Maximum Number Of Shoots Research Articles

Establishment of In vitro Regeneration Protocol of Aegle marmelos (L.): A Sacred Medicinal Tree

Bael (Aegle marmelos L.) is an important medicinal tree and sacred tree species of the Hindu religion. This study aimed to develop an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for Bael, to overcome challenges in large-scale propagation due to low seed germination. For the regeneration study, the different explants such as the nodal segments and shoot tips were used for the proliferation of the explant with MS medium, however, only the nodal segment showed positive results. To avoid the browning of the media the explants were kept in distilled water for 60 minutes and then sterilized. The maximum survival of explants (93.33%) and less contamination percentage (6.67%) was observed when explants were washed and treated with 0.1% Tween-20 concentration for 15 minutes + 0.1% bavistin and 0.05% streptocycline treatment for 25 minutes and finally 70% ethanol treatment for 30 seconds. Different hormonal combinations viz. BAP alone, BAP + IAA, and Kinetin + IAA were used to initiate shooting. Among all eighteen treatments, the BAP 2.5 mg/l showed a maximum number of shoots per explant (8.33 ± 2.88), the highest shoot initiation (93.33%), and the earliest initiation (30 ± 5.25 days). For shoot multiplication 2.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA showed maximum shoots per explant (28.00 ± 5.08) and fastest shoot proliferation. The regenerated multiple shoots were separated from each other and transferred to half MS media with IBA of different concentrations for rooting. Among the six different treatments only two treatments viz. ½ MS media + 1.0 mg/l IBA and ½ MS media + 1.5 mg/l IBA recorded best root length. For primary hardening the rooted plants were planted in vermicompost: sand: soil at 1:1:2 proportion and then after one and half months survived plants were again transferred to soil: organic manure (2:1) for secondary hardening.

Optimizing Vegetative Growth and Flowering in Fuchsia x hybrida: The Role of Media, Pinching, and Growth Regulators

The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farms of Horticultural Regional training station and Krishi Vigyan Kendra at Kandaghat (Solan) Himachal Pradesh, India under polyhouse conditions. It was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 24 combinations of growing media M1: Soil+ Sand+ FYM (1:1:1v/v), M2:Cocopeat+Soil+Sand+ Leafmould+FYM (2:1:1:1v/v), M3:Cocopeat+Perlite+Vermiculite+Vermicompost (2:1:1:1 v/v), M4:Cocopeat + Vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v), growth regulator [G1: Control (0 ppm), G2:Benzyl adenine (150 ppm),G3: CPPU (10 ppm)] and pinching methods [P1:Single pinch and P2:Double pinch] which were replicated thrice each having 10 pots accommodating one plant per pot. Plants were raised through terminal cutting and were planted in 6-inch size pots. Study revealed that maximum plant height (33.13 cm), plant spread (33.37 cm), length of side shoots (24.67 cm) and minimum number of days taken for visible bud formation (92.40 days), number of days taken for peak flowering (160.60 days) was recorded when the single pinched plants were grown in media consisting cocopeat + Vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine. However, maximum number of side shoots (27.33), number of flowers per plant (55.67), number of flowers per plant open at a time (42.93), duration of flowering (24.67days) was recorded when double pinched plants were grown in growing media consisting of cocopeat + vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and were sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine. The maximum flower diameter (4.61 cm) was recorded when single pinched plants were grown in medium consisting cocopeat + vermicompost + leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and sprayed with 10 ppm of CPPU. Based on the present investigation findings, double pinched plants of Fuchsia x hybrida grown in pots consisting of growing media i.e., cocopeat + vermicompost+ leafmould (2:1:1 v/v), sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine is recommended to obtain quantitative and attractive pot plants of Fuchsia x hybrida.

Effects of Nitrogen Content and pH on Micropropagation of Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.)

