Maximum Number Of Flowers Research Articles

Unveiling the Spectacular Performance of Diverse Chrysanthemum Varieties in Flowering, Quality and Yield

A comprehensive research initiative conducted in Jhalawar 2019-20 focused on evaluating the genetic diversity and performance of various chrysanthemum varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and assess the varietal performance of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) under the specific agro-climatic conditions of Jhalawar. The study sought to identify high-performing varieties and quantify key genetic traits relevant to yield and quality characteristics, with the goal of supporting selection efforts for enhanced chrysanthemum production in the region. This investigation was conducted at the Floriculture and Landscaping block of the College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar, Rajasthan. The experimental work was carried out during the winter season of the year 2019-20, capitalizing on the local climate to evaluate varietal responses under Jhalawar conditions. The experiment employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with multiple replications to ensure robust data. Different chrysanthemum varieties were planted in designated plots, and observations on traits such as flower yield, flower quality, and growth parameters were recorded periodically. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA, was performed to detect significant differences among the varieties. This analysis helped in identifying high-performing varieties suited for Jhalawar conditions and provided insights into genetic variability for potential selection and breeding programs. Ten different genotypes were carefully chosen for the study, including Marigold, Poornima Pink, Dall White, Calcutta Shantini, Karnool, Poornima Red, Dall Yellow, Poornima White, Poornima Yellow and Dundi for in-depth analysis.A randomised block design with three replications was used in the experiment. Cultivar 'Calcutta Shantini' exhibited the maximum days taken to first flower bud emergence of plant (51.50 days) and the maximum number of flowers per plant (269.90). Conversely, cv. 'Dall Yellow' showed the shortest duration to fifty percent flowering (67.64 days). Notably, cv. 'Dundi' displayed the maximum flower diameter (7.47 cm), while cv. 'Poornima Pink' had the longest flower stalk (13.09 cm). Remarkably, cv. 'Marigold' demonstrated the highest flower fresh weight (63.67 gm), dry weight (14.41 gm), and shelf life (4.67 day).

Assessment of Standard ChrysanthemumGenotypes for Morphological and Floral Attributes in Terai Region of West Bengal, India

Aims: Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) is one of the most economically important and economically favoured floricultural crops used as cut flower, loose flower, potted plants, bedding and border plants, making garlands, flower decoration, bracelet, venis and religious offerings. The present study aimed to evaluate and select suitable large flowering chrysanthemum cultivars for commercial cultivation in Terai region of West Bengal. Location of the Study: The experiment was conducted in the Instructional Farm, Department of Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya during the period of September to February of 2022-23 and 2023-24. Materials: Thirty five different cultivars of large flowering chrysanthemum were evaluated based on their growth and flowering parameters viz. Angel Bell, Autumn Blaze, Autumn Day Light, Bolare Deo, Cassa Granda Yellow, Chengis Khan, Coronation Gold, Cossak, Diamond Jubilee, Dignity, Dream Castle, Golden Yellow, Green Goddess, Innocence, J.S.Loyed, Jane Sharp, Jessie Hab Good, Kasturba Gandhi, Kenroken Pink, Kenroken White, Kikubiory, Lady Frank Klerk, Phil Houghton, Pink Cloud, Pinkling, Raja, Red Wine, Royal Prince, Royal Purple, Silk Brocade, Snowball, Sonar Bangla, Temptation, Willium Turner and Yellow Reonet. Methodology: One month old rooted cuttings were planted at a spacing of 40 cm X 30cm (Row to row 40cm and plant to plant 30cm) in 1.6m X 1.2 m raised bed. Total 16 plants were planted in one plot. Statistical Design: The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design replicated thrice. Collected data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with the help of SPSS software. Results: Significant variation was observed among the genotypes. Maximum plant spread (N-S) of 36.33±5.90, 39.00±1.55 and 37.67±4.13 cm was observed in Snowball in the year 2022-23, 2023-24 and pooled respectively whereas minimum plant spread (N-S) of 16.42±1.73 cm was observed in Cassa Granda Yellow. The maximum number of flowers per bed 282.74, 291.34 and 287.04 was recorded in Pinkling during the first year, second year, and pooled data, respectively, while the minimum number of flowers per bed (140.60 and 149.55) was observed in Autumn Blaze during the first year pooled data, respectively while in second year Pink Cloud (145.40) recorded the minimum numbers of flowers per bed. Conclusion: From the study, it may be recommended that the cultivars like Snowball, Sonar Bangla, Pinkling, Temptation are suitable for cut flowers. The cultivars namely Silk Brocade, Pink Cloud, Diamond Jubilee, Corronation Gold, Innocence, Kenroken White and Kenroken Pink may be selected for pot plants and for garden display due to profuse uniform branching and blooming.

