Maximum Susceptibility Research Articles

Synthesis and Magnetic Property of 4,4′‐(2,6‐Anthracenediyl)bis(2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenoxyl) Diradicaloids

AbstractAnthracene based phenoxyl diradicaloids are synthesized. The UV–vis spectra of them give absorption maxima around 700 nm attributes to the extended quinone structure. The diradical characters y of them are estimated as ∼0.6 from their static magnetic susceptibility and absorption maxima. The extended π‐conjugated anthracene‐linker enhances the diradical characters compared to the phenylene linker. It is noteworthy that these enhanced diradical characters are accomplished without steric effects.

Optimized magnetic properties of a Terfenol-D alloy in an extended temperature range using a high magnetic field

Tb–Dy–Fe alloys are among the most suitable magnetostrictive materials for high-power transducers. Optimizing magnetic properties in an extended temperature range could ensure the stable operation of transducers. In this work, a high magnetic field is applied to the directional solidification of Tb–Dy–Fe alloys. We study the microstructure, crystallographic orientation, magnetic susceptibility, crystal structure, and magnetic domain of samples. When the content and alignment of the magnetic phase along with crystallographic orientation remain basically invariant, the magnetic susceptibility of samples increases with the magnetic flux density of the high magnetic field throughout the temperature range from 273 K to Curie temperature (T C). At 4 T, the maximum magnetic susceptibility is increased by ∼ 40% compared with the sample without a high magnetic field applied, and the advantage is maintained in the range ∼ 300 K. Analysis shows that the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility is not due to the change in crystal structure, as commonly believed, but to the highly ordered alignment of magnetic domains. This research provides a new method for improving the temperature properties of magnetic materials using a high magnetic field.

The Effect of Optimized Substrate Orientation on Layer Step in Laser Metal Deposition of Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys.

Laser metal deposition is a promising way to repair the surface defects of single-crystal components in turbo engines. Understanding the mechanisms and improving the efficiency of the repair have been long-standing problems. In this study, the influence of the substrate orientation on the laser metal deposition (LMD) was investigated and its effect on repair layer-step was examined. LMD experiments were conducted on single crystal superalloys with a normal substrate orientation (001)/[100] and with an optimized substrate orientation (101)/[101¯]. It reveals that the laser cladding with the optimized orientation leads to a larger height of the [001] dendrite region than that with the normal orientation. The calculated results of the growth velocity, thermal gradient, and susceptibility to CET in the dendrite-preferred growth direction indicate that, for the (101)/[101¯] orientation, the [001]/[100] boundary is located at relative high position in each layer, which not only decreases the formation ability of stray grain significantly, but also eliminates the appearance of the maximum susceptibility. This makes the necessary dilution position much higher, and thus, a large cladding step can be selected. Our findings could find potential applications in laser repair of single-crystal components.

Assessing exploitation vulnerability risk of marine ornamental reef fish in Sri Lanka: A productivity susceptibility analysis

We conducted a Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) to empirically assess the vulnerability risk of marine ornamental reef fish in Sri Lanka for exploitation. We considered distribution, accessibility, ecological niche, and market price as susceptibility attributes, while fecundity, larval development, maximum length, and longevity were productivity attributes. The vulnerability score, demand, and market price were used to assess species prioritization, and then compositions of the prioritized species were computed. The veracity of primary and secondary data collected on susceptibility and productivity attributes was confirmed by interviewing traditional fishers in situ. The IUCN and present PSA classifications for the medium susceptibility risk species were comparatively assessed. Four species out of 17 medium susceptibility risk species were encountered as the medium vulnerability risk species for exploitation. The Pacific cleaner shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis) emerged as the highest prioritized species. In addition, we observed significant differences in the species’ status assessed through the PSA approach compared to the IUCN status. The study affirms that demand and market prices substantially influence the exploitation vulnerability of species, and the PSA offers a promising multidisciplinary approach to evaluating intrinsic and extrinsic factors in conservation ecology compared to widely used IUCN status for assessing extinction risk. Furthermore, the present findings have practical implications, as they warrant essential policy changes for conserving the prioritized species and the medium vulnerability risk species encountered in the present research to extinction risk.