This study evaluated the effects of pH and inorganic nitrogen sources (KNO3 and NH4NO3) on the regeneration of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. The pH and nitrogen concentration in the medium were crucial for the successful micropropagation of E. ganitrus. The concentration of nitrogen in the medium significantly affected the development and growth rate of cultures. As a basal medium, Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) was employed together with various nitrogen concentrations and plant growth hormones. After 4-5 weeks of inoculation, BAP (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l) produced the maximum number of shoots (4.42 ± 2.17) among all the growth hormones tested. To obtain the maximum number of shoots and shoot length, different strengths of KNO3 (500-3500 mg/l), NH4NO3 (500-3500 mg/l), and pH (5-7.5) were adjusted in the medium. The largest number of roots was contained in MS medium with 1.0 mg/l NAA (4.47 ± 1.38) after root induction was carried out on MS with NAA, IBA, and IAA (0.2-2.0 mg/l). When the medium contained 1500 mg/l KNO3 and 2000 mg/l NH4NO3 (3.02 ± 1.60), the highest root initiation was observed. The rooting medium with a pH of 6.0 had the most influence and produced the maximum number of roots (4.8 ± 0.48). The plantlets were allowed to harden and acclimate in a greenhouse. A 76% survival rate was noted in the field.

In-vitro Regeneration of An Endangered Medicinal Plant Anodendron paniculatum (Apocynaceae)

Objectives: The present study aims to establish a standardized and efficient regeneration protocol for Anodendron paniculatum A. DC. (Apocynaceae) by optimizing the effect of various plant growth regulators as it is categorized globally as an endangered medicinal plant. Methods: MS medium fortified with 3% sucrose (w/v) and different concentrations of cytokinins 6-benzylamino purine (BAP), kinetin, thidiazuron either alone or in combination with auxins, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and GA3. For the in vitro root induction, individual and healthy shoots (3-4 cm in length) were excised in the 7th week and were cultured onto basal and half-strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and incubated in the culture room. Findings: MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (2.5 𝜇M) in combination with indole 3-acetic acid (2.5 𝜇M) and GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) was most effective, providing multiple shoot regeneration for 79.33% of cotyledonary leaf explants associated with a high number of shoots per explant (20.00 ± 1.15) and length of shoot (2.66 ± 0.08 cm). Whereas, the frequency of response, mean number of shoots, and respective lengths were varied with different concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine when used in combination with IAA or NAA and BAP (5.0 𝜇M) along with IAA (2.5 𝜇M) at the frequency of 47.66%. Whereas, the addition of GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) in combination with BAP (5.0 𝜇M) and IAA (2.5 𝜇M) has shown a maximum number of multiple shoot formation/explant (12.33) with length of shoot (1.53 ± 0.08 cm). MS medium supplemented with 10 𝜇M 6-benzyl amino purine and 2.5 𝜇M naphthalene acetic acid recorded the highest response (53.66%) with more number of the shoot (9.66) and length of the shoot (1.83 ± 0.03 cm) per explant. The maximum percentage of response (84.33%) was recorded at 1 2 strength MS medium with 5.0 𝜇M NAA, whereas the highest number of roots per shoot (6.66 ± 0.33) was induced at MS + 5.0 𝜇M NAA. The highest length of roots (3.66 cm) was recorded at basal MS medium fortified with 5.0 𝜇M NAA and 7.5 𝜇M NAA. Novelty: The standardized protocol method is of first of its kind, a quick and suitable approach for the high quantity production of Anodendron paniculatum with appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators that meet thecommercial demand of endangered medicinal plants. Keywords: Anodendron paniculatum; Endangered plant; Plant growth regulators; Regeneration; Protocol standardization

Cost Effective Methods of in Vitro Multiple Shoot Production in Two Commercial Diploid Bananas of Kerala

Cost-effective methods for in vitro propagation of two commercial diploid bananas of Kerala, namely Musa (AB) ‘ Njalipoovan’ and Musa (AA) ‘ Nivedyakadali’ were carried out to reduce unit production cost. Sword sucker, peeper sucker and eye bud explants were found to be equally effective concerning the number of axillary shoots from a single explant in both cultivars. Sucrose 3.0 per cent and table sugar 2.0 per cent produced the maximum number of multiple shoots in Njalipoovan. In the case of Nivedyakadali, table sugar at 2.0 per cent recorded the maximum number of multiple shoots. Half strength of vitamins in full MS medium observed more multiple shoots in cv. Njalipoovan. Half a tablet of vitamin B complex (2.0mgl-1) in the medium resulted in more shoots in the case of cv. Nivedyakadali. Agar 0.7 per cent recorded a significantly higher number of multiple shoots per culture in both cultivars. The treatments involving different types of paper support (filter paper, brown paper and ordinary paper) in liquid media were inferior to agar 0.7 per cent treatment.