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The current study was conducted in growth chamber with the aims to examine the effect of different soil types and temperature regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron and to assess the agro-climatic suitability of selected sites of Poonch Division of Azad Jammu & Kashmir for field scale saffron cultivation. Soil from 07 sites was collected and processed for pot filling. A total of 63 plastic pots (21 for each temperature level i.e., 19, 26 and 32 oC), were filled with soils of each site and incubated separately in growth chambers. The pots were arranged under completely randomized design (CRD) replicated thrice. Results indicated that maximum number of flowers (1.35 per plant), flower fresh weight (29.03 mg per plant), stigma length (1.21 cm), stigma fresh weight (8.97 mg per plant) and stigma yield (8.60 mg per pot) was recorded for Khaigala site (loam textured soil) at 26 oC followed by Trarkhel (sandy loam textured soil) and Abbaspur (loam textured soil) sites. On an average, maximum 58.30 days were taken to initiate flowering in soil of Alisojal site (clay loam textured soil) with flowering period of 17.06 days. The maximum number of daughter corms (2.92 per plant), corm diameter (9.61 mm), corm weight (15.76 g per plant), corm yield (47.28 g per pot), picrocrocin (11.32%) and safranal (0.22%) content was again recorded for Khaigala site (at 26 oC). However, maximum crocin content (14.33%) was noted for Alisojal site (1831 m altitude). The Cluster and PC analyses revealed that Khaigala, Trarkhel and Abbaspur sites produced saffron of better quality and agro-climatically suitable for establishment of saffron. Further, the saffron grown on loam and sandy loam textured soils showed better performance compared to that of clay textured soils.

Varietal diversity and selection of potential varieties of Petunia hybrida L. for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh

A study was conducted to compare the morpho-reproductive traits of twenty two genotype of Petunia in order to select superior and sustainable genotypes for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh during winter 2021-22. Thirteen qualitative and quantitative characters viz. stigma type, leaf shape, plant height (cm), number of branches, number of effective branches, days to flower initiation, number of flowers, duration of flowers, flowering duration, plant longevity, number of stamens, stamen length (cm) and petiole length (cm) were observed during the study period. The findings found that all morpho-reproductive traits differed significantly amongst the genotypes investigated, with the exception of the stamens, which were five in number. Highest quantitative variation was observed in days to flower initiation and longevity of the plants. Glow picotee blue showed the superior plant height (29.33 cm). Deep salmon had the shortest time to bloom initiation (52 days). Maximum number of flowers was recorded from ultra purple star (50) followed by ultra crimson star (49.67) while the duration of the flowers was maximum (6.67 days) in opera supreme white, prism pink, ultra burgundy star and ultra purple star. Opera supreme white had the longest flowering time (69.67 days). Whereas ultra purple star, ultra crimson star and ultra rose star had the longest lifespan (111 days). The genotypes deep salmon, ultra purple star, ultra red star, ultra rose star, opera supreme white, dreams midnight, and prism pink are recommended for commercial cultivation based on their overall morpho-reproductive performance. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 12(1 & 2): 23-33, 2023 (June & December)