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolated from Food Animals for Antimicrobial Resistance

Background: The use of antimicrobials in food animals significantly contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance in nature. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat fecal samples. Methods: In this study out of 2025 healthy animals from 10 different farms, fecal samples were randomly collected by rectal swabs from 200 animals (50 each from cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat). E. coli was isolated and further studied for AMR and ESBL production by phenotypic assays and PCR targeting ESBL genes. Result: The overall prevalence of E. coli was 81.50% with the highest isolation rate from cattle and goat samples. Out of 163 isolates, 45.39% were ESBL-producers. Genes encoding beta-lactam resistance viz. blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaOXA were detected in 44.59% ESBL-positive isolates. The blaSHV was present in only cattle isolates, while blaCTX-M was present in E. coli isolated from all animals. The prevalence of beta-lactam genes was found as blaSHV (2.70%), blaTEM (12.16%), blaCTX-M (22.97%) and blaOXA (6.75%). A high degree of resistance to multiple antimicrobials was observed. Maximum susceptibility of E. coli was observed for trimethoprim, imipenem and chloramphenicol. This study demonstrated that food animals could be the source of ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli. The present findings are significant in the context of AMR monitoring in India.

Bolstering Wheat's immunity: BABA-mediated defense priming against Bipolaris sorokiniana amid competition

Wheat productivity is significantly limited by biotic stresses, notably Bipolaris sorokiniana, which are exacerbated by competition for nutrients and space among plants. This study addresses the critical problem of developing sustainable, pesticide-free strategies to enhance wheat defense against pathogens, particularly under competitive conditions. In the present study, we demonstrated BABA priming in wheat against Bipolaris sorokiniana under varying degrees of competition. Our findings indicate that growth parameters were reduced in both primed and non-primed wheat with an increase in the level of competition. However, overall, the primed wheat showed better morphological growth compared to the non-primed at each level of competition. Under disease pressure, BABA-primed performed better than non-primed wheat at each level of competition, and the level of protection was consistent across all competition levels. Biochemical parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and defence enzymes suggested that the defence mechanism was activated in primed wheat only after pathogen challenge, ensuring the establishment of the priming effect. Non-primed HD plants exhibited maximum susceptibility under high competition and disease pressure. BABA priming enabled the plants to outweigh the fitness cost and mitigate the effects of competition under pathogen pressure. Additionally, the yield performance of BABA-primed wheat was superior across all competition levels. These results suggest that BABA priming is a viable, pesticide-free approach to enhancing wheat resilience against Bipolaris sorokiniana, particularly in competitive environments. Our research highlights the potential of BABA priming to contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by improving crop protection and yield.

Polymer-Based Hydroxyapatite-Silver Composite Resin with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity for Dental Applications.

The primary objective of this investigation was to synthesize a resin incorporating nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite and silver (HA-NpsAg) to enhance biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy, thereby facilitating potential implementation within the dental industry. These enhancements aim to ensure reliable, durable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing restorations while concurrently reducing susceptibility to bacterial colonization within the oral cavity. Hydroxyapatite powders were prepared using the sol-gel method and doped with silver nanoparticles obtained by chemical reduction. The crystalline amorphous calcium phosphate powder had a particle size of 279 nm, and the silver nanoparticles had an average diameter of 26.5 nm. Resin spheres containing HA-NpsAg (RHN) were then synthesized at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) by dissolving the initial monomer mixture in tetrahydrofuran. Subsequent antimicrobial evaluations were conducted via agar diffusion and turbidimetry, employing three strains of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, K. oxytoca, and P. aeruginosa) and three strains of Gram-positive bacteria (S. mutans, S. aureus, and B. subtilis). The findings revealed that P. aeruginosa exhibited maximum susceptibility to RHN powder at a concentration of 0.5%, while RHN powder at 1% concentration demonstrated maximal inhibition against S. aureus and S. mutans. Overall, our study highlights the successful synthesis of a dental resin with hydroxyapatite and silver nanoparticles, exhibiting bactericidal properties at low silver concentrations. These findings hold promise for enhancing dental materials with improved antimicrobial efficacy and clinical performance.

Entropy-Based Node Importance Identification Method for Public Transportation Infrastructure Coupled Networks: A Case Study of Chengdu.

