Maximum Hydrogen Production Rate Research Articles

Modeling, simulation, and optimization of hydrogen production from microalgae in compact photobioreactors

This study investigates the possibility of hydrogen production from microalgae depending on temperature, and cultivation medium microalgae, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in compact photobioreactors (PBR). A mathematical model generated a system of time dependent ordinary differential equations (ODE) to predict hydrogen generation in the indirect biophotolysis process originating from microalgae cultivation in tubular compact PBR. The indirect biophotolysis consists of two stages: i) aerobic (microalgae growth with air supply) and ii) anaerobic (consumption of microalgae biomass with hydrogen generation without air supply). A Michaelis-Menten type expression was used to model the rate of H2 generation considering that oxygen and sulfur could inhibit the process. The model was adjusted and experimentally validated against measured H2 production from green microalgae. The maximum rate of hydrogen production from local wild microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus was 6.8×10−7kgH2kgmed−1d−1. The thermodynamic optimization of the system determined that the optimum time of the anaerobic stage was 11 days and 13 h. The herein obtained results demonstrated that it is reasonable to state that a fundamental anaerobic stage optimum time for maximum large-scale H2 production should be expected in any indirect H2 biophotolysis process, no matter the complexity of the actual system.

Biochemical hydrogen potential assay for predicting the patterns of the kinetics of semi-continuous dark fermentation

The performance and kinetics response of thermophilic semi-continuous dark fermentation (DF) of simulated complex carbohydrate-rich waste was investigated at various hydraulic retention times (HRT) (2, 2.5, and 3 d) and compared with data obtained from biochemical hydrogen potential assay (BHP). A culture of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum was used as the inoculum and dominated both in BHP and semi-continuous reactor. Both the modified Gompertz and first-order models described the DF kinetics well (R2 = 0.97–1.00). HRT of 2.5 d was found to be optimal in terms of maximum hydrogen production rate and hydrogen potential, which were 3.97 and 1.26 times higher, respectively, than in BHP. The hydrolysis constant was highest at HRT of 3 d and was closest to the value obtained in the BHP. Overall, BHP has been shown to be a useful tool for predicting H2 potential and the hydrolysis constant, while the maximum H2 production rate is greatly underestimated.

Systematic screening of carbon‐based anode materials for bioelectrochemical systems

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe anode material of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) is crucial because its characteristics directly affect electron transfer from the bacteria to the anode. To assess its usefulness, each material must undergo evaluation under relevant operating conditions, as well as a complete electrochemical characterization.RESULTSFive carbonaceous materials – carbon brush (CB), carbon granules (CG), thicker carbon felt (CF1), high‐conductivity carbon felt (CF2), and high‐active‐area carbon felt (CF3) – anodes were tested in this work. The current generation with each anode material was studied, operating as a microbial fuel cell (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). Two MFC inoculation strategies were tested: (i) fixed 10 Ω external resistance (ER) and (ii) poised anode potential (PA) of 200 mV versus Ag/AgCl. Once reproducible cycles were obtained in MFC operation, CB yielded the highest maximum current density, amounting to 15.9 A m−2. A slightly reduced start‐up time was observed for each anode with PA than ER. When the anodes were transferred to MEC operation, the maximum hydrogen production rate of 1.04 m3 H2 m−3 d−1 was obtained for CB.CONCLUSIONThis study helps in selecting anode material for BES, allowing a shortening of the start‐up time and improving its performance using different inoculation strategies and anode materials. Among all the anode materials employed in this study, CB and CF3 electrodes presented the best overall performance. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

More Accurate Method for Evaluating the Activity of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Its Reaction Kinetics Equation.

Photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen is a sustainable energy conversion method. However, there is a lack of sufficiently accurate measurement methods for an apparent quantum yield (AQY) and a relative hydrogen production rate (rH2) at the moment. Thus, a more scientific and reliable evaluation method is highly required to allow the quantitative comparison of photocatalytic activity. Herein, a simplified kinetic model of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution was established, the corresponding photocatalytic kinetic equation was deduced, and a more accurate calculation method is proposed for the AQY and the maximum hydrogen production rate vH2,max. At the same time, new physical quantities, absorption coefficient kL and specific activity SA, were proposed to sensitively characterize the catalytic activity. The scientificity and practicality of the proposed model and the physical quantities were systematically verified from the theoretical and experimental levels.