Growth, productivity and quality of colored capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) as influenced by hybrids and plant growth regulators under controlled environment conditions

In developing countries like India, rapid urbanisation was under way and the diet habits of the people have been changing day to day. Under this transformation, a section of the population is focused on nutritional security where vegetables play a major role in daily diet. Among different vegetables coloured bell pepper which is commonly known as capsicum, has importance due to its nutritional quality and market demand. The quality and productivity of coloured capsicum can be improved by choosing the best performing hybrids and exogenous application of plant growth regulators. Considering the above, the present study was conducted from November to April of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Protected Cultivation Unit of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha under controlled environment conditions. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design consisting of two hybrids, namely, Orobelle (yellow colored) and Bomby (red colored); and eight treatments of growth regulators which were GA3 @ 25 ppm, GA3 @ 50 ppm, GA3 @ 75 ppm, GA3 @ 100 ppm, NAA @ 20 ppm, NAA @ 40 ppm, NAA @ 60 ppm and NAA @ 80 ppm. A total of 16 treatment combinations were worked out in the experiment which were replicated thrice. The results of the experiment revealed that there was no significant variation among the hybrids cultivated with respect to yield attributes, yield, quality parameters and growth attributes excluding plant height and number of leaves per plant at 60 DAS and 90 DAS. However, there was a significant impact of plant growth regulators on growth attributes, yield attributes, yield and quality parameters. The application of NAA @ 80 ppm resulted in early flowering (43.8 days after planting). Moreover, the maximum number of flowers per plant (32.5 flowers/plant), flower to fruit ratio (52.9), fruits per plant (19.5) and weight of the fruit (133.6 g) recorded in GA3 @ 100 ppm application. There was a significant interaction effect among treatment combinations in fruit yield where the highest value was recorded in Bomby hybrid with GA3 @ 100 PPM application. From the study it may be concluded that cultivation of both the hybrids can be considered as per the fruit colour and market demand along with the application of GA3 @ 100 ppm under controlled environment conditions.

Mitigating Fruit Cracking and Premature Dropping in Bael (Aegle marmelos) cv. NB-9 under Subtropical Conditions: Evaluating the Effects of Bio-formulations and Boric Acid

The present investigation entitled “Mitigating Fruit Cracking and Premature Dropping in Bael (Aegle marmelos) cv. NB-9 under Subtropical Conditions: Evaluating the Effects of Bio-formulations and Boric Acid” was carried out during the year 2022-2023 at Main Experimental Station, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture & Forestry, A.N.D.U.A.&T., Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India (Lat 26.540849° Long 81.830421°). Application of various bio-formulations and boric acid with eco-friendly materials to study the various vegetative properties, cracking, fruit drop and effect on the vegetative growth of fruit. The experiment was laid down in randomized block design (RBD) with (12) treatments and (03) replications. The experiment consists of 12 treatments including control, T1 (Control), T2 (FYM 50 Kg), T3 (FYM 100 Kg), T4 (Boric acid 200g), T5 (Boric acid 400g), T6 (Biofertilizer 250g/plant [100g Azotobacter + 100g Biovita + 50g PSB]), T7 (FYM 50Kg + Boric acid 200g), T8 (FYM 50Kg + Boric acid 400g), T9 (FYM 50Kg +Biofertilizer 250g/plant [100g Azotobacter + 100g Biovita + 50g PSB]), T10 (FYM 100Kg + Boric acid 200g), T11 (FYM 100 Kg + Boric acid 400g) and T12 (FYM 100Kg +Biofertilizer 250g/plant [100g Azotobacter + 100g Biovita + 50g PSB]) was used for this study. The results revealed that treatment T7 outperformed the rest with minimum fruit cracking (1.53%), fruit drop (76.20%), the maximum number of flowers per plant (171.19), day-to-flowering (31.38) and yield (181.69 q/ha) was most effective in a vegetative quality and yield point of view. Thus, the treatment combination T7 is therefore recommended for application to Bael trees in subtropical conditions to obtain high yields with better quality fruits.

