Maximum Security Research Articles

Conditions of Contact: Reexamining the Relationship between Prison Visitation and Recidivism

While in prison, incarcerated persons can be subjected to qualitatively different conditions of confinement ranging from minimum to maximum security settings. In this study, we use data on 17,542 incarcerated men to assess whether the relationship between visitation and recidivism varies across the types of settings (i.e. minimum, medium, close, and maximum custody units) in which individuals are housed and receive their visits. We find that the relationship between prison visitation and rearrest varies across conditions of confinement, and that this association is highly attenuated for individuals confined in close and maximum security units. We also find that these patterns are robust to alternate various measures of recidivism (reconviction and return to prison) and visitation (frequency and timing). These results raise questions about the nature and effectiveness of visitation in highly restrictive settings, and suggest that an ecological framework should be applied to future studies of prison visitation and recidivism.

Applying Hirāba in Islamic Criminal Law to Curb Armed Banditry in the Zamfara State of Nigeria: Opportunities and Challenges

The paper investigates the armed banditry that engages in the highway robbery attacking villagers and travelers in the Zamfara state of Nigeria. The paper aimed at examines hirāba in Islamic criminal law and the penal code of the state for the possibility of applying the provisions to curb armed banditry in the state. The paper is a Sharia study; thus, the descriptive-analytical method was followed. Opinions of four Sunni schools are relied on in most cases. In addition, academic works of contemporary jurists and thinkers in journals were extensively consulted. The critical studies of jurist’s definitions of hirāba revealed that the crime of hirāba comprises maritime piracy, aircraft hijacking, armed banditry, kidnapping, and any act of destroying society. Zamfara state, which first reintroduced the Islamic criminal system, witnessed maximum security between 2000 and 2009 because there is a political will to enforce Islamic law. Although it is alleged that Sharia was supposed to bring joy but brought bandits to the state, while the study revealed that armed banditry started around 2009, sharia implementation is not responsible for the insecurity. The paper concludes that the practical solution is the enforcement of new Sharia in the region.

Факторы экономического пространства и деловой сети в повышении экономической безопасности бизнеса

In the conditions of modern economy, factors that affect the security of the business, but relate to external resources in relation to the company or opportunities, become significant. These resources and opportunities in economics have traditionally been identified with macro-economic (economic growth, inflation, exchange rates, government support) and institutional parameters (regulatory framework, transaction costs). The influence of the quality of economic space on economic security of business through the evaluation of opportunities that are tied to the specifics of the economic space is the least researched, including in our country. In this case, according to the latest research in the field of economic geography, economic space acts as a structure-forming platform that can form local markets, with intensive interaction of business agents. The purpose of this study is ensuring of economic security by building business networks in a single economic space. The research area focuses on indicators that characterize economic space, which are successfully used in international practice to determine the quality of economic space. The realization of this approach requires the use of traditional methods of scientific research, such as analysis, comparison, graphical method for visualizing obtained results, which allows determining the agglomeration zone and the space of business networks in it. When considering economic space in relation to building a business network in improving business security, main focus is on the quality of economic space that the region has. The proposed methods of evaluating the quality of economic space are actively used to determine the possibility of building business networks in this space. The authors conclude that business networks play a crucial role in improving the economic security of business in a particular economic space. The set of proposed measures provides additional opportunities and increases the influence of economic space on business security and creates the zone of maximum external security.

Hometown Prison: Whiteness, Safety, and Prison Work in Upstate New York State

ABSTRACTMass incarceration has been shown to be a force of racializations and class inequality in US life, but little literature has focused on the lives of prison guards. Highlighting the lived experiences of prison guards at two state maximum security prisons in Elmira, New York, a small multiracial city in central New York State, this article uses Cedric Robinson's notion of racial capitalism to show how prison expansion unfolds in New York State at the end of the twentieth century. Guard labor includes both the physical work of control and of basic social reproduction and is done by people who are connected to the cultures, histories, and political economies in which they were raised, what Elmirans often call one's “hometown.” I examine prison guards’ narratives of their racial encounters inside and outside the prison, their sense of their racialized selves, and their relationship to what they see as often boring, violent, and stigmatized work. I show how the expansion of the carceral state over the past forty years, the period most often referred to as mass incarceration, maintains Fordism's labor hierarchies in a retooled racialization: as jailer and jailed. [prisons, whiteness, carceral state, racial capitalism, post‐Fordism]