Public transportation infrastructure is a typical, complex, coupled network that is usually composed of connected bus lines and subway networks. This study proposes an entropy-based node importance identification method for this type of coupled network that is helpful for the integrated planning of urban public transport and traffic flows, as well as enhancing network information dissemination and maintaining network resilience. The proposed method develops a systematic entropy-based metric based on five centrality metrics, namely the degree centrality (DC), betweenness centrality (BC), closeness centrality (CC), eigenvector centrality (EC), and clustering coefficient (CCO). It then identifies the most important nodes in the coupled networks by considering the information entropy of the nodes and their neighboring ones. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a bus-subway coupled network in Chengdu, containing 10,652 nodes and 15,476 edges, is employed as a case study. Four network resilience assessment metrics, namely the maximum connectivity coefficient (MCC), network efficiency (NE), susceptibility (S), and natural connectivity (NC), were used to conduct group experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the following: (1) the multi-functional fitting analysis improves the analytical accuracy by 30% as compared to fitting with power law functions only; (2) for both CC and CCO, the improved metric's performance in important node identification is greatly improved, and it demonstrates good network resilience.

Anticorrosive barrier coatings modified by core-shell rubber particles: effects on the property transients and premature crack initiation susceptibility of particle type and concentration

AbstractProtective epoxy coatings, as a result of their inherent brittleness, show insufficient resistance towards initiation and propagation of cracks, which can occur as early as during the curing process. To improve premature crack initiation resistance, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms. In this work, a solvent-based novolac epoxy, cured with a cycloaliphatic amine, was reinforced with either an epoxypropoxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), nanoparticles of strontium titanate (SrTiO3), or core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles. The effects on coating property transients, curing-induced internal stress, and premature crack initiation susceptibility of the modifier types and CSR (MX 217 and MX 267) concentrations were investigated. In addition, using a digital microscope, the defect and crack morphology in coatings applied to rigid, flat substrates and inner 90-degree angles were characterized. Finally, to evaluate the anticorrosive barrier performance of the reinforced coatings, an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis was employed. Despite a slightly reduced crack initiation susceptibility, the flexible PDMS chains, due to phase separation, resulted in a deteriorated barrier performance. The inclusion of SrTiO3 nanoparticles also led to a reduced anticorrosion performance, relative to a neat epoxy coating, with a slightly lower crack initiation susceptibility and a minor increase (around 0.2 MPa) in the average internal stress. For 5 wt% MX 217 and MX 267 CSR toughened coatings, the maximum internal stress and crack initiation susceptibility in the series, as well as an associated reduced corrosion resistance, were seen. In spite of a reduction in the elastic modulus, an improved barrier performance and a reduced internal stress and crack initiation susceptibility were observed for 25 wt% MX 217 and 37 wt% MX 267 CSR toughened coatings. To improve barrier properties and avoid premature crack initiation of epoxy coatings, guidelines on modifier selection are provided.

Variation of color of magnetic noise in Er3+ molecular magnets contacting metal surface in ferromagnetic composite

Interaction between single molecule magnets (SMMs) and metal surface is a hot topic promising controllable deposition of SMMs, programmable frequency of magnetic relaxation and addressed reading of information. In this paper, we develop strategy of the Er3+ based SMM functionalization by its penetration inside the arrays of Ferromagnetic Micro Particles (FMPs). We show that predictable residual magnetic field of the FMPs arrays is an effective tool for regulation of the frequency maximum of imaginary magnetic susceptibility. We analyzed color of magnetic noise in respect to physical origin of magnetic relaxation. An additional channel for control over spin noise is formation of chemical bonds between SMM and the FMPs surface. Oxidation of an Er complex transforms 20 ± 5 % of the initial 10-coordinated SMM complex to the 9-coordinated complex with reduced relaxation time. Memorized residual magnetization of the composite material allows one to set desirable relaxation frequency in the individual micronized cells to create a sound frequency register. The proposed compaction of SMMs of different types in ferromagnetic composites provides engineering of the chemically designed spin interface on ferromagnetic surface for spintronics and quantum computing.

