presence of π—π stacking in the structure of PMT—SSA which improves the hygroscopic stability. The present work inaugurates an avenue for improving the hygroscopic stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients and provides a novel crystalline product with a bright commercial prospect. Unfortunately, the maximum solubility of PMT—SSA is lower than that of PMTCl. How to improve its solubility will be explored in subsequent studies. However, it is surprising that PMT—SSA shows advantages with regard to antibacterial properties in comparison to PMTCl.

Biocompatible dendrimer for the solubility enhancement and sustained release of piroxicam

Piroxicam (PRM) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is an oxicam-class used orally to treat gout, arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. However, its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability has hampered further clinical applications in health industries. This work emphasize on development of four types of functionalised biocompatible dendrimer with generation 0 and 1and examine its solubility, drug release and antibacterial activity. The maximum solubility enhancement of PRM up to 48 folds has been achieved by PAMAM (G1)-CH3 at a concentration of 9.9×10-4 M. The in vitro release gets sustained up to 450 mins for releasing 90% of drug from PAMAM (G1)-COCH3 compared to its parent dendrimer which is 120 min. The anti-bacterial studies reflected that when dendrimers are used as drug carriers, the inherent property of drug is not disturbed, instead the activity has been increased. The activity interms of zone of inhibition results in 1.5-2.0 folds increase and it is more pronounced in the case of B. subtilis rather than E.coli. This observation indicates evidence that dendrimer and their derivatives are promising candidates for drug solubility enhancer and effective delivery of drugs with drastic reduction in side effect and improved efficiency.

Solubility of magnesium in silicon

The solubility of impurity magnesium, which was introduced by diffusion in the temperature range of 1100-1300oC in silicon, is studied by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. It is demonstrated that, with the electrically inactive impurity component taken into account, the maximum solubility of magnesium in silicon is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower (and the diffusion coefficient is higher) than the values reported earlier. Keywords: silicon, doping, magnesium impurity, solubility.

Phase equilibria of Bi-Te-RE (Yb,Nd,Sm,Er,Tb) ternary systems at 673K

The phase equilibria of Bi-Te-RE (Yb, Nd, Sm, Er, Tb) at 673 K were established through equilibrated alloys. The isothermal sections of Bi-Te-RE (Yb, Nd, Sm, Er, Tb) at 673 K were established according to the result of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and Powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). In the Bi-Te-Yb system at 673 K, the existence of 4 three-phase equilibria (YbTe+Bi2Te3+Te, YbTe+Bi2Te3+?, YbTe+Bi+?, YbTe+Yb5Bi3+Yb4Bi3) was established, while 3 three-phase regions (NdTe2+?+Bi2Te3, NdTe2+?+Bi, Nd2Te3+Bi+BiTeNd) in Bi-Te-Nd system, 3 threephase regions (SmTe3+Te+Bi2Te3, SmTe1.8+Bi2Te3+?, SmTe1.8+?+Bi) in Bi-Te-Nd system, 3 three-phase regions (TbTe3+Te+Bi2Te3, Tb4Te7+Bi2Te3+?, TbTe+Bi+?) in Bi-Te-Nd system, and 4 three-phase regions (ErTe3+Te+Bi2Te3, ErTe3+Bi2Te3+Er2Te3, Bi2Te3+Er2Te3+?, Er2Te3+?+ErTe, ?+ErTe+Bi) in Bi-Te-Nd system were also identified, respectively. Among the Bi-Te-RE (Nd, Sm, Er, Tb, Yb) systems, the solubilities of RE in Bi2Te3 were 0.19 at % Nd, 0.22 at % Sm, 0.28 at % Tb, 0.35 at %Er, and 0.37 at % Yb. In general, the maximum solubility of elements in Bi2Te3 phase alloy became larger with the increase in RE atomic number. A ternary compound BiTeNd in the Bi-Te-Nd ternary system was confirmed in this work.

First-Principle Investigation of the Stability and Mechanical Properties of the Binder Phase B (B=Co and Ni) with the Maximum Solubility of the Transition-Group Elements M (M=V, Ti, Ta, Mo, W and Cr)

First-Principle Investigation of the Stability and Mechanical Properties of the Binder Phase B (B=Co and Ni) with the Maximum Solubility of the Transition-Group Elements M (M=V, Ti, Ta, Mo, W and Cr)

Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Ternary Complexes: Emerging Role of Ternary Agents on Drug Solubility, Stability, and Bioavailability.