Pruning techniques affect flowering, fruiting, yield and fruit biochemical traits in guava under transitory sub-tropical conditions

Production of quality fruits in the dry and low humid October–May period has been a challenge in the tropics and sub-tropics having wide weather fluctuations throughout the year. Henceforth, the research aimed at investigating the seasonal variations in vegetative developments as well as flowering, fruiting, yield, and fruit quality of guava emphasizing the off-seasonality by pruning 0 cm (control), 15 cm, 30 cm, and 45 cm from shoot-tip, once a year at spring (early March), monsoon (early June) and autumn (early September) under such atmospheric implications. Yearly and quarterly documentation at wet (June–August and September–November) and dry (December–February and March–May) seasons revealed that pruning in spring and autumn exhibited statistical parity for higher yearly yield of 31.71 kg and 31.58 kg plant−1, respectively. Moreover, spring pruning had maximum yield in the wet season (23.94 kg plant−1), while autumn pruning governed the dry season production (18.11 kg plant−1) having a notable wet period yield (13.47 kg plant−1). Considering the yearly and quarterly in March–May and December–February harvests, autumn pruning exhibited statistical supremacy for total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugar, vitamin C, and specific gravity. However, pruning time didn't influence the fruit physiochemical traits at the June–August and September–November quarters producing fruits of inferior quality compared to those of March–May and December–February harvests. On the other hand, pruning lengths of 30 cm and 45 cm demonstrated statistical consistency for auspicious vegetative, reproductive and fruit biochemical properties. Meanwhile, 30 cm pruning produced maximum number of flowers (224.71 plant−1) and fruits (155.89 plant−1), consequently the highest yield (38.38 kg plant−1). Treatment interactions too ascertained that off-season production of superior quality guava can be enhanced by 30 cm shoot-tip pruning in autumn without compromising the year-round harvests.

LIQUID MANURE AS A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE NUTRIENT SOLUTION FOR ORGANIC STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION

The experiment was conducted at Horticultural Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period of November 2023 to February 2024. The single-factor experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to study organic strawberry production. The experiment consisted of five treatments, namely: T1: Recommended Fertilizer Dose (RFD); T2: Vermi Tea (VT); T3: SAU-MLM; T4: SAU-NLM; and T5: SAU-PLM. Treatments were applied to plants four times every 10 days, starting 7 days after plant transplantation. The effects on vegetative growth, yield attributes, and fruit quality (Brix%) were investigated, and they showed significant variation. The results showed that RFD (T1) and SAU-PLM (T5) treatments more prominently enhanced vegetative growth SPAD value and yield attributes; maximum flower number (19.3), fruit number (17.0), diameter of fruit (41.5 mm), fruit weight (39.1 g), leaf area (153.0 sq. cm), Brix value (8.6) recorded in T5 treatment, and similar yield per plant are found in T1 (632.3 g) and T5 (636.3 g). Hence, it can be affirmed that SAU-PLM constitutes a potent liquid fertilizer capable of enhancing the growth and yield of strawberry plants.

Influence of Organic and Inorganic Inputs on Vegetative, Flowering and Yield Attributes of Marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

The present investigation was carried out on “Influence of organic and inorganic inputs on vegetative, flowering and yield attributes of marigold cv. Pusa NarangiGainda” at instructional farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh during the year 2021-22. A field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 13 treatments in three replications. Findings revealed significant (p<0.05) influence of organic and inorganic inputs on vegetative, flowering and yield characters of the marigold. Maximum plant height (130.70 cm), number of primary branches (11.20), number of secondary branches (14.40), leaf area (56.57 cm2), East-Westplant spread (49.25 cm), and North-South plant spread (46.50 cm) were associated with treatments T12-FYM @ 25 t.ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 5 t.ha-1 + Mustard oil cake @ 5 t.ha-1 + Dolomite @ 222 kg.ha-1. Treatment T12 also had earlier bud initiation (44.10 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (20.23), and flower yield (159.73 q). However, the maximum flower diameter (62.19 mm) was recorded in the treatment T10 - FYM @ 25 t.ha-1 + Mustard oil cake @ 5 t.ha-1 + Dolomite @ 222 kg.ha-1. The study demonstrates that combination of organic inputs significantly enhances the vegetative, flowering and yield attributes in marigold that could be exploited for increased productivity of the crop.