The possibilities of ensuring the security of the software product in the conditions of unauthorized access

Ensuring the security of a software product in the conditions of large companies, taking into account confidential financial and corporate data, is quite an urgent topic in 2021-2023. Over the past year, the number of leaks of confidential information reached a historic peak, together with cyber attacks, and amounts to 114 identified cases. In modern conditions, software security testing is aimed at identifying security errors and design flaws at all stages of the software development lifecycle. At the same time, at the design stage, this type of work should be provided in order to facilitate the implementation of these characteristics in the final version of the security-related system. Research has shown that there is a wide range of opportunities for developing and using security testing software. These options may differ in implementation technologies, cost and other tactical and technical indicators, characteristics of individual elements, and so on. The main task of developing a software security testing method is to develop, improve and select models, methods and tools that belong to a subset and provide maximum software security indicators. Our approach allows us to prevent any penetration into the information system, while maintaining 100% security of confidential files and the system as a whole. The threat prevention model works with the help of proactive technology, and if you calculate the economic effect of these measures, it can be different, depending on the value of the enterprise’s information itself, and can also be calculated in millions of US dollars. The reliability of the results of mathematical modelling of technologies for creating and implementing «penetration testing» tools is evaluated. The experimental results showed that for all the studied data types, the confidence probability that the value of the statistical value «does not deviate» from the mathematical expectation by more than 1 is 0.94.

Causes and Consequences of Sexual Violence in Male Prisons in Kenya: A Study of Kisumu Maximum Security Prison, Kenya

Sexual violence in prisons is an area that calls for adequate attention so as to achieve positive results in the rehabilitation of offenders. Globally, regionally and locally this phenomenon has not received the much-needed attention as one of the challenges facing correctional institutions. This study investigated causes and consequences of sexual violence in Kisumu Maximum Security Prison. The study applied the Deprivation Model and Differential Association Theory to show how the inability to access and enjoy some privileges might be a cause of sexual violence in male prisons. The target population was prisoners, prison staff of Kisumu Maximum Security Prison, and Kisumu County Probation Officers. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were applied to obtain a sample size of 186 prison inmates, 18 prison staff and 6 Probation Officers. Questionnaires were used to collect data from prisoners while key informant guide was used on Prison Staff and Probation Officers. The collected data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics and the out-puts were presented using tables, figures, and graphs. The study established that sexual violence was rampant in Kisumu Maximum Security Prisons with majority of the prisoners having knowledge of this vice and blaming congestion as a key motivator. Also, prison administration was also blamed for perpetuating the commission of sexual violence by failing to address and documenting these reports. Based on the study findings, it was recommended that increased surveillance by increasing staff and use of closed circuit cameras in the halls of residence, improved accommodation to ease congestion, introduction of supervised frequent conjugal visitations by partners, improved provision of basic necessities and lastly keeping the convicts constantly engaged in trainings and recreational activities address the problem of sexual violence in Kisumu Maximum Security Prison. Keywords: Causes, Consequences, Sexual Violence, Male Prisons DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-5-08 Publication date: June 30 th 2021

Tuberculosis treatment from the perspective of incarcerated individuals in a maximum security unit / Perspectiva do tratamento da tuberculose por pessoas privadas de liberdade em uma unidade de segurança máxima

Objective: the objective of this study is to analize the challenges encountered and establish a directly observed tuberculosis treatment in a maximum security penitentiary. Method: a qualitative approach was adopted for the exploratory descriptive study. Results: the respondents’ contributions indicate an exclusionary environment for those diagnosed with tuberculosis and fear of cross contamination. Knowledge about the disease is minimal, but treatment is eagerly accepted. However, a multidisciplinary team is not available to continually accompany the directly observed treatment. Conclusion: in light of these findings it the implementation of effective health promotion, prevention and recuperation measure for the detainees have therefore become necessary.