The exploration of hydrogen production promoting mechanism of Rhodobacter sphaeroides by expressing tetA under tetracycline stress

Photo-fermentative hydrogen production rate improving has been a key limiting link in the field of biological hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacterium (PSB) in recent years. In our previous study, apparent hydrogen production enhancement was observed in R. sphaeroides HY01 with tetA expressed under tetracycline (Tc), which attracted our interests. It was found that Tc-resistant strains always presented stable hydrogen production promotion on the maximum hydrogen production rate (Rm), which was approximately 30% with Tc addition. Figuring out the underlying connections between Tc resistance and hydrogen production of R. sphaeroides may provide new methods for obtaining engineered PSB with high hydrogen production performance. In this study, basing on experimental tests, hydrogen promotion of resistant strain was found to be Tc dose-dependent. Some relevant gene expression differences on hydrogen production of Rodobacter sphaeroides induced by the expression of TetA and the addition of Tc were also tested and discussed.

Developing a self-powered microfluidic microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) for converting oxalate into hydrogen

The present study investigated the capability of coupled microfluidic microbial electrolysis cell-microbial fuel cell (MEC-MFC) to remove oxalate as a toxic end-metabolite and produce hydrogen as an effective antioxidant without any external power. The modification of the system to enhance the hydrogen generation and reduce the number of microfluidic MFCs supporting the external power supply of the microfluidic MEC was implemented by using zinc anode and inoculation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at a simple straight microchannel. The selection of the mentioned elements resulted from the assessment of spiral and straight geometries, nanoparticle growth, and injection rates of the substrate. The open-circuit potential of one microfluidic MFC was obtained at about 1.3 V, which could quickly run MECs. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 1.12 mol H2 mol Substrate−1 day−1, which was 12 times more than the results obtained by the coupled microfluidic MFC-MEC fed by glucose and using a nickel electrode. The performance of the coupled system was characterized by the polarization curves, the evolution of hydrogen production, and the morphology of the formed biofilm on the anode surface.

Elucidating the role of pH and total solids content in the co-production of biohydrogen and carboxylic acids from food waste via lactate-driven dark fermentation

Notwithstanding lactate-driven dark fermentation (LD-DF) can cope with inhibition issues associated with the over-proliferation of lactate producers, there is still a knowledge gap about the role of key operational parameters. In this study, the effect of pH and total solids (TS) content on the co-production of hydrogen and carboxylic acids, including medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs), from food waste (FW) via LD-DF was investigated. A series of batch fermentations was conducted, first, without pH control, and then at fixed pH values of 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5, while maintaining constant the TS content at 5 %. It was observed that the higher the operational pH, the lower the accumulation of lactate and the higher the extent and rate of hydrogen production, sustaining a maximum hydrogen production yield and rate of 81 NmL/g VS fed and 9 NL/L-d, respectively, at pH 6.5. In a second series of batch tests, the TS content was adjusted to 5, 7.5 and 10 % while pH was set at 6.5. The highest hydrogen production performance (103 NmL/g-VS fed and 13.3 NL/L-d) was achieved at 7.5 % TS, which also resulted in the highest accumulation of MCCAs, particularly of caproate, with an associated titer of 8.7 g/L. Hydrogen production plateaued with the exhaustion of lactate regardless of the condition tested. Further assessment through biochemical methane potential tests showed that LD-DF effluents can be alternatively valorised into biogas. Overall, the results obtained confirmed the key role of pH and TS content in the LD-DF of FW and suggested that this non-conventional route may be an alternative approach to cope with lactate flux diverted toward undesirable non-hydrogen-producing metabolic pathways.

