Maximum Power Transfer Research Articles

Comparative analysis of online voltage stability indices based on synchronized PMU measurements

The need for reliable real-time information on voltage stability margins of electrical power systems is an increasingly relevant concern within the current trend of electrification and deployment of power electronics-based devices. This paper conducts the assessment and comparison of four Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs) proposed for this application and based exclusively on synchronized phasor measurements. The robustness and accuracy of each method in identifying the point of maximum power transfer are evaluated as the correlation between load characteristics and consistent estimation of voltage stability margins is explored. In addition, the likelihood inherent to each VSI formulation of triggering false alarms under certain system dynamics is addressed in detail. The comparative analyses are derived from dynamic simulation data of a 3-bus test system, the IEEE 9-bus network and the IEEE 39-bus network, all modelled in the open-source Python-based power system simulator DynPSSimPy. Case studies cover placement of monitoring device, different load types, line disconnection events and presence of measurement noise. The results presented serve as a reference point for the development and/or enhancement of VSIs suitable for real-time applications, highlighting their most significant advantages and drawbacks and providing insights on potential trade-offs that need to be considered when employing such approaches within control center settings.

Design of Stabilizing Network for Capacitive Power Transfer Transmitter Operating at Maximum Power Transfer Limiting the Voltage Gain in Resonant Capacitors

Capacitive power transfer (CPT) is a technology that is emerging as an alternative to inductive power transfer (IPT) in applications requiring low to medium power. A great interest has been developed in the implementation of CPT systems in battery charging systems, where a condition to compete with IPT systems is the need to increase the power transfer in the CPT systems without significant losses. This paper puts forth a design methodology for a stabilizing network, which has been applied to a CPT system. This methodology has been developed through impedance analysis of the circuit, in order to achieve maximum power transfer, with total gains of voltage and current reaching a value close to unity. The methodology allows for the calculation of the value of the components of the stabilizing network, which has been designed with the objective of stabilizing the resonant frequency against changes in the capacitance of the transmission plates. To validate the design procedure, an experimental prototype was developed at 25 W and an operational frequency of 1.55 MHz. The results obtained validate the design methodology.

Modified Impedance Matching in a Discrete Battery System: Selection Rule for Maximum Power Transfer

Modified Impedance Matching in a Discrete Battery System: Selection Rule for Maximum Power Transfer

Voltage and Current Dynamics Cancellation of Weak-Grid-Tied Grid-Following Inverters for Maximum Transferable Power Improvement

Voltage and Current Dynamics Cancellation of Weak-Grid-Tied Grid-Following Inverters for Maximum Transferable Power Improvement

The population growth model of electrostatic charges: A novel concept for engineering optimal performance triboelectric nanogenerators

Lateral sliding triboelectric nanogenerators LS-TENGs promise to combine low cost and high-efficiency mechanical energy harvesting at low frequency with the advantages of light weight and simple device architecture. To date, device power generation optimization has only been addressed on the framework of the optimal load resistance through the maximum power transfer theorem (MPTT). However, MPTT is a concept to optimize the power transferred from TENGs to loads, but not for optimizing the power generated by the TENG itself. In response, this work reports a concept that resembles the population growth model of species for designing enhanced performance LS-TENGs with optimal charge-generating rate. In this way, devices designed under the proposed concept possess a significantly enhanced optimal charge and power generation rate up to 3-fold and 8-fold respectively superior to those found for conventional rectangular TENGs with similar capacity, which allows us power up sustainably for hours low power consumption devices with a few minutes of mechanical energy harvesting. Thereby, this model aids in the development of enhanced performance LS-TENGs capable of collecting mechanical vibrations and optimally converting them into electrical energy by breaking the limits set by the MPTT, as well as opening a route towards batteryless power autonomy.

Review of Compensation Topologies Power Converters Coil Structure and Architectures for Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicle

The increasing demand for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated advancements in charging solutions, with a particular focus on speed and efficiency. However, power transfer efficiency is the major concern in static and dynamic wireless charging (DWC) design. Design consideration and improvements in all functional units are necessary for an increase in overall efficiency of the system. Recently, different research works have been presented regarding DWC at the power converter, coil structure and compensators. This paper provides a comprehensive review of power converters incorporating high-order compensation topologies, demonstrating their benefits in enhancing the DWC of EVs. The review also delves into the coupling coil structure and magnetic material architecture, pivotal in enhancing power transfer efficiency and capability. Moreover, the high-order compensation topologies used to effectively mitigate low-frequency ripple, improve voltage regulation, and facilitate a more compact and portable design are discussed. Furthermore, optimal coupling and different techniques to achieve maximum power transfer efficiency are discussed to boost magnetic interactions, thereby reducing power loss. Finally, this paper highlights the essential role of these components in developing efficient and reliable DWC systems for EVs, emphasizing their contribution to achieving high-power transfer efficiency and stability.