Efficacy of Different Concentrations of IBA and NAA on Growth of Hardwood Cuttings of Fig (Ficus carica L.) cv Dinkar

An investigation was conducted to know the influence of growth hormones on shoot growth in hardwood cuttings of fig (Ficus carica L.). The experiment was set up in RBD having thirty cuttings with three replications treated with different concentrations of growth hormones viz., T1 (IBA 1000 ppm), T2 (IBA 2000 ppm), T3 (NAA 1000 ppm), T4 (NAA 2000 ppm), T5 (IBA 1000 ppm + NAA 1000 ppm), T6 (IBA 2000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm) along with control. Present study revealed earliest sprouting, maximum shoot diameter, shoot length and number of leaves, fresh and dry weights shoot with T6 (IBA 2000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm). On the basis of findings of this study fig hardwood cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm under the shade house conditions can be recommended to nursery growers and researchers to obtain desirable shoot growth under Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh.

Establishment of Efficient Protocols for In Vitro Regeneration of Hyptis Suaveolens (L.) Poit. Using Apical Shoots and Nodal Segments

The present work was undertaken with a view to standardize an efficient protocol for in vitro rapid propagation of Hyptis suaveolens. Shoot apices and nodal segments of H. suaveolens produced multiple shoot buds when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5-3.0 mg/l BAP or Kn in the combinations with 0.5-1.0 mg/l IAA or NAA. Nodal explants exhibited highest proliferation (90%) and gave maximum number of shoots per culture (8.40 ± 0.18) on MS medium fortified with 1.5 mg/I BAP and 1.0 mg/l IAA. The shoot buds were elongated on MS medium fortified with different concentrations and combinations of auxins and cytokinins. Elongated shoot buds were further cultured in rooting media for root induction. One fourth MS medium -without PGR was - proved ·the most effective for - induction and proliferation of roots. The--rooted plantlets ·were 'established in the field through successive phases of acclimation and the survival rate was 70%. The Chittagong Univ. J B. Sci. 8(1&2): 99-105, 2013

A Comprehensive Study on the Micropropagation of Costus igneus: Media Composition, Growth, and Development

Costus igneus, commonly known as insulin plant, is an ornamental plant valued for its spiral ginger- like foliage and medicinal properties. Micropropagation is an efficient method for rapid multiplication of Costus igneus. This study aims to determine the optimal media composition and culture conditions for in vitro propagation of C. igneus. Axillary bud explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators including auxins (indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and naphthaleneacetic acid) and cytokinins (6- benzylaminopurine and kinetin). Microshoots cultured on MS + 1.5 mg/L BAP showed the highest shoot proliferation rate (98%) and maximum number of shoots per explant (12.6). Elongated microshoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with different auxins. The highest rooting percentage (95%) and maximum number of roots per shoot (9.8) were observed on medium containing 2.5 mg/L IBA. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to pots with 80% survival rate. Morphological and phytochemical analysis showed no significant differences between the in vitro propagated and mother plants. This study demonstrates the potential of micropropagation for large scale production of quality planting material of C. igneus. Further studies on genetic and epigenetic stability are recommended to validate this protocol for commercial applications.