Experimental investigation of simultaneous hydrogen production and desalination via electrodialysis process

The primary purpose of the electrodialysis (ED) process is to desalinate saline water; besides this, hydrogen, a valuable energy carrier gas, is generated at the cathode side of the ED cell in this study. However, hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas and reforms water due to the internal recirculation of the electrolyte solution from the anode to the cathode compartment. This study investigates the potential of hydrogen gas generation in an ED system that desalinates sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solution. The maximum conductivity removal ratio is 98.1% when ion-exchange resins are placed into the diluate compartment at pH 8, and the ED system's hydrogen production rate is 76.8 mg H2/h·kg Na2SO4. The maximum hydrogen production rate is achieved as 118.8 mg H2/h·kg Na2SO4 solution under 14.06 mA/cm2 current density. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated as 25.29% and 28.78%, respectively. The results indicate that the conventional ED process makes hydrogen production possible while desalinating saline water.

Extraction of Novel Effective Nanocomposite Photocatalyst from Corn Stalk for Water Photo Splitting under Visible Light Radiation

Novel (Ca, Mg)CO3&SiO2 NPs-decorated multilayer graphene sheets could be successfully prepared from corn stalk pith using a simple alkaline hydrothermal treatment process followed by calcination in an inert atmosphere. The produced nanocomposite was characterized by SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, and XRD analytical techniques, which confirm the formation of multilayer graphene sheets decorated by inorganic nanoparticles. The nanocomposite shows efficient activity as a photocatalyst for water-splitting reactions under visible light. The influence of preparation parameter variations, including the alkaline solution concentration, hydrothermal temperature, reaction time, and calcination temperature, on the hydrogen evolution rate was investigated by preparing many samples at different conditions. The experimental work indicated that treatment of the corn stalk pith hydrothermally by 1.0 M KOH solution at 170 °C for 3 h and calcinating the obtained solid at 600 °C results in the maximum hydrogen production rate. A value of 43.35 mmol H2/gcat.min has been obtained associated with the energy-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 9%. Overall, this study opens a new avenue for extracting valuable nanocatalysts from biomass wastes to be exploited in hot applications such as hydrogen generation from water photo-splitting under visible light radiation.

Optimization of up-flow velocity and feed flow rate in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket fixed-film reactor on bio-hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent

The present study aims to optimize key operational parameters of the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket fixed-film (UASFF) reactor using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) has been applied to accomplish thirteen experimental runs given two main variables, namely feed flow rate (Qf), and up-flow velocity (Vup). The maximum hydrogen content, hydrogen production rate (HPR), hydrogen yield (HY), and COD removal were achieved at 55%, 4800 mL H2/cycle, 321 mL H2/g-COD, and 24.33%, respectively at Qf 8 L/cycle (HRT = cycle = 10.5 h) and Vup 2.0 m/h. The performance of the parameters from the optimum identified area was assessed at Qf 5.5 L/cycle (HRT = 15.3 h), and Vup 1.8 m/h, resulted in a maximum hydrogen content, HY, and HPR of 72%, 340 mL H2/g-COD, and 5100 mL H2/cycle, respectively. At optimum conditions, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was found to be the dominant hydrogen-producing bacteria in the system. The results of this study may provide a practical basis for developing a UASFF reactor prototype based on empirical data.

Investigation of Hydrogen Production Performance Using Nanoporous NiCr and NiV Alloys in KBH4 Hydrolysis

Studies of storage and production of hydrogen, which is an alternative to fossil fuels, have been intensified. Hydrogen production from metal borohydrides via catalyst is very attractive because of its advantages, such as controlled production, high hydrogen content, nontoxicity, etc. In this study, the catalytic performances of nanoporous nickel–chromium alloy and nickel–vanadium alloy catalysts prepared with magnetron sputtering in hydrolysis of potassium borohydride, which is a hydrogen storage material, were investigated. Parameters that affected the hydrolysis reaction rate, such as the temperature, the amount of catalyst, and the volume of 0.5 M HCl solution were investigated using response surface methodology. In addition, the prepared catalysts were characterized with XRD and FE-SEM analysis, and the remaining solutions after the reactions were characterized with FE-SEM/EDS analysis. Using response surface methodology, optimum conditions for the maximum hydrogen production rate were determined to be 1.65 g of catalyst, 6% KBH4, 3% NaOH, and 7 mL of 0.5 M HCl at 333 K. Under these conditions, the hydrogen production rates were calculated as 68.9 L·min−1·gcat−1 and 76.5 L·min−1·gcat−1 for NiCr and NiV, respectively.