Probing chaos in the spherical p-spin glass model

We study the dynamics of a quantum p-spin glass model starting from initial states defined in microcanonical shells, in a classical regime. We compute different chaos estimators, such as the Lyapunov exponent and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, and find a marked maximum as a function of the energy of the initial state. By studying the relaxation dynamics and the properties of the energy landscape we show that the maximal chaos emerges in correspondence with the fastest spin relaxation and the maximum complexity, thus suggesting a qualitative picture where chaos emerges as the trajectories are scattered over the exponentially many saddles of the underlying landscape. We also observe hints of ergodicity breaking at low energies, indicated by the correlation function and a maximum of the fidelity susceptibility.

Spatio-temporal variability of surface chlorophyll and pCO2 over the tropical Indian Ocean and its long-term trend using CMIP6 models

Under the global climate change scenario, ever-increasing ocean temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration levels in the ocean and atmosphere significantly affect ocean biogeochemistry. The spatiotemporal distribution of chlorophyll and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) over the Indian Ocean (IO) are investigated using satellite, in-situ, and simulations from eleven Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 6 models. All the models show negative bias near the Somali region over the Arabian Sea (AS) during the southwest monsoon season. The CESMs and CanESM5 models show relatively less bias over the tropical IO except for the AS in all seasons compared to other models. The annual cycle of pCO2 shows a bimodal characteristic, with the first peak in May and the other in October over the northern IO, which the CanESM5, IPSL, and MPIs models reasonably well capture. All the models produce the phase of the annual cycle of pCO2 reasonably well for the southern IO. The pCO2 distribution and its trend decomposition are estimated using the multimodel mean from the CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, and MPIs models, suggesting that the increase in dissolved inorganic carbon is the dominant factor that contributes to about 70 % of the rise in the total pCO2 trend, and the total alkalinity and sea surface temperature have a secondary role. Region-wise analysis manifests that the southern IO and AS exhibit maximum susceptibility to the long-term variations in the pCO2 trend caused by the changes in dissolved inorganic carbon levels in the ocean. The study discusses substantive factors leading to the variability in the biogeochemical properties of the IO as simulated by these models and, thus, the possibilities for future improvements.

Comparative evaluation of colistin broth disc elution (CBDE) and broth microdilution (BMD) in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with special reference to heteroresistance

PurposeAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been ever-increasing. Among other reasons, colistin resistance might be attributed to limited routine testing by approved methods. Both broth microdilution (BMD) and colistin broth disc elution (CBDE) methods have been advocated, with limited data on the performance of these methods in the Indian settings. This prospective study was conducted to determine colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa, compare the BMD and CBDE methods with special reference to heteroresistance. Materials and methodsA total of 100 isolates of P. aeruginosa from admitted patients were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done against standard antibiotics by disc diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against polymyxins was studied by BMD and CBDE (for colistin only). Heteroresistance to colistin was studied by population analysis profile (PAP). CBDE and BMD were compared by performance calculations. Discrepancy in results were analyzed based on heteroresistance. ResultsMajority of the P. aeruginosa isolates were from pus samples (62, 62 ​%). Disc diffusion method revealed maximum susceptibility towards aztreonam (74, 74 ​%) followed by meropenem (68, 68 ​%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (65, 65 ​%). Polymyxin B resistance was seen in 6 ​% (6) while colistin resistance was seen in 9 ​% (9) isolates by BMD. CBDE revealed 8 ​% (8) resistance to colistin, having 97 ​% essential agreement and 95 ​% categorical agreement with BMD. Further, by PAP analysis, 9 isolates were resistant to colistin which included 9 resistant isolates by BMD. On discrepancy analysis, 1 isolate was found to be heteroresistant to colistin. No heteroresistance was seen in the isolates that were susceptible by all the methods. ConclusionsHeteroresistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa accounted for the discrepancy in results where CBDE method failed to detect heteroresistant isolate. As heteroresistance is a least studied phenotype, it's exact prevalence should be studied so that challenges in susceptibility testing could be addressed.