Rapid Multiplication of Geographical Indication (GI) Tagged Mysore Mallige (Jasminum azoricum L.) Using Single Node through In vitro Culture

Aims: The present study was undertaken to rapid multiplication of (GI) tagged Mysore Mallige (Jasminum azoricum L.) using single node through in vitro culture. Study Design: The present study follow Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bengaluru, from 2020 to 21. Methodology: Single node cutting from the young shoots of field growing plants were used as explants to conduct the experiment. The explants were sterilized and placed on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators, namely BAP and Kinetin. Results: Among the different combinations of growth regulators, the combination of BAP 1.5 mg L-1 and Kin 1.5 mg L-1 produced maximum number of shoots from single node. Very low intensity of callus formation was observed from the cut ends of single node explants that were cultured on half strength MS medium consisting of 1.5 mg L-1 BAP + 0.0 mg L-1 Kin and 1.5 mg L-1 BAP + 1.0 mg L-1 Kin. Conclusion: The use of growth regulators such as BAP and KIN is reliable for shoot regeneration even when the field explants are used.

Rapid multiplication of Zingiber cassumunar using axillary bud explant

An in vitro regeneration system was standardized on a traditional medicinal plant of Zingiber cassumunar. The rhizome axillary buds upon transfer to MS basal medium with benzyl adenine (3mg/l) found optimum exhibiting maximum percent of shoot initiation as 92.5 ± 0.6, thereby maximum number of shoots as 6.8 ± 0.3 and maximum number of roots as 22.0 ± 0.4 were found in benzyl adenine (3mg/l) and indole acetic acid (0.5mg/l) combination. The micropropagated plants were transferred to field for successful establishment as 90% respectively. Furthermore, the morphological characteristic analysis was done between the conventional and micropropagated plants which showed very less significant variation. The present protocol reports the propagation of Z. cassumunar plantlets which could be used for commercial exploitation in future.

In Vitro Conservation of Prunus Avium, an Endangered Species in Tunisia, Using a Plant Extract of Rubus Fruticosus Compared to Indole-3-Butyric Acid

Prunus avium L. is the rarest forest fruit tree in northwestern Tunisia, with strong socio-economic, agronomic, and commercial potential. The aim of this study was to provide more information about the domestication of this species by using an inexpensive in vitro culture technique for micropropagation of meristems. The plant extract used in this study was Rubus fruticosus. The results showed that the best concentration of the extract of R. fruticosus applied for the budding of meristematic microcuttings was 15 g/L, with a 100% success rate. The maximum number of adventitious shoots (7.15 ± 0.35) was obtained for the meristematic microcuttings at a concentration of 15 g/L of the extract. These results indicated that the extracted R. fruticosus plant promotes the neoformation of adventitious shoots and leaves. Rhizogenesis was strongly favored by the addition of 1 mg/L of IBA and 15 g/L of plant extract to the MS medium, which leads to the formation of roots for the meristematic micro-cuttings with percentages of about 80.36% and 53.32%, respectively. The current investigation proved that in vitro micropropagation could constitute a good alternative to the regeneration of this rare forest fruit species and may be applicable to other endangered plants.

Direct Plant Regeneration from Nodal Explants of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.)

Aims: The present study was undertaken to develop a protocol for in vitro regeneration and multiplication of disease-free quality planting material of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.). Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bengaluru, from 2020 to 21. Methodology: Nodal segments from the young shoots of field growing plants were used as explants to conduct the experiment. The explants were sterilized and placed on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators, namely BAP, Kinetin and Gibberellic acid. Results: Among the different combinations of growth regulators, the combination of BAP 1.0 mgL-1 and GA3 3.0 mgL-1 produced maximum number of shoots (7) from nodal segments Conclusion: The use of growth regulators such as BAP and GA3 is reliable for shoot regeneration even when the field explants are used.

Effect of Phytohormones on Shoot Proliferation of Doubled Haploid Lines of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

In vitro propagation of marigold has played a very important role in rapid multiplication of cultivars with desirable traits and production of healthy and disease-free plants. Shoot proliferation is a very important phase of micropropagation. This paper describes an efficient protocol for In vitro micropropagation of Doubled haploid lines of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) using nodal explants. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were employed for shoot regeneration in this study, maximum percent sprouting (100%) and minimum days to sprout break (1.48) were found in MS media supplemented with BAP 2mg/L + NAA 0.05mg/L + GA3 1mg/L, while maximum number of sprouts (1.73) and maximum average shoot length (3.98cm) were observed in case of media supplementation with BAP 1mg/L + NAA 0.05mg/L + GA3 0.5mg/L. However, in case of Thidiazuron (TDZ) minimum days taken for shoot proliferation (2.66) and maximum number of shoots per micro shoot (7.04) were observed in media supplemented with BAP 1mg/L + NAA 0.1mg/L + TDZ 0.5mg/L, while maximum length of shoots (4.2cm) was observed in control devoid of any hormones.