Maximum Power Transfer of a Photovoltaic Microgeneration System Using PSO-Based Dynamic Modeling

This research aims to implement an already developed algorithm to obtain the maximum power transfer of a solar generation field based on a dynamic approach. The study addresses the sizing of the load to be supplied, which is a residential building. On the other hand, it also considers the field sizing as a function of the load and the operating characteristics of the selected inverter. The irradiance data correspond to the hourly record of a station that is part of the network of meteorological stations in Quito. Quito was chosen as the location for this research due to the optimization algorithm’s practical application and the availability of experimental equipment. The demand sizing is based on the regulations of the distribution company with jurisdiction in the area, which makes it a suitable test bed for the algorithm. The optimization algorithm is developed using Python (version 3.9), and the analysis of the behavior of the solar panels is performed by dynamic modeling using the Vensim software (version 10.1.2). Finally, comparative results are presented between using and not using the investigated circuit and algorithm in the photovoltaic system, obtaining an improvement in the generation over a system without the use of these improvements, validating these results by implementing them in a test system, obtaining ranges higher than 10% of the initially generated power.

A Comprehensive Review on Control Technique and Socio-Economic Analysis for Sustainable Dynamic Wireless Charging Applications

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) has garnered significant attention as a promising technology for electric vehicle (EV) charging, eliminating the need for physical connections between EVs and charging stations. However, the improvement in power transfer efficiency is a major challenge among the research community. Different techniques are investigated in the literature to maximize power transfer efficiency. The investigations include the power electronic circuit, magnetic coupler design, compensating capacitance and control technique. Also, the investigations are carried out based on the type of wireless charging system, which is either a static or dynamic scenario. There are a good number of review articles available on the power electronic circuit and compensator design aspects of WPT. However, studies on the controller design and tracking maximum efficiency are some of the important areas that need to be reviewed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bibliometric analysis on the DWPT technology, design procedure, and control technique to increase the power transfer and socio-economic acceptance analysis. The manuscript also provides information on the challenges and future direction of research in the field of DWPT technology.

Dual‐frequency three‐dimensional wireless power transfer system to achieve two‐channel independent maximum power transfer

Dual‐frequency three‐dimensional wireless power transfer system to achieve two‐channel independent maximum power transfer

Single and Double Stub Tuner Impedance Matching of Microwave Circuits Using Mathcad Software

In this paper impedance matching, using tuning stubs of different types and forms are designed and analyzed using Mathcad Software. The aim of this paper is impedance matching which is to connect an arbitrary complex-valued load impedance to a source with a given resistive internal impedance (Intrinsic Impedance Zo) without causing input reflection and to ensure transfer of maximum power from source to load (ZL). Smith chart is designed in this paper with a Mathcad software. This tool is considered as a very powerful tool to show the results on Smith chart. Single and double stub tuners are designed and analyzed with examples. The designed software is used in this paper for different cases, such as single stub and double stub tuners (open-ended and short-ended) for matching capacitive and inductive loads. The software designed in this paper is useful for designers working in this field as well as in education process.

System identification and centralised causal impedance matching control of a row of two heaving point absorber wave energy converters

Similar to offshore wind turbines, multiple point absorber wave energy converters (WECs) will be installed in an array configuration, to increase the total capacity, and to benefit from the economies of scale. Whereas wind turbines always interact destructively due to wake effects, WECs can interact constructively, since hydrodynamic interactions between the WECs occur through radiation and diffraction of waves, changing the direction of the incoming wave energy. This paper presents the dataset and results of the experimental modelling of a row of two ‘WECfarm’ heaving point absorber WECs at the wave basin of Aalborg University (AAU). Impedance matching enables maximum power transfer between two oscillatory systems, from the waves to the Power Take-Off (PTO) of the WEC. While literature covers this impedance matching approach for single, isolated WECs, the research discussed in this paper is unique by applying the experimental modelling of the impedance matching approach on a row of two WECs. Radiation system identification tests are executed to determine the intrinsic impedance of the isolated WECs, and the 2 × 2 impedance matrix of the two-WEC array. A causal impedance matching resistive and reactive controller are designed, implemented and tested for a selection of operational sea states. For centralised control, hydrodynamic interactions are taken into account by considering the complete impedance matrix, whereas for decentralised control no hydrodynamic interactions are taken into account by considering only the diagonal of the impedance matrix. The power absorption performance of the isolated WECs, the two-WEC array with decentralised control, and the two-WEC array with centralised control, are compared. Constructive interaction is identified, yielding enhanced power absorption for the array compared to the WECs isolated. Therefore, the layout of the WEC array and the control of the PTO should be optimised simultaneously, to maximise the power absorption of the array as a whole.