Studying the Effects of Annealing and Surface Roughness on Both the Magnetic Property and Surface Energy of Co60Fe20Sm20 Thin Films on Si(100) Substrate

In this study, Co60Fe20Sm20 alloy was employed for sputter deposition onto Si(100) substrate within a high vacuum environment, and subsequent thermal treatment was conducted using a vacuum annealing furnace. Thorough measurements and analyses were carried out to evaluate how various film thicknesses and annealing temperatures affect the material. The investigations encompassed observations of structural and physical properties, magnetic traits, mechanical behavior, and material adhesion. The results from the four-point probe measurements clearly demonstrate a trend of decreasing resistivity and sheet resistance with increasing film thickness and higher annealing temperature. Analysis through atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that heightened annealing temperature corresponds to decreased surface roughness. Furthermore, when analyzing low-frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac), it became evident that the maximum magnetic susceptibility value consistently rises with increased film thickness, regardless of the annealing temperature. Through magnetic force microscopy (MFM) observations of magnetic domain images in the films, it became apparent that there was a noticeable reduction in the brightness contrast of the magnetic domains. Furthermore, nanoindentation analysis reveals a clear trend. Elevating the film thickness leads to a reduction in both hardness and Young’s modulus. Contact angles range between 67.7° and 83.3°, consistently under 90°, highlighting the hydrophilic aspect. Analysis of surface energy demonstrates an escalation with increasing film thickness, and notably, annealed films exhibit a substantial surge in surface energy. This signifies a connection between the reduction in contact angle and the observed elevation in surface energy. Raising the annealing temperature causes a decline in surface roughness. To summarize, the surface roughness of CoFeSm films at different annealing temperatures significantly impacts their magnetic, electrical, and adhesive properties. A smoother surface reduces the pinning effect on domain walls, thus enhancing the χac value. Furthermore, diminished surface roughness leads to a decline in the contact angle and a rise in surface energy. Conversely, rougher surfaces exhibit higher carrier conductivity, contributing to a reduction in electrical resistance.

Density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulation insights into electronic structure and magnetic properties in HoSi and CeSi

The electronic and magnetic properties of heavy fermion bulk CeSi and HoSi were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The exchange correlation (XC) potential was solved by GGA (generalized gradient approximation), TB-mBJ (Tran Blaha modified Becke Johnson) approximations, and also by TB-mBJ and GGA combined with U (Hubbard parameter). Calculations of the electronic structure indicate that CeSi and HoSi compounds are metals and reveal antiferromagnetic behavior. However, the calculations within the TB-mBJ+U approach predict ferrimagnetic behavior for HoSi. The magnetic moments of Ce and Ho in HoSi and CeSi have been estimated. The values of N é el temperature, TN, are found to be 6.61 K and 22.5 K for CeSi and HoSi, respectively. The theoretical TN value of CeSi is very close to that found experimentally, 6.1 K. The maximum of susceptibility is investigated for both compounds.

Iron removal from kaolinitic coal gangue via magnetic separation after oxidizing calcination with the crystal structure of kaolinite protected

Iron is a harmful color-staining impurity that degrades the performance of coal gangue (CG) products, and pyrite is the predominant form of iron in kaolinitic coal gangue. In addition, iron extraction from CG as a supplemental iron ore resource is significant for increasing the added value of CG comprehensive utilization. Herein, calcination in a mild oxidizing atmosphere was implemented to enhance the magnetic properties of pyrite for subsequent magnetic separation. The sample was calcined at 300–1000 °C for 30–180 min, and the maximum magnetic susceptibility reached approximately 17 times that of the original ore. The iron recovery rates of the gangue calcined for 60–120 min were increased remarkably to 83.17–83.61%, while the iron recovery rate of the raw gangue was almost zero. After magnetic separation, the Fe2O3 content decreased from 5.58% for the raw gangue to 1.00% for the nonmagnetic products of gangues calcined for 60–120 min. Retention of the strongly magnetic magnetite, which was an intermediate product in the oxidation of pyrite to hematite, enabled the effective removal of iron from the gangue. Additionally, the kaolinite in the iron-removed coal gangue basically maintained its crystal structure.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) is one of the global public health problems accounting for millions of deathsannually. The present study aim is to determine bacterial pathogens' bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patternaffecting the patients with LRI attending a tertiary care hospital. Two hundred and eight sputum samples were collected frompatients with signs and symptoms of LRI. The samples were processed in Microbiology laboratory for bacterial pathogens.Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performedusing the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Klebsiella pneumoniae (39.6%), followed by Pseudomonas (32%), were the mostpredominant bacteria isolated in the present study. The other bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (16.9%), Staphylococcusaureus (5.6%), Streptococcus species (1.8%), and Acinetobacter (3.7%). Gram-negative bacteria showed high drug resistance toampicillin and cephalosporins and maximum susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and gentamicin. Most of theisolates showed resistance to the Beta-lactam group of antibiotics. The isolated bacterial pathogens' resistance profile indicatesthe need for the appropriate diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing before managing the cases.