Evaluation of different China aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) genotypes in the Terai region of West Bengal

The experiment was laid out in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. Sixteen genotypes namely, Arka Poornima, Arka Archana, Arka Aadya, Arka Kamini, Arka Shashank, Phule Ganesh White, Phule Ganesh Pink, Phule Ganesh Purple, Phule Ganesh Light pink, Pink Cushion, Arabhavi Aster Collection-1 (AAC-1), Namadhari Pink, Selected line (L-76), Selected line (L-179), Selected line (L-179/1) and Selected line (L-56) have been collected from IIHR, Hessaraghata Lake, Bengaluru, Karnataka for the trial.The different morphological, phenological as well as floral traits have been collected during the crop period which showed significant variation among the evaluated China aster genotypes. The maximum number of flowers per plant was recorded in ‘Arka Aadya’ (71.40) and ‘Arka Shashank’ (66.27) statistically at par with ‘Arka Aadya’ and the highest vase life as cut flower was noticed in Arka Shashank (11.67 days). Flower diameter was maximum in Phule Ganesh White (8.29 cm) which was at par with Arka Poornima (6.92 cm) and Phule Ganesh Purple (6.53 cm). Among the all genotypes, the maximum weight of ten fresh flowers were observed in Arka Poornima (54.17 g) which was statistically at par with Phule Ganesh White (53.61 g). These characters are considered to be very important with respect to commercial value of the variety for fulfil the consumers demand. The genotypes Arka Poornima, Phule Ganesh White, Arka Shashank, Arka Kamini and Arka Aadya may be recommended for commercial cultivation as loose flowers as well as cut flowers in the Terai region of West Bengal.

Performance of advanced breeding lines of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under hill zone of Karnataka

An experiment was carried out to assess performance in twenty advanced breeding of brinjal along with three checks (Arka Keshav, Arka Neelanchal Shyama and Devanur Local) during Summer season 2022- 2023 at College of Horticulture, Mudigere. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that highest number of primary branches (17.52), number of fruits per cluster (3.19), fruit setting percentage (73.67 %), number of fruits per plant (37.45) and fruit yield per plant (1.78 kg) recorded in line CHMB-2, days to first flowering (28.22 days) and days to first harvest (37.04 days) recorded minimum days in CHMB-11, maximum number of flowers per cluster (7.06) recorded in CHMB -13, highest plant height in CHMB-6 (66.35 cm), maximum fruit length and fruit diameter in CHMB-18 (14.90 cm) and Arka Neelanchal Shyama (67.49 mm) respectively. With respect to quality parameters, maximum dry matter content (12.13 g/100 g) and minimum moisture content (86.97 %) recorded in CHMB – 7, highest fruit phenol content recorded in Arka Keshav (72.54 mg/100g).

Performance of parthenocarpic cucumber genotypes under protected cultivation for yield and horticultural traits