Design of Resonant Converter of Trans cutaneous Energy Transfer System to Power Artificial Heart

Wireless technologies have matured to recharge the batteries of consumer devices efficiently. The benefit of the technology is being used by mobile communication devices, personal computation devices, and wearable entertainment devices. The wireless energy transfer techniques employ the transfer of electrical energy between two-tesla coils in surface contact and not by electrical contact through the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Many international consortiums have made guidelines for designing and manufacturing these devices. However, for active implantable medical devices such as artificial hearts, a large amount of electrical energy usually in the range of 15W to 30W needs to be transferred across the skin at a depth of 10mm to 30mm. The design needs to be optimized for maximum power transfer with the highest possible efficiency. Any loss in power will be reflected as heat energy and cause burns and tissue death. A transcutaneous energy transfer system is such type of wireless energy transfer mechanism across the skin to power implanted life-saving devices. In this paper, the design of a resonant converter and its performance is investigated to wirelessly transfer electrical power up to a tissue thickness of about 25mm.

Hybrid Topology with Reconfigurable Rectifier for Enable CC and CV Output Characteristics in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

To achieve simple and reliable conversion from constant current (CC) charging mode to constant voltage (CV) charging mode in wireless power transfer systems, this paper proposes a hybrid topology equipped with a reconfigurable rectifier. An AC switch is adapted to simultaneously realize the change from half-bridge rectification to full-bridge rectification and achieve the shift from a topology with capacitors in the series compensated primary and secondary sides to a topology with capacitors in the series compensated primary side and the inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) compensated secondary side. Notably, communication between the transmitter and receiver sides is not necessary in the proposed method. Furthermore, the zero phase angle characteristic is successfully maintained in both charging modes. The experimental results obtained using the 48 V/0.7 A experimental prototype, which was built to validate the relevant theoretical analysis, show that output current/voltage can be achieved in CC/CV charging mode independent of load resistance. Notably, the maximum power transfer efficiency of the system during the charging process reached 95.33%.

Graph-Based Modeling and Optimization of WPT Systems for EVs

A model of a system of wireless power transfer (WPT) pads is developed, where each WPT pad is modeled as a node and the coupling between pads is modeled as graph edges. This modeling approach is generalized to admit primary, secondary, and booster coils, where power can flow among the pads and a pad can fill multiple roles. An excitation in one pad induces voltage and current in all neighboring pads, causing each pad to act as both a booster coil and either a transmitter or a receiver. Power flow through the entire system can be modeled with the graph structure; the power flow can then be optimized by alternating the phases of the WPT excitations to maximize power transfer. An example is shown where exploiting the graph-based WPT system modeling increases total energy transfer by 25% compared to another method. This increase occurs without altering the geometry of the pads or the magnitude of the pad excitations.

Enhancement of transmission line parameters for the supply of energy in the Rivers state local government area of Obio Akpor

Efficient energy transmission is crucial for meeting the growing demand for electricity, particularly in urban and rural areas. In the Rivers State Local Government Area of Obio Akpor, Nigeria, ensuring reliable power supply is essential for supporting economic development and improving quality of life. However, challenges such as transmission line losses, voltage fluctuations, and inadequate infrastructure hinder the effective distribution of energy in the region. This article presents a comprehensive study on enhancing transmission line parameters to improve energy supply in Obio Akpor. Through field measurements, data analysis, and simulation studies, the performance of existing transmission lines is evaluated, and strategies for enhancing efficiency and reliability are proposed. The literature review explores previous research on transmission line optimization, emphasizing factors such as conductor material, line design, and insulation to minimize losses and maximize power transfer capability. Materials and methods encompass data collection, including impedance measurements, voltage profiles, and load characteristics, followed by computer simulations to assess proposed enhancements.

Super-wideband fractal antenna of two-arm structure with broadband balun

ABSTRACT A balanced two-arm antenna has been proposed for super-wideband (SWB) operation to work efficiently over the frequency range (2.95 − 34 GHz ). The antenna proposed for SWB operation can be considered as composed of two main parts. The first part is the radiating surface of the antenna and is composed of two-arms leading to a balanced antenna structure. For wideband operation, each arm has a double-fractal (angular/radial) structure. The second part of the antenna structure is the wideband feeding balun that is responsible for realising maximum power transfer and impedance matching while feeding the balanced radiating two-arm structure from the conventional unbalanced coaxial line. A prototype has been fabricated for experimental characterisation of the proposed antenna. Both the simulation results and the experimental measurements come in good agreement with each other showing that the proposed antenna can be good candidate for many super-wideband applications of future generations of mobile communications. The proposed antenna has overall dimensions of 40.0 mm × 21.0 mm × 1.5 mm . It is shown by simulation and measurement that the proposed antenna has %BW of 168 % , RBW of 11.5 : 1 , and BDR of 2015 . The maximum gain ranges between 2.3 and 6.2 dBi. The radiation efficiency is greater than 98% over the frequency range ( 2 − 24 GHz ) and is greater than 85% over the frequency range ( 24 − 34 GHz ).

