Maximum Permissible Content Research Articles

Автоматизована система обчислення раціонів годівлі сільськогосподарських тварин

При обчисленні раціонів годівлі сільськогосподарських тварин необхідно використовувати значну кількість довідкового матеріалу. Сюди відноситься інформація про характеристики кормів та норми годівлі тварин. Пропонується зберігати цю інформацію у вигляді бази даних, яка утворена засобами табличного процесора MS Excel. База даних міститься у кількох таблицях. Структура бази даних передбачає наявність таких таблиць: таблиця еталонної бази даних про корми; таблиця робочої бази даних; таблиця кормових добавок; таблиця бази даних про норми годівлі тварин; таблиця з інформацією про максимально допустимі норми вмісту кормів в раціоні тварин. Таблиця еталонної бази даних є захищеною від випадкових змін і служить еталоном, з якого можна при потребі копіювати інформацію в таблицю робочої бази даних. Таблицю робочої бази даних можна актуалізувати, вносячи в неї для кожного корму зміни, що одержані в результаті лабораторних аналізів вмісту в кормі поживних речовин. Система містить розрахункову таблицю, яка призначена для формування раціону годівлі тварини певної статево-вікової групи за запропонованим алгоритмом. Користувач має можливість задавати вміст у раціоні кожного виду корму, враховуючи його поживність, у відсотках від загальної поживності раціону. При цьому попередньо в розрахункову таблицю за допомогою системи макросів вводиться інформація з таблиці бази даних про норми годівлі для даної тварини та інформація про максимально допустимий вміст кожного з кормів в обчислюваному раціоні.

Assessment of resistance of soddy-calcareous typical soils of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus to chemical contamination

Based on laboratory modeling, a conclusion has been made that contamination of soddy-calcareous typical soil of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus by Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and oil results in its poorer biological properties. The total number of bacteria drops, the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase and celluloselytic activity become smaller, the amount of bacteria of the Azotobacter genus decreases, and the parameters of germination and initial growth of radish become poorer. With respect to the adverse effect on the biological properties of the investigates soil, heavy metals may be arranged into the following series: Cr > Cu ≥ Ni = Pb. Qualitative benchmarks of the regional maximum permissible contents of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and oil in soddycalcareous typical soils of this region were determined on the basis of changes in ecological soil functions.

Nutrient Status and Contamination Risks from Digested Pig Slurry Applied on a Vegetable Crops Field

The effects of applied digested pig slurry on a vegetable crops field were studied. The study included a 3-year investigation on nutrient characteristics, heavy metals contamination and hygienic risks of a vegetable crops field in Wuhan, China. The results showed that, after anaerobic digestion, abundant N, P and K remained in the digested pig slurry while fecal coliforms, ascaris eggs, schistosoma eggs and hookworm eggs were highly reduced. High Cr, Zn and Cu contents in the digested pig slurry were found in spring. Digested pig slurry application to the vegetable crops field led to improved soil fertility. Plant-available P in the fertilized soils increased due to considerable increase in total P content and decrease in low-availability P fraction. The As content in the fertilized soils increased slightly but significantly (p = 0.003) compared with control. The Hg, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Cu contents in the fertilized soils did not exceed the maximum permissible contents for vegetable crops soils in China. However, high Zn accumulation should be of concern due to repeated applications of digested pig slurry. No fecal coliforms, ascaris eggs, schistosoma eggs or hookworm eggs were detected in the fertilized soils.

Priority organic pollutants in soil of arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University: Report 3. Specific features of vertical distribution pattern of organochlorine pesticide in profile of urbanozem

The vertical distribution pattern of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) in the urbanozem of the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University at Vorob’evy Gory is studied. The highest contents of DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and HCH isomers in the soil profile are found in the Au humus horizon and/or in the top part of the U technogenic 10–20-cm-thick layer. The greatest HCB content is typical of the U technogenic 20–30-cm-thick layer. The total content of DDT and its metabolites (156.2 mg/kg) in the surface layer is within the range typical of soils of old parks and recreational zones. The residual DDT content in the soil profile is 0.336–1.47 of the maximum permissible content. The ratio between metabolites and isomers of DDT points to its slight transformation (5.67–37.6%) and application as an industrial chemical. The contents of HCB (2.479–5.868 μg/kg) and the total content of HCH isomers (α + β + γ) in the profile of the urbanozem are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the maximum permissible contents or approximate permissible contents (0.3824–0.9863 μu/kg) and correspond to their background levels. The ratio between the HCH isomers shows that the transformation rate of the pesticide is rather high and that in the preceding period it was mainly used in the form of lindane.