Standardization of Meta-Topolin Concentration for Maximizing In vitro Proliferation in Commercial Banana Cultivars of Andhra Pradesh, India

Cytokinins are associated with cell division, cell growth, and differentiation, are the most common plant growth regulators used in micropropagation. Aromatic cytokinin, meta-topolin (mT), and its derivatives have been demonstrated as alternative cytokinins in the in vitro multiplication of various plants. Different banana cultivars differ in in vitro shoot proliferation due to the difference in endogenous growth regulator content among them. A study was conducted to figure out the effect of different concentrations of meta-topolin on in vitro shoot proliferation of banana cultivars like Karpura chakkera keli (AAB), Mortoman (AAB), and Kovvur Bontha (ABB). In vitro shoot proliferation was initiated from the first subculture (C1) itself at 1.5 ppm mT concentration in Mortoman, Kovvur Bontha, and from the second subculture (C2) at 1.0 ppm mT concentration in Kovvur Bontha. Whereas, at all other remaining concentrations, shoot proliferation of different cultivars was initiated from the third subculture (C3) only. At the end of the sixth subculture (C6), the maximum number of shoots per explant (82.70) was recorded in the Kovvur Bontha cultivar at 1.5 ppm mT concentration. Among the cultivars, the Kovvur Bontha cultivar responded better to the meta-topolin for shoot proliferation than Karpura chakkera keli (AAB) and Mortoman (AAB).

In vitro regeneration, transplantation and phytochemical profiles of Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe

Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe is a medicinal plant in the family Zingiberaceae, with wild occurrence decreasing as a result of both natural and human threats. Tissue culture techniques provide an alternative method of propagation for mass production. Microshoots of K. angustifolia (1 cm in length) were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of cytokinins (BA and Kinetin) and auxins (NAA and IAA) for 8 weeks. Phytochemical profiles were evaluated by total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing ⁄ antioxidant power (FRAP) assay) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Maximum number of shoots was observed in medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA plus 0.5 mg/l NAA (6.33 shoots/explant) and optimal rooting was induced in MS medium with 2 mg/l Kinetin plus 1 mg/l NAA (35.70 roots/explant). Highest numbers of shoots and roots were obtained when cultured on liquid MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA, 2 mg/l Kinetin and 1 mg/l NAA (8.73 shoots/explant and 29.67 roots/explant, respectively). Regenerated plantlets of K. angustifolia were transferred to pots containing different types of plant materials under natural conditions for 8 weeks. Optimal survival rate was 100% when transplanting K. angustifolia to soil, sand, soil and sand (1:1) or soil and small pieces of rock (1:1) ratio. The methanol extract of leaves K. angustifolia from natural plants and in vitro derives plants showed a significantly higher amount of TFC and antioxidant activity. GC-MS analysis identified 52 phytochemical compounds in leaves of K. angustifolia. This study may be helpful to increase the value of commercial production of K. angustifolia, pharmaceutical and medicinal purpose.