An investigation was conducted to identify the most desirable genotypes of parthenocarpic cucumber under protected cultivation. Experimental material consists of 23 genotypes of parthenocarpic cucumber including 1 check (KPCH-1) and the experiment was laid out in three replications with support of Randomized Block Design. ANOVA revealed significant differences among the genotypes for 17 traits. Based on the genotypes' mean performance for all traits investigated, m earliest days to first flower (26.80) and minimum inter-nodal length (7.22 cm) was observed in genotype BRPCU-1×BRPCU-8, whereas maximum number of flowers per node (2.20), number fruits per vine (31.47) and yield per vine (3.96 kg) was observed in genotype BRPCU1×BRPCU-8. The lowest node to the first flower (3.27) was observed in genotype BRPCU-2×BRPCU-7. Earliest days to first picking (39.80 days) whereas highest TSS (3.87 °Brix) and longest span of harvesting (58.67 days) was noted in genotype in BRPCU-2×BRPCU-5. The highest average fruit weight was recorded in genotype BRPCU-2×BRPCU-8 (143.07 g), while the highest fruit length was observed in genotype BRPCU-5 (20.73 cm). Genotype BRPCU-3×BRPCU-8 (3.90 cm) had maximum fruit diameter. Maximum vine length was recorded in BRPCU-6×BRPCU-7 (3.15 m). The best top-performing genotypes identified in the present study were BRPCU1×BRPCU-8, BRPCU-2×BRPCU-5, and BRPCU-3×BRPCU-8 were superior for most of the fruit yield components and quality traits.

Effect of NPK on Growth and Flower Yield of Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

The research work on “Effect of NPK on growth and flower yield Hibiscus rosa sinensis” was conducted in the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during the year 2019-2020. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications & 12 treatments. Treatments were allocated randomly to each replication each treatment comprised of one plants which made a total of 36 plants. The best results were achieved in treatment T4 NPK (100:105:105) gram per plant with maximum plant height (113.62), maximum number of leaves per plant (71.99), maximum number of branches per plant (10.07), minimum days to bud initiation (43.31 days), minimum days taken flowering (49.87 days), maximum number of flower per plant(15.83), maximum flower diameter(cm) (13.06), flower weight(g) was found maximum (3.82), number of flower was found maximum (39575) along with maximum cost-benefit ratio (1: 1.46).

Influence of different organic manures on the growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plants

A pot experiment was conducted during rabi season in the year 2021-22 under net house condition of the Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka to evaluate the influence of different organic manures on the growth and yield contributing the characteristics of marigold. Seven types of organic manures, viz. Alo, Supermill, Mazim, Vermicompost, ACI, Kazi and Poultry manures were applied singly at the rate of 5 ton ha-1. The tallest plant of marigold (60 cm) found with Supermill, the maximum leaf number (367 plant-1) with Poultry manure, leaf area (6.56 cm2 plant-1), leaf area index (0.017), total fresh weight (15.55 g plant-1) and total dry weight (4.78 g plant-1) of marigold plants were recorded with Mazim organic manure. The highest number of branches (78 plant-1), flowers (11 plant-1), diameter (2.80 cm), fresh weight (1.90 g plant-1) and dry weight (0.54 g plant-1) were recorded in ACI organic manure. The upper limit length (8.0 cm) of root and the length of shoot (51.30 cm) were recorded in Supermill. The highest root-shoot ratio (0.22) was recorded in Kazi organic manure. The standard range of number of flower’s was 6 to 11 plant-1 with the treatments without using synthetic fertilizer or any toxic pest control substance. The maximum number of flower (11 plant-1) obtained with ACI. The findings indicated the clear possibilities of growing safe and environment friendly marigold flower in context of Bangladesh. The study revealed that all the sources of organic materials enhanced the growth and yield component of marigold. The study also generated a new information as guide line for future research target. The organic sources may be arranged according to the production of number of marigold flower: ACI>Poultry litter> Mazim>Supermill >Alo>Kazi. Further investigation is needed for future research interest. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2023, 9(2): 39-48

Influence of Interaction between Fertilizer and Micronutrient Spray on Growth, Yield and Quality of Guava under Ultra High Density Orcharding System