A novel two-lane lattice hydrodynamic model on a gradient road considering heterogeneous traffic flow

In the actual traffic, there are not only cars, but also buses, trucks and other vehicles. These vehicles with different maximum speeds or security headway or both are interspersed irregularly to form a heterogeneous traffic flow. In addition, most of the maximum speed of modern cars is hardly affected by gradients due to the fact that the car engine and brakes are rarely operated at their max while the maximum speed of trucks is affected. Considering that the performance of various types of vehicles is multifarious and the vehicles sometimes drive on the road with slopes, a novel two-lane lattice hydrodynamic model on a gradient road considering heterogeneous traffic flow is proposed in this paper. In order to verify the rationality of the model, the linear stability analysis is carried out first, that is, the linear stability conditions are derived from the linear stability theory and the stability curve is drawn accordingly. The results of the above analysis prove that the three factors studied in this paper, namely, time lane change, slope and mixing of different types of vehicles, all have a significant influence on the stability of traffic flow. The modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) equation is deduced by the nonlinear analysis method, which can describe the propagation characteristics of the traffic density waves near the critical point. Last but not least, the numerical simulation for new model is conducted and the numerical simulation results obtained are in good agreement with theoretical ones. In summary, increasing the lane changing rate or the slope on the uphill can improve the traffic flow stability. What is more, increasing the slope can lower the traffic flow stability on the downhill. Finally, in the heterogeneous traffic flow of different types of vehicles, the vehicles with larger security headway will make traffic flow difficult to stabilize, as do the vehicles with larger maximum speed.

Ambient Intelligence Based on IoT for Assisting People with Alzheimer’s Disease Through Context Histories

New Internet of Things (IoT) applications are enabling the development of projects that help with monitoring people with different diseases in their daily lives. Alzheimer’s is a disease that affects neurological functions and needs support to maintain maximum independence and security of patients during this stage of life, as the cure and reversal of symptoms have not yet been discovered. The IoT-based monitoring system provides the caregivers’ support in monitoring people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This paper presents an ontology-based computational model that receives physiological data from external IoT applications, allowing identification of potentially dangerous behaviors for patients with AD. The main scientific contribution of this work is the specification of a model focusing on Alzheimer’s disease using the analysis of context histories and context prediction, which, considering the state of the art, is the only one that uses analysis of context histories to perform predictions. In this research, we also propose a simulator to generate activities of the daily life of patients, allowing the creation of data sets. These data sets were used to evaluate the contributions of the model and were generated according to the standardization of the ontology. The simulator generated 1026 scenarios applied to guide the predictions, which achieved average accurary of 97.44%. The experiments also allowed the learning of 20 relevant lessons on technological, medical, and methodological aspects that are recorded in this article.

Involving Spaces of Unicode Standard Within Irreversible Arabic Text Steganography for Practical Implementations

This paper introduces a novel method for Arabic text steganography for irreversible practical usage that involves using the spaces in Unicode standard. The method also benefits from several characters in the Arabic language that can be changed based on their locations within words. The main innovation of this proposed method is the utilization of the different typescripts of Unicode standard for each letter shape. The technique also utilizes spaces and other Unicode features of Arabic e-text to hide secret data. This method depends on the use of contextual forms of Arabic characters and whitespaces to irreversibly hide certain specific secret bits. Additionally, the method employs the extra characters zero-width-joiner and Kashida to further enhance embedding capacity while preserving maximum security. The research implementation experiments show that this technique outperforms most available existing irreversible methods in both capacity and security. Moreover, this procedure can be widely adopted in related languages, such as Urdu and Farsi, due to their use of similar Unicode features, which is the encoding standard used in most of the world’s writing systems.

A Blockchain‐based Cyber Attack Detection Scheme for Decentralized Internet of Things using Software‐Defined Network

AbstractDue to using less secured and movable devices in Internet of Things (IoT) platform, cyber‐attacks have been a major issue nowadays. Different researches have been conducted to detect the probable security attacks, but faced constraints like storage, computation cost, system failure and high latency. Existing systems require continuous monitoring, controlling, and collecting the data in entire network for delivering services with the maximum security and defense mechanism against cyber‐attacks. In this context, a decentralized mechanism of security has been presented in this article using a software‐defined network (SDN) integrated with blockchain for IoT in mobile edge and fog computing. The SDN continuously monitors and analyzes the system traffic for providing an attack identification model. The blockchain has been used to overcome the failure issues addressed in the existing models by delivering decentralized attack identification scheme which detects attacks in fog and reduces it in the edge node.