Mikroçoğaltılan Alternanthera reineckii Briq.'nin İnsan Keratinosit Hücrelerinde Çinko Oksit Nanopartiküllerine Karşı Detoksifikasyon Etkinliği

Considering the rapid developments in nanotechnology, scientific research in the field of nanotoxicology is required in order to prevent the dangers of nanotechnology on human health. For this purpose, we tested the cytotoxic effect of ZnO nanoparticle (NP), which is included in many cosmetic products, on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT). In addition, we evaluated to potentially inhibit this cytotoxic effect with an aquatic plant, Alternanthera reineckii Briq. produced by tissue culture method. The nodal explants of A. reineckii were cultured in Murashige & Skoog basal medium (MS) including the combinations of 0.25-1.25 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Maximum number of shoots per explant (22.50 shoots/explant) was obtained in the culture medium with 0.75 mg/L TDZ+0.25 mg/L IBA. The highest shoot length (1.77 cm) was determined in MS medium with 0.25 mg/L TDZ+0.25 mg/L IBA. Acetone and water extracts were obtained from A. reineckii through Soxhlet extraction. The cytotoxic effect of ZnO alone on HaCaT was inhibited by acetone and water extracts. The cell viability, which decreased to 26.04% with the effect of ZnO, increased up to 67.83% with the application of acetone extract. Overall, our results revealed the protective potential of this plant against nanotoxicity induced by ZnO and shed light on future studies

Influence of autumn plant condition on cold hardiness of winter cereal crops at different sowing dates

Research on the influence of autumn plant condition as a factor affecting the cold hardiness of winter wheat, rye, and triticale was conducted at the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding, a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, from 2018 to 2021. Morphological indicators of pre-winter plant condition in cereal crops (plant height, number of tillering shoots, and green mass) are primarily associated with the sowing date (contributing to 54.68–85.86%) and genotypic characteristics of winter crops (contributing to 3.63–22.81%). The best morphological indicators were observed with the first sowing date, which decreased by the third sowing date. Over the research period, more vigorous growth, the formation of tillering shoots, and the development of green mass were observed in winter rye compared to triticale and wheat, regardless of the sowing date. In addition to morphological changes in plants, biochemical changes were also observed (sugar content in the tillering node). The accumulation of sugars was influenced by the meteorological conditions of the year (contributing to 30.36%) and determined by the biological characteristics of the crop (contributing to 18.69%). High sugar content in the node of tillering of rye was found in 2020 - 34.3–43.4%, in wheat - 22.8–32.5%, and in triticale - 28.4–37.3%, which can be explained by excellent vegetative conditions promoting the accumulation of more sugars in the node of tillering of plants. At different sowing dates, high sugar content was observed in winter rye: in the first - 36.5%, the second - 26.8%, and the third - 31.3%. Triticale exceeded winter rye in sugar content in the second - 29.5% and third sowing date - 33.0%. Winter rye exhibited high morphological and biochemical indicators in autumn, contributing to its high cold hardiness (80–100%) at different sowing dates. A positive correlation was established with plant height and tillering coefficient (r =0.90*–0.91*), indicating increased cold hardiness with these traits. Wheat and triticale significantly lagged behind rye due to their lower resistance to extreme negative temperatures compared to rye. It was found that an increase in linear growth promotes increased cold hardiness, the formation of tillering shoots, and the amount of sugars in the node of tillering (r =0.34…0.93*) in wheat and the maximum height and number of tillering shoots (r =0.84*…0.94*) in triticale in the autumn period.

Kahramanmaraş Sarımsağında (Allium sativum L.) Kitlesel Fide Elde Etmek Amacıyla In Vitro Gövde Diski Üretim Tekniğinin Kullanımında Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyicilerinin Etkileri

Anatolia is one of the important production areas of garlic. Garlic production is conducted by using the head or the cloves inside the heads, which are actually the consumed part of the garlic, as propagation material. However, due to the use of cloves, which are the most valuable part of the market, as reproduction material, the profit is reduced by about 10%. The study aims to provide an alternative propagation material to reduce the losses resulting from this practice in local Kahramanmaraş garlic production. For this purpose, generating plantlets directly from stem discs of the garlic cloves in vitro and the effects of different growth regulators have been studied. For this, the plant growth regulators added to MS media as BAP (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg l-1), GA3 (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg l-1), 2-IP (0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mg l-1); kinetin (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg l-1) and TDZ (0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mg l-1) were tested. In the study number of explants, number of infected explants, number of healthy explants, number of developed explants, healthy explant rate, developed explant rate, number of callused explants, callus growth rate, number of proliferated explants, proliferation rate, proliferation number, number of rooted explants, rooting rate and number of roots were investigated. However, shoot ratios, shoot numbers, and callus formation were the main focus. The highest rates of proliferation were found in 2-IP (53.8%, 45.5%, and 40.0% at 1.00, 0.75, and 1.25 mg l-1 dosages, respectively) and Kinetin (35.3% at 2.00 mg l-1). The maximum shoot number was reached with 2-IP at the dose of 1.00 mg l-1 as 1.9 shoot/explants. Kinetin at 3.00 mg l-1 and 2IP at 1.25 mg l-1 were the other successful applications with 1.8 shoots. This study indicated promising results to obtain plantlets directly from the clove’s stem discs and including them into seedling production for the mass production of garlic.