Highly Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Performance of Heterostructured Ti3C2/TiO2/rGO Composites.

There has been a dire need for the exploration of renewable clean hydrogen energy recourses in recent years. In this work, we investigated the photocatalytic hydrogen production of heterostructured Ti3C2/TiO2/rGO composites. Ti3C2/TiO2/rGO heterojunction nanocomposites were synthesized using two-step calcination and hydrothermal methods, and the optimum in situ growth ratio of TiO2 of 71.8% (nTi-O/nTi) and rGO mass ratio (mRGO/mTiO2/mTi3C2) of 12% were obtained. The target photocatalyst presented an outperforming photocatalytic hydrogen production performance of 1671.85 μmol·g-1 hydrogen production capacity in 4 h, with the maximum hydrogen production rate of 808.11 μmol·g-1·h-1 in the first hour being 3.08 times the maximum hydrogen production rate of bare TiO2 (262.66 μmol·g-1·h-1). The excellent hydrogen production performance was due to the formed rutile TiO2 and the constructed heterojunction of Ti3C2/TiO2/rGO, where rGO provided different electron transport channels, and made charge transfer easier, and restrained the recombination efficiency of electrons and holes.

Comparative optimization study of three novel integrated hydrogen production systems with SOEC, PEM, and alkaline electrolyzer

The present research conducts a comparative analysis and techno-economic optimization of three novel integrated energy systems for producing hydrogen, power, and desalinated water. These systems consist of heliostat field collectors, photovoltaic panels, a Rankine cycle, an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and multi-effects water desalination systems. The main difference between the three proposed systems is the electrolyzer type. Three electrolyzer types are utilized: solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEM), and alkaline electrolyzer. This research aims to compare these three types of electrolyzers in an integrated system to analyze their performance from both exergy and economic viewpoint at their optimum conditions. Parametric studies on system exergy efficiency and hydrogen production rate were also conducted. The results demonstrate that in the exergy-economic optimum conditions, the exergy efficiency of the combined solid oxide system, polymer exchange membrane system, and Alkaline system are 13.15%, 13.04%, and 12.41%, respectively. As SOEC works at high temperatures, both thermal and electrical energy cooperate to produce hydrogen. Therefore, the maximum hydrogen production rate and system exergy efficiency happen in the integrated SOEC system. Although the SOEC system has the most significant cost rate of 0.9372 $/s, the most expensive hydrogen cost belongs to the PEM system with a charge of 3.54 $/kg, and the cheapest one is produced in the alkaline system at 2.94 $/kg.

Rapid exfoliation of H2O2-intercalated layered titanate and visible-photocatalytic hydrogen production performance of exfoliated nanosheet

Usually, it takes 3–7 days to exfoliate the layered titanic acid H1.07Ti1.73O4 (HTO) into Ti1.73O41.07– (TO) nanosheet. The H2O2 molecules can easily enter into the interlayers of the HTO crystal to form the H2O2 intercalated HTO. The H2O2 intercalation can achieve rapid exfoliation of HTO. It takes 1 h to exfoliate into a yellow H2O2-modified TO nanosheet, which has a wide absorption wavelength range and a narrow band gap. Moreover, such 2D nanosheet has a large specific surface area and a large number of reactive sites. And such yellow H2O2-modified TO nanosheet displays some visible photocatalytic hydrogen production performance. When the H2O2-TO nanosheet is loaded with Ni(OH)2, the sample can show a higher photocatalytic hydrogen production performance. The maximum photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of the Ni(OH)2-H2O2-TO catalyst is 32.48 μmol h−1 g−1, which is 4.1 and 1.9 times higher than that of H2O2-TO and Pt-H2O2-TO. This is due to the formation of a type II heterojunction between the H2O2-TO nanosheet and Ni(OH)2. This heterojunction can achieve the effective separation of photogenerated carriers.