The impact of cooling water parameters on the wet-quenched coke quality

Wet quenching is the most common method of coke cooling. Experiments on wet quenching using water with different parameters are discussed. The coolants employed are treated rainwater and treated phenolic wastewater with different content of inorganic compounds. The impact of the concentration of chlorides and sodium ions in the coolant stream on their final content in the coke was studied. The content of the contaminants in wet-quenched coke depends linearly on their content in the cooling water. It is established that phenolic wastewater may be used in coke quenching. A method is developed for estimating the maximum permissible content of treated phenolic wastewater in the cooling water.

Spanish smoked meat products: Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) contamination and moisture

Traditional direct smoking is used for drying and flavouring foodstuffs, although carcinogenic compounds are added during this process, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The maximum permissible content of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) (a current marker for the occurrence and effect of PAH in foods) in smoked meat products was reduced from 5 to 2μg/kg on 1/09/2014, in compliance with European Regulation No. 835/2011. In this study, an analytical method has been developed to determine BaP content consisting of PAH extraction assisted by sonication followed by solid-phase extraction sample clean-up and analytical determination using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixteen commercial chorizo samples from 16 different Spanish producers from the Principality of Asturias were studied. Five of the samples exceeded the 2ppb BaP limit. The relationship between moisture and BaP content in chorizo was examined, in order to verify the quality of the manufacturing process. Moisture content did not correlate with BaP content in chorizo.

Petroleum additives for coking batch

At OAO Gubakhinskii Koks, the influence of the content of coking additive in the batch on the operation of coke battery 2 is studied experimentally. The goal is to determine the maximum permissible content of petroleum additive in the batch for improvement in battery performance. Batch compositions are developed on the basis of the materials available at OAO Gubakhinskii Koks, with 25, 50, and 75% petroleum additive. After quenching, the experimental coke is sorted by size and loaded into rail cars, according to the standard production procedure, and studied by standard monitoring methods. With increase in the content of the petroleum additive from 10% (standard production batch) to 75%, the mechanical strength of the coke is improved: M 25 rises from 85.6 to 88.6%, while M 10 falls from 8.6 to 7.0%. Improvements in terms of CSR and CRI and the ash content of the coke are also seen. However, during discharge of the coke cake produced from batch with 50% and 75% additive, the discharge force required is increased. That may result in damage to the chamber lining. The results indicate that the content of petroleum additive in the coking batch may be increased above 50%, but more detailed study is required.

Immunochromatographic technique for express determination of ampicillin in milk and dairy products

An immunochromatographic method for determination of beta-lactam antibiotic ampicillin has been developed. The method is based on the competitive interaction between antibiotic molecules contained in the sample and protein conjugate of penicillin immobilized on a membrane for binding with specific antibodies labeled with colloidal gold, which occurs during movement of the sample to be tested and reagents along the membrane. The completion of the test system ensures control of exceeding the maximum permissible content of the antibiotic in milk and dairy products (10 ng/ml). The possibility of testing milk, raw milk, and dairy products for 10 minutes at room temperature without sample preparation has been demonstrated.

Type SMGB hydrocyclone separators for mechanical impurities in immersed electrical centrifugal pumps

A brief description is given of the design of a new hydrocyclone mechanical-impurity separator of type SMGB built by the Borets Company, which serves to increase the working life of an immersed electric pump in a borehole where the working media have elevated contents of mechanical impurities. The main characteristics are given from test-bed data for separators of SMGB type. Testbed results are given. The separator design with hydrocyclone separation is viable in a liquid medium with the maximum permissible mechanical-impurity content for electric centrifugal pumps of 2000 mg/liter, and gives high performance (95-97% removal). The design differs from separators used in industry of centrifugal type by the absence of rotating parts, simplicity of construction, and elevated reliability and working life. Experimental specimens of the SMGB separator have been sent for testing at the SNGDU-2 installation of the TNK-VR Company.