The aqueous solubility of active drug moiety plays a crucial role in the development of an efficacious formulation. The poor aqueous solubility of BCS class II and IV drugs is manifested as poor bioavailability. Preparation of cyclodextrin inclusion complex to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability is a well-established technique. The latest trend in cyclodextrin research is focused on ternary complexes wherein an auxiliary agent such as water-soluble polymers, organic ions, metals, or amino acids is incorporated in the inclusion complex. The cyclodextrin-based supramolecular ternary complex offers significant advantages over binary complex specifically for oral drug delivery. Compared with the binary complex, the ternary complex exhibits better complexation efficiency and stability constant. Moreover, the ternary complex has a major advantage of reducing the concentration of cyclodextrin required to achieve maximum solubility and stability. Lately, in silico molecular modeling has gained tremendous attention as a preliminary tool to evaluate the cyclodextrin-based ternary or binary complex which has been discussed. This review gives an insight into various ternary agents explored worldwide, significant observations, safety, and clinical studies carried out on ternary cyclodextrin complexes.

WATER-RICH MELT INCLUSION AS "FROZEN" SAMPLES OF THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE IN GRANITES AND PEGMATITES REVEAL EXTREME ELEMENT ENRICHMENT RESULTING UNDER NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

In this contribution, we show that in miarolitic pegmatites during the crystallization of water-rich melts, samples of these mineral-forming melts were trapped in the form of water-rich melt inclusions, preserved primarily in quartz. The bulk concentration of water and the temperature are the system-determining parameters since from their analysis it follows that these melt inclusions depict pseudo-binary solvus curves in the coordinates of temperature and water concentration. Furthermore, using reduced coordinates (H2O/H2Ocrit vs. T/Tcrit) most melt inclusions of the studied pegmatites plot very well in a standardized and reduced solvus curve. The existence and formation of such uniform solvus curves is an expression of crystallization processes under nearly equilibrium conditions. However, many trace and some principal elements of the melt inclusions trapped near the solvus crest [H2O/H2Ocrit from 0.5 to 1.5 and T/Tcrit &gt; 0.95] show unusual distributions, with very well-defined Gaussian and/or Lorentzian curves, characterized by defined area, width, offset, and height. This has been shown in many natural examples obtained from pegmatites. Only the offset values represent near-equilibrium conditions and corresponding element concentrations, which are equivalent to the regional Clarke number (Clarke number or Clark is the relative abundance of a chemical element, typically in the Earth's crust). We interpret these distributions as explanation for some extraordinary-chemical properties in this critical region: principally extremely high diffusion rates, low dynamic viscosity and extremely low surface tension. Near the critical point, we have both space and time-related non-equilibrium and equilibrium processes close together. Furthermore, we can show that the Gaussian and Lorentzian distribution are first approximations of the specific element distribution because at the critical point the enrichment of some elements reaches such an extent that the Gaussian and/or Lorentzian curves degenerate into a vertical line (are asymptotic to the concentration axis), which is determined by the maximum solubility of a species in the supercritical melt-water system. The highest concentration of Be, as an example, was observed in Ehrenfriedersdorf melt inclusions: 71490 ppm Be.

Coal Fly Ash as Raw Material for Immobilization of Sr-Contaminated Soil by Microwave Heating: Mechanism and Performance

In this work, coal fly ash, hereinafter CFA is proposed to work as raw material for immobilization of Sr-contaminated soil by microwave sintering in the path towards resource utilization of solid waste. The immobilization mechanism and performance was systemically investigated through phase evolution, microstructure, elemental distribution, and physical properties. The results shown that the Sr could be incorporated into feldspar strontian (SrAl2Si2O8) at 1300 °C for 30 min. Moreover, the maximum solid solubility of SrSO4 was more than 30 wt.%. The Sr was homogeneously distributed in the sintered matrices without substantial enrichment. The sintered matrix exhibited high density (2.53 g/cm3). Thus, microwave heating coupled with CFA could provide a new method for immobilization of Sr-contaminated soil in case of the spent nuclear reprocessing cycle in nuclear power plants or a nuclear accident emergency.

Solubility of amlodipine besylate in binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol 400 + water at various temperatures: Measurement and modelling

Measuring and evaluating of the solubility of amlodipine besylate (AMB), as a low water soluble antihypertensive drug, is fundamentally important in the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, the solubility of AMB in the binary solvent system of water and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) was determined by a shake-flask method at the temperatures from 293.2 to 313.2 K. According to the obtained results, the solubility of AMB increases nonlinearly with increasing the mass fraction of PEG 400. The maximum mole fraction solubility of AMB was observed at 313.2 K with a PEG 400 mass fraction of 0.9. The experimental solubility data points were correlated by Jouyban-Acree, Jouyban-Acree-van’t Hoff and CNIBS/R-K as linear models and NRTL, Wilson and UNIQUAC as nonlinear models. Of them CNIBS/R-K and NRTL models performed the best in correlation results. The dissolution and mixing thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and entropy were also calculated based on Gibbs and van’t Hoff equations to investigate the solvation behavior of AMB in the aqueous PEG 400 mixtures. The density values of AMB saturated mixtures of the PEG 400 and water at different temperatures were also measured and correlated with the Jouyban-Acree model.