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) on a 5-year-old guava orchard of cv. Sardar was planted at a spacing of 1.0 m x 2.0 m in Ranchi. The objective of this investiation was to know the influence of interaction between the basal and foliar application of fertilizers of guava cv. Sardar under ultra-high-density planting system in eastern plateau and hill conditions. The experiments were set up in a split-plot design with four fertilizer doses 100%NPK i.e.580 g N, 270 g P, 400g K/plant; 60%NPK i.e. 348gN, 162gP, 240g K/plant; 40%NPK i.e. 232gN,180gP 160g K/plant; 20%NPK i.e.116gN 54gP 80g K/plant as main plots and four different foliar sprays as boric acid (0.4%), zinc sulphate (0.2%), boric acid (0.4%) + zinc sulphate (0.2%) and water spray as subplots with four replications. The NPK fertilizer dose was applied at an interval of every two months from June 12 to April 14 (A total of twelve times/ two year) in a 1m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar application of micronutrients was sprayed at the rate of 750 ml/ tree at flowering and fruit set stage during June 12 and August 14 (Total of Four times/ two years). In our two-year study, the experimental results indicated that 60% NPK fertilizer dose resulted in maximum trunk girth (55.33 mm) and girth of primary branches (43.77mm), while, a maximum per cent increase in trunk girth (15.81%) and girth of primary branches (18.62%) were recorded in 100% NPK fertilizer dose. However the maximum number of flowers per plant (18.66), number of fruit per plant (17.10) and fruit weight/ plant (3.65kg/plant) were recorded in 100%NPK fertilizer dose, which was at par with 60% NPK Fertilizer dose.

Variety and seeding rate influence on the parameters of soybean productivity in the Moscow region

The influence of varietal specificity and the seeding rate on the formation of leaf surface of plants, elements of the yield structure, number of generative traits, and the yield of soybean varieties were studied. The research was carried in the Moscow region in 2021, 2022. 12 variants were planted in the experiment: four seeding rates (400, 500, 600 and 700 thousand pieces/ha) for three varieties (Bara – standard, Hidaka, Sibiryachka). In 2021, leaf apparatus development was more intensive on Hidaka plants, and the leaf area increased with a decrease in the seeding rate. On average for 2021 and 2022, the maximum leaf area of the Bara variety was formed in the variant with a seeding rate of 600 thousand pieces/ha – 33.09–40.81 thousand m2/ha. The maximum number of flowers was recorded in all the variants with a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds/ha. In the Bara variety, the flowers were formed uniformly across the variants relative to the year of the study. Differences by 2–3 pieces per plant were noted in the variants with seeding rates of 500 and 700 thousand pieces/ha. In 2022, the number of beans in the plants of the Bara variety exceeded the index of 2021 by 6.9 % at a seeding rate of 600 thousand pieces/ha, by 28.8 % at a seeding rate of 400 thousand pieces/ha. Excess weight of 1 thousand seeds in the Hidaka variety relative to the standard amounted to 43.2–48.4 %. Maximum weight of 1 thousand seeds was obtained in both years of the study in the variant with a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds/ha – 220.5 and 218.9 g, respectively. The maximum yield was observed in the variety Hidaka at a seeding rate of 400 thousand pieces/ha – 4.18 tons/ha. The gain compared to the control amounted to 18.75 %. As a result of the research it was found that the seeding rate of 400 thousand pieces/ha had a greater positive effect on soybean productivity indicators.

Performance Assessment of Scented Field Roses in Open Field Cultivation: A Case Study in Coimbatore, India

A field experiment to evaluate the performance of ten scented field roses in terms of growth and floral parameters under open field condition was carried out at Botanical Garden, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the year 2022-2023. Since there is a major lacuna in variety of scented field roses for cultivation in farmer’s field, the present study was undertaken to assess suitable variety for commercial cultivation under Coimbatore condition. The field experiment was carried out using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments (Arka Sukanya, Arka Parimala, Bourbon rose type 1, Bourbon Rose type 2, Pusa Alpana, Rose Sherbet, Scent Pink, Damask rose type 1, Damask rose type 2, Andhra Red) and three replications. Results indicate a significance difference between the varieties for growth, flowering and yield characters. Experimental data revealed that the maximum plant height (68.92 cm), maximum number of shoots per plant (8.21), maximum leaves per plant (410.50), stem girth (6.28 cm), Highest chlorophyll content (58.1), Least number days for flower bud initiation (31.05), Diameter of fully opened flower (5.89 cm) and fresh flower weight (3.59 g) were seen in Bourbon rose type 1. Bourbon rose type 2 recorded maximum number of flowers per plant (41.12) and Andhra red rose recorded maximum number of petals per flower (94.89) among the evaluated varieties.