Determination of Bacterial Endotoxins in Urografin Injection Preparations Using a Gel-Thrombus Modification of the LAL Test

Iodine-containing x-ray contrast media are introduced into blood stream in a total dose exceeding 100 g per patient. For this reason, the highly concentrated contrast media must obey special requirements with respect to chemical purity and it was the production of these media that stimulated development of the GMP rules adopted by WHO in 1968 as the world standard for drug quality. An important drug quality criterion is related to restrictions on the content of bacterial endotoxins leading to pyrogenic reactions upon intravenous infusion [1 – 3]. Bacterial endotoxins possess chemically heterogeneous structures, representing lipopolysaccharides, which can appear as a result of metabolism or degradation (parts of cellular walls of Gram-negative bacteria). Since the introduction of pyrogenic contrast media can give rise to allergen-like response, it is especially important to know the content of bacterial endotoxins in such preparations. Only this can guarantee the safety of x-ray contrast investigations. According to European Pharmacopoeia (EP-III) [4], the x-ray contrast media are tested for pyrogenicity on rabbits, as described in the partial articles for preparations such as Meglumine Amidotrizoate Injection, Meglumine Iodipamide Injection, or Meglumine Iodalamate Injection. However, this test is insufficiently sensitive and is not used by leading pharmaceutical companies for the evaluation of quality of injection preparations. According to the normative documentation for x-ray contrast media adopted in U. S. Pharmacopoeia (USP-XXVI) [5], the maximum permissible content of bacterial endotoxins varies from 1 to 5 EU ml. In particular, for Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection preparation, the content of bacterial endotoxins must not exceed 1.1 EU ml for solutions with a concentration of about 50% and 5 EU ml for solutions of higher concentration. The aim of this study was to check the x-ray contrast preparation widely used in Russia – urografin, available as 76% solution for injections – for the content of bacterial endotoxins.

Assessment on Organic Farming Benchmark Trials in Denmark

At the request of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency a scenario discussion about the possibilities of 100% organic conversion of Danish agriculture was published in spring 1999. In the scenario it was concluded that the most limiting factor regarding such a conversion, was a requirement of potassium (K) import to Denmark necessary to obtain reasonable yields in clover leys which are also the principal nitrogen source in the scenario. At the time of the scenario review, there were no Danish data available on organic agriculture independent of nutrients imported through conventionally produced feed, manure and straw etc. However, since the scenario development, organic farming benchmark experiments have been established. A review of these experiments reveals that the manure applied is conventionally produced and not originate from within the experiments. At the same time the K content in the produced crops is reduced by 20-40% compared to Danish standard values. Therefore, using conventionally produced manure based on conventional fodder implies that considerably more K is allocated than available if experimentally produced fodder was the basis for the manure. Thus important system feedbacks are missing. Hence, to gain knowledge about soil fertility in Danish organic agriculture, not dependent on industrial fertilizers, a few but important changes in the benchmark experiments could be considered. First and foremost, the manure used at an individual experimental plot must reflect the harvested crops from the self-same plot, i.e. separate feeding procedures and collection of manure, corresponding to the individual plots may have to be carried out, of at the very least an assessment of maximum permissible nutrient content in added manure should be considered.

Determination of mercury in refined beet sugar by anodic stripping voltammetry without sample pretreatment

Abstract Total mercury has been analysed in refined beet sugar at the μg kg−1 level by differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a rotating gold disk electrode (RGDE). DPASV measurements of mercury are based on its accumulation onto the RGDE as a Hg–Au amalgam and followed by the reoxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II). Measurements were directly made on untreated sugar solutions. The DPASV procedure was compared with cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry carried out at a flow-injection mercury system when applied to digested sugar samples. The DPASV method has been demonstrated to perform conveniently for metal determination in beet sugar of good quality (low metal concentration) produced by Spanish sugar refineries. Mercury concentrations below 5 μg kg−1 were found in all commercial beet sugar samples analysed, which are much lower that the maximum permissible contents derived from the provisional tolerable weekly intake recommended by the World Health Organization.

UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984—1987: Protocol and Results For 1984

The Department of the Environment (DOE) has undertaken an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1st January 1986. The study includes adults living in heavily trafficked urban areas and in occupational groups particularly exposed to petrol lead; children aged 6-7 years attending schools in heavily trafficked urban areas; and control groups of adults and children in rural areas. The surveys are planned to cover about 1500 adults and 1000 children in total each year. Cohorts of adults are being followed, with replacement where necessary owing to moving, etc. For ethical reasons, no child will be sampled more than once, although the schools concerned will be revisited each year; children's blood is also being examined for antibodies to measles and poliomyelitis. Blood samples are being analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts are being made to ensure the validity of the analytical results during the period of the study. Results for 1984 indicated that average blood lead concentrations in both adults and children were generally low and were in line with levels expected on the basis of earlier surveys; only a very small proportion of individuals had raised levels. A detailed statistical analysis has confirmed the results of the EEC Blood Lead Surveys (carried out in 1979-1981) that blood lead concentrations were related to a range of personal, social and environmental factors including age, sex and smoking and drinking habits. Comparisons of any trends during the survey period in blood level concentrations in the exposed and control groups, together with results from the monitoring of sources of environmental lead should enable a broad assessment to be made of the effect of the reduction in petrol lead.

Effect of oxygen and microporosity on some properties of a sintered high-speed steel

An investigation was carried out into the microstructure and mechanical and operating properties of R6M5K5-MP high-speed steel produced from atomized powders with oxygen contents in the range 0.014–0.074%. Use of a powder containing more than 0.02% oxygen was found to have a pronounced deleterious effect on the quality of the sintered high-speed steel: Thick oxide films appeared in its microstructure at powder particle boundaries, and the impact strength of the metal and useful tool life decreased by factors of ∼1.6 and ∼1.5, respectively. In view of this, the maximum permissible oxygen content of this sintered high-speed steel may be taken to be 0.02 wt.%. The presence of even a minute quantity of argon in a capsule with powder led to the appearance of micropores (about 100 micropores in a 100-mm2 microsection area) in the resultant sintered high-speed steel, which shortened the useful life of tools made of this steel by a half compared with the nonporous steel. A larger argon content increased the amount of micropores and decreased useful tool life still further. The data obtained show that the presence of micropores in a sintered high-speed steel cannot be tolerated. The conditions for obtaining a nonporous steel from an atomized powder by HIP are an optimum capsule design and strong, gastight welds preventing argon from penetrating into the capsule with powder during pressing.

Electrostatic Separation of Coal Macerals

Present threats of energy shortages have placed an increasing importance on coal as a fossil fuel. Government restrictions on the maximum permissible S02 content in coal burning plant effluents have necessitated sulphur reduction processes. By using an apparatus developed by the researchers at the University of Western Ontario, it has been demonstrated that constituent macerals of the coal may be successfully triboelectrified and then separated in electrostatic fields. The electrification and separation of the pyrite maceral from coal by means of dilute phase fluidization and electric fields is discussed. Some results are also presented on the separation of the vitrinite, fusinite, exinite, and micrinite macerals as well as of coal fractions with high ash content. The results show the effectiveness of the triboelec-trification of the macerals in contact with one another and with the material used in the construction of the separator.

On the problem of the metabolic exchange of cesium, strontium, and a mixture of α-emitters in cows

The results are presented of an Investigation of the distribution and excretion of the radioactive isotopes Cs137, sr89,90, and of a mixture of s -emitters in 6 cows after peroral administration. It is shown that cesium and strontium are resorbed well from the intestines and that a considerable portion of the amount of emitters resorbed is excreted into milk. Resorbed cesium is almost exclusively deposited in the muscles, while strontium is in the skeleton. The results of the work indicate the danger of widespread application of radioactive fertilizers and of the maintenance of cows in pastures contaminated by the radioactive particles resulting from fission. The results can be used in calculating the maximum permissible contents of cesium, strontium, and mixtures of s-emitters in products intended for feeding cows.