Computational quantum key distribution (CQKD) on decentralized ledger and blockchain

In this work, we propose a new protocol for data transmission, using both the potential of quantum encryption expressed by the BB84 protocol and the possibilities offered by distributed ledgers and blockchain. As we shall see, this approach allows the transmission of keys in maximum security whether it is owned in quantum communication channel, or by using traditional channel and emulating on it a quantum functionalization thanks to the use of network nodes as new virtual quantum components, called i) Quantum Spin Generator (QSG), ii) Base Generator (BG), iii) Quantum Photon Polarizer (QPP), iv) Quantum Photon Meter (QPM), v) Quantum Photon Collider (QPC). The end result will be the security of one time pad encryption and quantum encryption, an intrinsic crypto agility linked to the dynamic allocation and functionalization of nodes, a growing security proportional to the growth of the number of network nodes used to encrypt and transmit the information.

Situational Risk Factors for Inmate-on-Staff Assaults

This study examines whether situational characteristics of incidents involving inmates and correctional staff are related to the occurrence of inmate-on-staff assaults. The analyses compare assaultive and non-assaultive incidents at an all-male, maximum security prison. The results of logistic regression models show that several situational characteristics (time, location, behavior of inmates, and actions taken by staff) differentiate between inmate-on-staff assaults and non-assaultive incidents. The results suggest that inmate-on-staff assaults can be reduced through the use of situational crime prevention, as well as training on signs indicating an assault is likely, the effective use of protective strategies, and de-escalation techniques.

Analysis of information security system with unlimited buffer memory in service networks

The optimal confiquration of the information security system (ISS) is determined as a queuing system with an unlimited amount of buffer memory, which ensures the maximum information security of service networks for oil and gas production facilities by ensuring the transition of all unauthorized access requests (UA) from the security protection mechanism (PM). Computational procedures and algorithms have been developed for studying the optimal characteristics of ISS as single-phase multi-channel queuing systems (QS) with an unlimited amount of buffer memory. Computational experiments have been carried out and numerical results have been obtained, which make it possible to use them in the construction of ISS in networks for various purpose.

Racial Disparities in Use of Force against Incarcerated People

ABSTRACT While many studies have examined racial disparities in police use of force, it is unknown whether or how use of force in a correctional setting varies by race. Therefore, this study examines 500 incidents that occurred at an all-male, maximum security prison in order to test for racial differences in use of force, net of situational characteristics such as the incarcerated person’s behavior. The results of binary logistic regression models show that physical force was used more often against nonwhites, while pinion restraints were used more often against White people than Black people. The use of chemical irritant and cell extractions, as well as a combined measure of total use of force, did not vary by race. Furthermore, race moderated the effects of some situational characteristics on total use of force; racial disparities may be the result of unconscious bias that shapes correctional officers’ reactions to incidents involving incarcerated people of color.

A lightweight encryption scheme using Chebyshev polynomial maps

Speaker Verification (SV) system is the popularly used user’s identity authentication. From this perspective, Improved Encryption with Optimized Variable Size Windowing based SV (IE-OVSW-SV) system has been designed which authenticates the speaker’s identities based on watermarking and encrypting the optimal speech signal features. For encryption, an enhanced AES algorithm was combined with improved RC4 keystream generator to generate the AES key. But it has a high computational complexity and does not ensure the maximum security level due to the utilization of the same symmetric key for cryptography. Therefore, in this article, Chaotic-based Advanced Encryption Standard (CAES) is proposed in which simplified enhanced AES is proposed by removing few rounds of the permutation process to reduce its computational complexity and finally combined with an improved quadratic chaotic map encryption in addition to increase the security of encrypted speech signal features during communication. Further, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) classification is used for verifying the speaker’s identity. Finally, the experimental results show the performance efficiency of CAES compared to the enhanced AES algorithm.