Standardization of Softwood Grafting in Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) var. TKD1

In recent years, Hass avocados (Persea americana Mill.) have become more widely cultivated in Colombia. One of the difficulties facing the nation is boosting orchard output by ensuring graft plants have the best agronomic, genetic, and phytosanitary criteria. In this study, the growth and development of avocado rootstocks derived from seeds of various weight ranges will be monitored for 90 days. Four weights of avocado seeds (S1, S2, S3, S4) (30–40 g, 40–50 g, 50–60 g, and 60-70 g) and four scion maturity of (D1, D2, D3, D4) (60 days old, 70 days old, 80 days old, 90 days old were used as treatments in a factorial completely randomized experimental design. The outcome showed that the best germination rate of 75% for S4 and the highest survival percentage (94.98%) for S4D4. After 90th DAG the maximum number of new shoots per plant (5.75), number of leaves/plants (18.15), leaf area (20.83 cm2), and carbohydrate content (6.57%) were reported. Based on the results of the experiment, it was determined that the optimum method for propagating avocados was softwood grafting using 60–70 g seed size (rootstock) and 90-day-old scion. These plants had better vigor and faster germination rates, all of which could reduce the length of time spent in the nursery while still ensuring the quality of the material, which is influenced by improved seedling growth.

Effect of Indole Butyric Acid and Zinc Sulphate in Different Media on Rooting of Olive Cuttings

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an oil fruit crop with the physiological potential to survive and produce in rain-fed areas. In Pakistan, it is grown in upper Punjab and Baluchistan due to their climate suitability for better production. Due to the increasing trend of olive oil, peoples show more interest in planting disease-free plants for better oil production. The successful nursery of olives mainly depends on growth substrates with rooting hormones like Indole butyric acid. A recent study was conducted to observe the influence of growing substrate and combination of IBA with zinc sulphate during the vegetative stage of two cultivars of olive. Semi-hardwood olive cuttings were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) at a level of 3000 ppm with zinc sulphate at 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm and cultured on various types of soil in pots under plastic tunnel conditions under completely randomized design with three factors and each treatment replicated thrice. Both varieties with all treatments significantly affect all traits. The maximum number of shoots were recorded in the media that contain sugarcane press mud with 3000ppm IBA and 3000ppm zinc sulphate that showed the maximum number of shoots (5. 66), branches (6. 66), shoot length (17. 01), number of roots (5. 33), root diameter (0. 23), plant survival percentage (73. 66) and root length (16. 86). In contrast, the minimum number of shoots (1. 0), branches (1. 00), shoot length (3. 77), number of roots (1. 00) root diameter (0. 01), plant survival percentage (44. 33), root length (4. 92) were observed in control media in cultivar Ottobrattica with the treatment of IBA at 3000 ppm+ zinc sulphate 2000 ppm. Results from all treatments revealed a favorable correlation between medium and IBA when combined with zinc sulphate for all measured growth parameters. The 50% sugarcane press mud, 50% silt soil with IBA 3000 ppm+ zinc sulphate 2000 ppm proved to be the best approach for better germination of olive cuttings in pots. The resulting outcomes play a significant role in the better germination percentage under dry climatic conditions. Analysis of variance was used to examine the data obtained (Statistix 8.1). The least significant test (LSD) was used to compare significant means at a 5% probability level.