A19-saponin–modified polymethyl methacrylate base denture composites: antimicrobial, mechanical and water absorption potentials

Abstract The increased growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) with allergy reaction of MMA remains an issue of concern among denture wearers. C. albicans growth inhibition, mechanical and water absorption potentials of extracted A19-saponin–commingled PMMA denture base composites were investigated. Soxhlet extraction technique for defatting of Dialium guineense (D. guineense) stem powder was used with ethanol to extract A19-saponin. Fungicidal inhibition concentration of A19-saponin extract of D. guineense was determined. PMMA denture base was prepared with incorporation of A19-saponin at different concentrations of obtained 23.2 % yield. The mechanical and water absorption properties were determined. The minimum and maximum fungicidal inhibition concentrations and susceptibility of 25 and 100 % for extracted A19-saponin were obtained, respectively. PMMA, MMA and extracted A19-saponin of ratio of 30 g: 5 ml: 5 ml denture was optimally fabricated. A19-saponin increased the impact strength and hardness by 352.94 and 11.54 % with reduced water absorption by 82.85 %. Thus, A19-saponin as an additive improved quality of denture.

ThTP8.5 Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates among patients diagnosed with surgical site infection at a tertiary teaching hospital in Pakistan

Abstract Objective The study aimed at assessing the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the pathogens isolated from patients diagnosed with surgical site infection. This study will help identify the organisms and will guide in formation of protocols to prevent and treat surgical site infections. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Surgery from May 2021 to May 2022, using convenient sampling technique. Wound samples were taken from patients diagnosed with surgical site infection and cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on Muller Hinton agar. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v.23. Results A total of 101 samples from 78 patients were analyzed. Out of the bacteria from positive growth cultures, Escherichia coli (19,18.8%) was the most common isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17,16.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (15,14.9%). Acenitobacter baumanni was isolated from 11 (10.9 %) patients, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from 4 (4 %) patients and Proteus mirabilis from 2 (2 %) patients. However, 9.9% samples showed no growth on cultures. Escherichia coli was the most sensitive to amikacin (89.5%) and meropenem (78.9%). While Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed maximum susceptibility towards meropenem (82.4%). Conclusion Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated pathogen from surgical site infection sites, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acenitobacter baumanni as causative agents for SSI’s. This study demonstrates the increasing incidence of infections from once uncommon organisms like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acenitobacter baumanni. This calls for action and formation of protocols to fight the menace of SSI’s.

Enhanced Absence Sampling Technique for Data-Driven Landslide Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study in Songyang County, China

Accurate prediction of landslide susceptibility relies on effectively handling absence samples in data-driven models. This study investigates the influence of different absence sampling methods, including buffer control sampling (BCS), controlled target space exteriorization sampling (CTSES), information value (IV), and mini-batch k-medoids (MBKM), on landslide susceptibility mapping in Songyang County, China, using support vector machines and random forest algorithms. Various evaluation metrics are employed to compare the efficacy of these sampling methods for susceptibility zoning. The results demonstrate that CTSES, IV, and MBKM methods exhibit an expansion of the high susceptibility region (maximum susceptibility mean value reaching 0.87) and divergence in the susceptibility index when extreme absence samples are present, with MBKM showing a comparative advantage (lower susceptibility mean value) compared to the IV model. Building on the strengths of different sampling methods, a novel integrative sampling approach that incorporates multiple existing methods is proposed. The integrative sampling can mitigate negative effects caused by extreme absence samples (susceptibility mean value is approximately 0.5 in the same extreme samples and presence-absence ratio) and obtain significantly better prediction results (AUC = 0.92, KC = 0.73, POA = 2.46 in the best model). Additionally, the mean level of susceptibility is heavily influenced by the proportion of absent samples.