Design and implementation of microcontroller-based solar charge controller using modified incremental conductance MPPT algorithm

This paper presents the modeling, design, and implementation of a rapid prototyping low-power solar charge controller with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The implemented circuit consists of a 60 W photovoltaic (PV) module, a buck converter with an MPPT controller, and a 13.5V-48Ah battery. The performance of the solar charge controller is increased by operating the PV module at the maximum power point (MPP) using a modified incremental conductance (IC) MPPT algorithm. While the traditional IC MPPT approach requires a substantial amount of code and algorithmic steps to keep the PV module at the MPP, the proposed IC achieves the same process with a reduced number of lines of code, owing to its optimized algorithmic approach. By adjusting the duty cycle of the generated Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal, maximum power transfer from the PV module is attained during the operation of the battery charging process. The simulation model is configured and tested in Matlab/Simulink environment under different solar data (1000 W/m2, 500 W/m2, 800 W/m2) with constant temperature (25 °C). To validate the simulations, experimental studies are conducted using the developed rapid prototype with the 32-bit embedded microcontroller in the laboratory. According to the simulation and laboratory results, the maximum power tracking performance of the traditional method was found to be 95.51%, while the proposed method achieved a ratio of 96.59% with less steady-state oscillation. The average tracking efficiency has increased by 1.13%. The proposed IC tracks the MPP more accurately and provides maximum available power for battery charging at different solar radiations compared to the traditional IC approach. For low-powered electric devices, the proposed system can be used to provide a charging infrastructure solution.

Maximum Power Equivalent: A Unification of Thévenin and Norton Equivalents

The Maximum Power equivalent is presented. This equivalent combines the Thévenin and Norton equivalents to form a network that exhibits facilitates in finding the maximum power transfer condition for linear and nonlinear loads. A reflection coefficient ρ, analogous to that found in other areas, is introduced, which allows the maximum transfer condition to be defined when it equals zero. The detailed method for obtaining the maximum power equivalent is presented, and examples for finding the maximum transfer condition for linear and nonlinear loads are included.

Design of a Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Improved Directivity and Gain of Mobile Communication Base Station

This study presents the design of Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna (CMPA) for improved directivity and gain of mobile communication base station. The design incorporates a Rogger/5880 substrate material with a permittivity of 2.2, tangent angle of 0.00009 and a substrate height (thickness) of 0.98μm at a frequency of 1.65THz. Diversity Antenna Array Processing (DAAP) and Chebyshev Antenna Array (CAA) methods were used in the design. AutoCAD software and 2D data plotter were used for the diagrams and charts while Maple software was used for simulation. For angles of 0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o and 180o, the array factors are 7.84dB, 7.85dB, 7.87dB, 7.88dB, 7.87dB, 7.85dB and 7.84db respectively. The results from the design demonstrated a remarkably low side lobe level of 0.01dB, indicating excellent suppression of unwanted radiation in undesired directions. Additionally, the antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of unity, ensuring maximum power transfer efficiency from the source to the load. Furthermore, the antenna shows a high directivity and gain of approximately 9dB, which enhances the signal strength and coverage range. The Half Power Beam-width (HPBW) and First Null Beam-width (FNBW) was measured as 300 and 600 respectively. These parameters depict the angular width of the main radiation beam and the sharpness of the beam pattern’s nulls. In all, the designed CMPA with its CAA based antenna array holds great potential for communication networks and for mobile communication base station, offering enhanced performance in terms of radiation characteristics and signal quality.

Maximum Power Point Tracking control of a variable speed wind turbine via a T-S fuzzy model-based approach

This paper proposes a multi-objective H2/H ∞ maximum power tracking control of a variable speed wind turbine to minimize the H2 tracking error and ensure the H ∞ model reference-tracking performance, simultaneously. The optimal condition is obtained via a boost converter use, which adapts the load impedance to the wind turbine generator. Thus, based on the fuzzy T-S model, a multi-objective Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is developed, ensuring maximum power transfer, despite wind speed variation and system uncertainty. To specify the optimal trajectory to follow, a TS reference model is proposed taking as input the optimal rectified DC current. The conditions of stability and stabilization are expressed in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) for uncertain and disturbed T-S models leading to determining the controller gains. Finally, an example of MPP tracking applied to a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy control law.