Fasted intestinal solubility limits and distributions applied to the biopharmaceutics and developability classification systems

After oral administration, a drug’s solubility in intestinal fluid is an important parameter influencing bioavailability and if the value is known it can be applied to estimate multiple biopharmaceutical parameters including the solubility limited absorbable dose. Current in vitro measurements may utilise fasted human intestinal fluid (HIF) or simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) to provide an intestinal solubility value. This single point value is limited since its position in relation to the fasted intestinal solubility envelope is unknown. In this study we have applied a nine point fasted equilibrium solubility determination in SIF, based on a multi-dimensional analysis of fasted human intestinal fluid composition, to seven drugs that were previously utilised to investigate the developability classification system (ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, furosemide, dipyridamole, griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir). The resulting fasted equilibrium solubility envelope encompasses literature solubility values in both HIF and SIF indicating that it measures the same solubility space as current approaches with solubility behaviour consistent with previous SIF design of experiment studies. In addition, it identifies that three drugs (griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir) have a very narrow solubility range, a feature that single point solubility approaches would miss. The measured mid-point solubility value is statistically equivalent to the value determined with the original fasted simulated intestinal fluid recipe, further indicating similarity and that existing literature results could be utilised as a direct comparison. Since the multi-dimensional approach covered greater than ninety percent of the variability in fasted intestinal fluid composition, the measured maximum and minimum equilibrium solubility values should represent the extremes of fasted intestinal solubility and provide a range. The seven drugs all display different solubility ranges and behaviours, a result also consistent with previous studies. The dose/solubility ratio for each measurement point can be plotted using the developability classification system to highlight individual drug behaviours. The lowest solubility represents a worst-case scenario which may be useful in risk-based quality by design biopharmaceutical calculations than the mid-point value. The method also permits a dose/solubility ratio frequency distribution determination for the solubility envelope which permits further risk-based refinement, especially where the drug crosses a classification boundary. This novel approach therefore provides greater in vitro detail with respect to possible biopharmaceutical performance in vivo and an improved ability to apply risk-based analysis to biopharmaceutical performance. Further studies will be required to expand the number of drugs measured and link the in vitro measurements to in vivo results.

Studies on Preparation and Evaluation of Soluble 1:1 Stoichiometric Curcumin Complex for Colorectal Cancer Treatment

This study investigates the complex of curcumin (CMN), which has enhanced solubility and hence, higher cytotoxicity compared to free CMN. Insilco molecular modelling and phase solubility (PS) studies were performed with the drug and carriers for interaction. The complex was characterized by in vitro drug release, FT-IR, PXRD, TGA, DSC, SEM, DLS, and functionalized dyeing test. The result showed that the CMN-PEG6000 complex produced significant properties of solubility (≈ 190 folds) and dissolution (80.68 % at 30 min), with stability constants equivalent to 309 and 377 M-1 at 25 and 37 °C, respectively. It exhibited AL type of isotherm indicating 1:1 stoichiometry. The result from the in vitro cytotoxicity showed that 50 % inhibition (IC50) was achieved on the SW480 and Caco-2 cells at an amount of complex that was considerably lesser than free CMN. Apoptosis study showed that the cells underwent cell death mainly by apoptosis with a small number by necrosis.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Enhanced curcumin solubility up to 190 fold higher than pure curcumin was investigated&#x0D; The phase solubility results of curcumin range from 5.7×10-4 M-1 and 7.8×10-4 M-1 at 25 and 37 °C, respectively&#x0D; First time of novel dyeing test was performed with complex of curcumin, signified its solubility&#x0D; This study provides useful approach for obtaining curcumin products with maximum aqueous solubility&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Solubility of Sulfamethazine in the Binary Mixture of Acetonitrile + Methanol from 278.15 to 318.15 K: Measurement, Dissolution Thermodynamics, Preferential Solvation, and Correlation

Solubility of sulfamethazine (SMT) in acetonitrile (MeCN) + methanol (MeOH) cosolvents was determined at nine temperatures between 278.15 and 318.15 K. From the solubility data expressed in molar fraction, the thermodynamic functions of solution, transfer and mixing were calculated using the Gibbs and van ’t Hoff equations; on the other hand, the solubility data were modeled according to the Wilson models and NRTL. The solubility of SMT is thermo-dependent and is influenced by the solubility parameter of the cosolvent mixtures. In this case, the maximum solubility was achieved in the cosolvent mixture at 318.15 K and the minimum in pure MeOH at 278.15 K. According to the thermodynamic functions, the SMT solution process is endothermic in addition to being favored by the entropic factor, and as for the preferential solvation parameter, SMT tends to be preferentially solvated by MeOH in all cosolvent systems; however, , so the results are not conclusive. Finally, according to mean relative deviations (MRD%), the two models could be very useful tools for calculating the solubility of SMT in cosolvent mixtures and temperatures different from those reported in this research.