Enhanced biohydrogen production in a membraneless single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell during high-strength wastewater treatment: Effect of electrode materials and configurations

The selection of better electrode material and studies of the electrocatalytic activities of the electrodes are crucial to increasing biohydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cells (MEC). In the present work, we studied biohydrogen production and electrocatalytic activities using a membraneless single-chamber MEC fed with high-strength wastewater, using different electrode materials (metal and carbon electrode), configurations and electrode distance. The electro-fermentation (EF) process showed a significantly higher biohydrogen production and COD removal, compared to conventional dark fermentation reactor (DF). The maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) obtained was 314 m3 H2/m3R.d with an overall biohydrogen recovery (rH2) of 340% using the electrode configuration stainless steel 304 pleated mesh 60 as anode and stainless steel 304 flat mesh 60 as cathode at 4 cm of electrode distance. The onset potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with metal electrode was significantly lower than carbon electrode.

Dynamic simulation and 3E optimization with an environmental assessment of an efficient energy plant for generation of fresh water by humidification-dehumidification technology and green power and H2

Buildings, mainly residential complexes, can benefit significantly from integrated district generating systems because of their flexibility, increased energy efficiency, and reduced emissions. The energy requirements of a building in Beijing, China, are investigated in this work using dynamic modeling software. The use of solar energy, including photovoltaic thermal panels and collectors, desalination systems, which include humidification and dehumidification units, and hydrogen generation systems, which include alkaline and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, as well as heating and cooling systems, is suggested and examined transiently. The TRNSYS software works by simulating a situation from a thermodynamic and environmental point of view. According to the findings, we receive solar radiation on our solar panels for more than half the year, with a maximum output of 16.2 kWh. Additionally, it was found that more hydrogen and freshwater were produced during the year's warmer seasons, with the maximum hydrogen production rate reaching 2 kg per hour. The hydrogen tank, therefore, had a higher state of charge during the hotter months. The power and heating produced were also calculated on the hottest and coldest days of the year. The findings showed that power generation is roughly-four times higher on the year's hottest day than the coldest. Furthermore, since freshwater and hydrogen production rates rise during hot weather, the overall efficiency is higher during warm months. After optimization was completed, the best-case scenario saw 0.7 kg of hydrogen produced for 17.45 $/GJ. Environmentally, using solar energy can be reduced CO2 emissions compared with fossil fuels.

Biohydrogen production from brewery wastewater in an Anaerobic baffled reactor. A preliminary techno-economic evaluation

The study aimed to optimise the dark fermentation (DF) process for producing biohydrogen from brewery effluent using an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Temperature, pH, and retention time were considered as the operating parameters. The output parameters were hydrogen production rate (HPR), chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, and total volatile fatty acids (tVFA). The maximum HPR was 18.16 mL/h, and the lowest was 0.94 mL/h, all at 35°C, even though the operating pH in both cases was different, pH 5 and 2.5, respectively. Under pH conditions ranging between 4 and 7, high COD removal was more prominent, with 60.81% COD removal found at a pH of 6.5. pH played a pivotal role in the process's general performance; at the same retention time (10.0 h) and temperature (35 ºC), a hydrogen yield of 2.77 mmol/gCOD at pH of 2.5 and 30.98 mmol/gCOD at pH of 5 were recorded. The Design-Expert software was used to design the experimental runs. The model produced predicted an optimum operating temperature of 36℃, pH of 5.6, retention time of 10.2 h and 17.05 mL/h HPR, 49.88% COD removal efficiency and 683 mg/L VFA concentration in the effluent were predicted. A techno-economic evaluation was conducted to assess the feasibility of scaling up the dark fermentation of brewery wastewater at the optimum conditions specified in this research. A 40 million litre per annum dark fermentation system was preliminarily designed, and about 5.5 GL/yr of hydrogen was expected under normalised conditions. The hydrogen cost was US$ 7.35/kg, with a payback period of 5.9 years and a return on the interest of 25.59%.

Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulose by Mesophilic Clostridium populeti FZ10 Newly Isolated from Microcrystalline Cellulose-Acclimated Compost

Screening new Clostridium strains that can efficiently utilize lignocellulose to produce hydrogen is extremely important for dark fermentative hydrogen production. In this study, a mesophilic hydrogen-producing bacterium, identified as Clostridium populeti FZ10, was newly isolated from compost acclimated by microcrystalline cellulose. The strain could produce hydrogen from various cellulosic substrates. The performances of hydrogen production from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and corn stalk (CS) were especially investigated. The maximum hydrogen yield and hydrogen production rate from MCC were 177.5 ± 4.8 mL/g and 7.7 ± 0.2 mL·g−1·h−1, respectively. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the structure of CS was destroyed after fermentation, which could be attributed to the presence of exoglucanase, endoglucanase, β-glucosidase and xylanase produced by Clostridium populeti FZ10. The maximum hydrogen yield and hydrogen production rate from CS were 92.5 ± 3.7 mL/g and 5.9 ± 0.2 mL·g−1·h−1,respectively, with a cellulose degradation of 47.2 ± 2.3% and a hemicellulose degradation of 58.1 ± 2.0%. This study demonstrates that Clostridium populeti FZ10 is an ideal candidate for directly converting lignocellulose into biohydrogen under mesophilic conditions. The discovery of strain C. populeti FZ10 has special significance in the field of bioenergy.

Hydrogen Production through Water Vapors using Optimized Corona-DBD Hybrid Plasma Micro-Reactor

Hydrogen as secondary energy carrier is one of the promising routes to meet renewable and sustainable energy demand. Hydrogen production using water plasmolysis, so far, has been considered as energy intensive. However, recent developments in the field of microplasmas has reduced energy requirement of water plasmolysis on par with electrolysis. However, there’s still room for improvement as water vapors dissociation efficiencies are less than thermodynamic and kinetic limits. One of the ways to do that is to split microchannel in plasma into sub-micron channels by packing beads inside the reactor. The current study investigates the plasmolysis of water vapours (steam) and argon gas with (1) empty channel plasma reactor and (2) glass beads packed plasma reactor. A custom-made Corona-DBD hybrid microplasma reactor has been designed and employed for water steam plasmolysis. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of water vapors dissociating into hydrogen at a relatively small interelectrode gap at atmospheric pressure. The minimum breakdown voltage has been found to be 3.7 kVpk-pk at 5 mA current. The maximum hydrogen production rate was observed 23.9 g/kWh at optimized conditions for the glass beads packed plasma reactor. So, in current study glass beads packed plasma microreactor yielded 23.9g of H2/kWh which is significantly higher than any previously published study

Furfural Influences Hydrogen Evolution and Energy Conversion in Photo-Fermentation by Rhodobacter capsulatus

Furfural, as a typical byproduct produced during the hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass, is harmful to the photo fermentation hydrogen production. In this work, the effects of furfural on the photo fermentation hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus using glucose as substrate were investigated. The characteristics of cell growth, hydrogen production, and fermentation end-products with the addition of different concentrations of furfural (0–20 mM) were studied. The results showed that furfural negatively affected the maximum hydrogen production rate and total hydrogen yield. The maximum hydrogen yield of 2.59 ± 0.13 mol-H2/mol-glucose was obtained without furfural. However, 5 mM furfural showed a 40% increase in cell concentration. Furfural in high concentrations can favor the overproduction and accumulation of inhibitive end-products. Further analysis of energy conversion efficiency showed that most of the energy in the substrate was underused and unconverted when the furfural concentration was high. The maximum glucose consumption (93%) was achieved without furfural, while it dramatically declined to 7% with 20 mM furfural addition. The index of half-maximal inhibitory concentration was calculated as 13.40 mM. Moreover, the possible metabolic pathway of furfural and glucose was discussed.