The Influence of Various Growing Media on Flowering Parameters of Zinnia

Zinnia is a loose flower used for religious purposes and for social functions in India. The present experiment entitled “The effect of various growing media on quality of Zinnia” was carried out at Horticultural nursery, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G) during the year 2022 and the experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications. All the media treatments studied recorded superior over control. Among the media treatments studied T10 (Garden soil 50% + FYM 25% + VC 25% + Azotobacter showed significant effect with different parameters viz. minimum days taken to first flower bud initiation (34.73 days), maximum blooming period (12.03 days), maximum flower weight (1.95 g), maximum flower yield (42.4 g), maximum number of flowers per plant (37.96). The findings revealed that all the characters linked flowering parameters were greatly affected by all the growing media treatments and quality as well.

Effect of Shoot Bending at Different Time on Production and Quality of Hybrid Tea Rose Cultivar Minu Pearle

A field experiment was undertaken from September to March for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) to find out the best time for shoot bending in Hybrid Tea rose. Growth and development of rose cultivar Minu Pearle, was significantly influenced by shoot bending at different time (4th week of September to 4th week of December). Among the treatments tallest plants & maximum leaf area was produced in plants bended on T5 whereas, the plant canopy was registered to be maximum in 2nd week of December. The highest rate of shoot elongation at 15 & 30 days after shoot bending was noted in second week of November and October respectively. Application of shoot bending on 2nd week of October recorded early blooming and slowest flower bud emergence was registered in T5whereas, delayed sepal reflex and maximum days taken to attain cup shape was observed in T6. In terms of flower quality parameters like length and diameter of flower bud and pedicel and weight of individual flower, T5 proved to be superior. Shoot bending applied on 2nd week of November (T4) produced long and thick stalks. Among the treatments maximum number of flowers, longest self and vase life, highest dry matter production from leaves and stem, greater chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was observed in T5.

Exogenous Application of Growth Regulators Improves the Growth and Quality of Dahlia variabilis L.

Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.), a bulb crop sold as cut flower, garden ornamental/potted plant, becomes a popular cut flower in the world. This experiment was designed to study the effects of foliar applied gibberellic acid, zinc, ascorbic acid, and thiamine on the growth and flower attributes of dahlia. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Floriculture Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. There were thirteen treatment with three levels each; gibberellic acid, zinc sulphate, ascorbic acid, and thiamine. First, foliar application was done at vegetative stage (after 45 d of transplantation) and second, at the flowering stage. Application of gibberellic acid at 100 ppm significantly improved plant height (92.67 cm). Application of zinc at 0.50% produced the maximum number of flowers (28.47), diameter of flower (100.19 mm), and fresh weight of flower (11.16 g). Foliar application of thiamine increased nutrient accumulation in leaves of dahlia. The nitrogen contents (4.43 %) increased to maximum in response to treatment comprising ascorbic acid, whereas phosphorus content (1.41 mg g-1) and potassium contents (19.45 mg g-1) were at maximum in response to thiamine. The highest chlorophyll a (4.37 mg g-1) and b (2.04 mg g-1) contents were recorded in treatment comprising thiamine at 150 ppm. The highest carbohydrate contents (35.14%) were recorded in zinc application response. Application of thiamine significantly reduced the days of flowering and flower diameter. Overall, it can be recommended that application of thiamine at 150 ppm is more responsive to improve the growth and quality of dahlia flower as compared to gibberellic acid, zinc, and ascorbic acid.