Multi-mode Gaussian Modulated Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

We propose a novel multi-mode Gaussian modulated continuous variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-CVQKD) protocol where Alice and Bob prepare independent and identically distributed Gaussian modulated coherent states in multiple independent modes respectively along with Charlie using a traditional noise homodyne detector to measure. Since it is completely handed over to an untrusted third party (Charlie) to measure, this protocol can effectively eliminate the defects of the actual detector. As well as, we also proved that the multi-mode MDI-CVQKD protocol can reduce electronic noise. The simulation results show that the multi-mode Gaussian modulated MDI-CVQKD protocol can indeed significantly improve the key rate of the original Gaussian modulated MDI-CVQKD protocol, and extend the maximum secure transmission distance of the secret key.

The Practice of Solitary Confinement of Children in Juvenile Detention in Victoria: A Human Rights Based Argument for Prohibition

In 2017, Victoria’s practices surrounding the solitary confinement of detained children were found by the Supreme Court to have breached the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic), including the right to be treated with ‘humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person’ when deprived of liberty. This was in the context of children aged between 15 and 18 being held in a precinct of the Barwon maximum security adult prison from November 2016. This article contextualises the Supreme Court’s findings by outlining the problematic use of solitary confinement of children in juvenile detention in Victoria in the years preceding the judgment (since 2010) and following. Numerous investigative reports have raised concerns about solitary confinement that is extremely detrimental to children. Through the findings of investigative reports, this article demonstrates that the use of solitary confinement in Victoria violates Australia’s international human rights law obligations. It argues that, consequently, the practice should be prohibited, as consistent with the 2015 recommendation by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

The Strengthening of the Mother–Child Relationship through Group Work Conducted in Prisons

Official statistics reveal a female crime rate of 5% Europe-wide for the year 2019. Recent years have seen a growing tendency in this regard. Mothers serving their prison sentences form a separate group among imprisoned women, who, besides carrying the stigma of social exclusion due to the crimes they have committed, they are also struggling with severe psychological and emotional problems given the adverse effects they are suffering from as a result of their forced separation from their children. Particularly great attention should be devoted to these women since their going to prison is not merely a private matter anymore, but it means an entire family’s loss, which has implications presenting dangers at the social level as it may lead to increased rates of child neglect, a growing number of institutionalized children, and the reproduction of criminal behaviour. The overall aim of the paper at hand is to provide a presentation of the group work conducted with imprisoned mothers. These group works were aimed at strengthening the mother–child relationship and preparing mothers for parental fitness. The target group of my intervention was made up of mothers serving their sentences in the Cluj-based external section of the maximum security prison in Gherla. The need for intervention was substantiated by results of the preliminary research. An intervention including 11 sessions of group counselling took place with the participation of 12 mothers serving their time. The group activities were elaborated based on the Raising a Child through Prison Bars international project, and the topics addressed during the sessions were following the guidelines of the programmes implemented in the framework of the aforesaid project.

Modeling of lightweight security framework for identifying efficient route for secure communication in WSN

PurposeIn the past recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) has progressively grown as an emerging technology. Various research efforts have been made in the literature to address the problem associated with WSN security. Based on the review analysis, it is found that the existing methods are mostly associated with complex security operations that are not suitable for resource constraint sensor nodes. The proposed paper has presented cost-effective modeling of the security framework that addresses the problem of security and energy in WSN.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed security framework implements two different protocols to attain maximum security services and optimizes the security operation of the proposed security models to achieve higher energy efficiency and privacy preservation against a majority of the lethal attacks. The first security model introduces a novel cost-efficient pairwise key-based authentication mechanism to identify the availability of optimal routes under the presence of adversary in the network. The second security model introduces an integrated part of the first security model that optimizes security operation to perform secure communication using a lightweight encryption mechanism.FindingsBased on the experimental outcome and analysis, the proposed system attains a 60% performance improvement in terms of security and computational efficiency compared to the existing Sec-LEACH. The second security model has achieved a 50% improvement in terms of overall aspects like reduction in transmission delay, packet delivery ratio, remaining energy and communication performance.Originality/valueThe proposed study has presented a computationally efficient model that provides lightweight security operations based on secure hash function. It also focuses on the security associations between WSN nodes and the selection of reliable routes for secure data transmission. The design of the proposed security model is best suited for homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks, which will be robust to any attacking scenario.