Maximum Number Of Branches Research Articles

Effect of Micronutrients and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Flowering and Yield Attributes of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

An experiment was conducted at the Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and Coimbatore during 2017-2018 to study the effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on growth, flower yield, pigment content and keeping quality of marigold (Tagetes erecta L). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 16 treatments. The study revealed that application of micronutrients mixture + GA3 100 ppm (T2) showed the highest plant height (86.08 cm), the highest internodal length (6.73 cm) and a maximum number of branches (15.97) at 90 days after transplanting over the absolute control. Among the floral parameters, the earliest days to first flower bud appearance (51.61 days), days to first flowering (66.95 days), the longest duration of flowering (50.50 days), crop duration (144.40 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (69.19), the highest flower diameter (7.00 cm), flower weight (15.19 g), flower stalk length (8.94 cm), flower stalk girth (5.30 mm) as well as highest flower yield per plant (439.33 g) and longest shelf life of flower (6.49 days) were recorded with treatment T2-micronutrients mixture + GA3 100 ppm over the absolute control..

Improved Micropropagation of Stevia (Stevia rebaudianaBertoni) Plant

There is a great interest on the strategical plan in Egypt for the cultivation of a new crop used as source of natural sweeteners Stevia rebaudiana (Spanti) and (China-1) var. Stem nodal segments containing axillary buds were used as an explant and inoculated on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium containing 3% (w/v) sucrose, 0.8% (w/v) agar supplemented with various concentrations of flurprimidol (flur.), paclobutrazol (PBZ) and thidiazuron (TDZ). In Spanti var. maximum number of branches (6.52) and (6.4) were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 0.12 mg/l flur. and 0.2 mg/l TDZ, respectively with an average of 56.4 and 36.67 leaves per plantlet, having an average shoot length of 6.40 and 6.52 cm, respectively. The best in vitro root induction (100%) was achieved on MS medium with 0.16 mg/l flur. with an average of 10.00 roots per plantlet and root length of 4.82 cm (Spanti var.). Furthermore, in China-1 var. (MS) medium supplemented with 0.16mg/l flur. induced the best morphological characteristics. The rooted plantlets from explant planted on (MS) medium supplemented with 0.16 mg/l flur. were successfully established in soil and grown to maturity at the survival rate of 100% in the greenhouse in (Spanti) and (China-1) var. As a result of anatomy, all studied growth regulators significantly enhanced the anatomical characters of stevia varieties leaf and stem.flur.at 0.16 mg\l surpassed, for instance, midvein and lamina thickness, length and width of leaf vascular bundle as well as stem diameter, xylem and phloem thickness. Our data revealed that the numbers of protein bands in most of treatments are bigger than which in the control.

Effect of Pinching on Growth and Flower Production of Marigold

An experiment was conducted on the effect of pinching on growth and flower production of marigold at Ground and cover nursery, in the Department of Horticulture, the University of Agriculture Peshawar during autumn 2017. The experiment was conducted in complete randomized design with four repetitions. Marigold was pinched at a different height (0,1foot). Analysis of data revealed that pinching had a significant effect on most of the attributes of marigold. Regarding pinching a maximum number of branches (12.41), days to 50% flowering (54.9), plant height(34.43cm), flower diameter (4.58), stem diameter (0.76cm) and a number of flowers (9.93) was observed in pinched plants. It was concluded from the above results that marigold could be pinched at I feet height for significant growth and flower production.

Influence of sulphur and potassium levels on yield and yield attribute of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

A field experiment on influence of sulphur and potassium levels on yield and yield attributes of sesame was conducted in Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) during Kharif season, 2017. Varying levels of sulphur (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-l) and potassium (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-l) were applied to experimental plots. The results revealed that sesame significantly responded to the application of sulphur and potassium up to 50 kg ha-l for growth, quality, yield and yield attributes of sesame. The taller plant (76.83 cm), maximum number of branches per plant (3.87), more number of capsules per plant (43.82), more number of seeds per capsules (59.36), maximum seed yield (673 kg ha-1), maximum stover yield (1078 kg ha-1), more oil content (48.76 %) and maximum oil yield (291.7 kg ha-1) were noticed where 50 kg ha-1 sulphur treated. On the contrary taller plant (76.97 cm), maximum number of branches per plant (3.93), more number of capsules per plant (42.77), more number of seeds per capsules (59.36), maximum seed yield (617 kg ha-1), maximum stover yield (1043 kg ha-1), more oil content (48.65 %) and maximum oil yield (286.6 kg ha-1) were recorded from 50 kg ha-1 potassium treatments.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 147-150, August 2018

Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth to different phosphorous levels and sowing dates

A field trail was carried out at the University of Agriculture Peshawar during spring, 2013 in order to evaluate the effect of different levels of phosphorus fertilizer and various planting times on the growth and development of tomato. The main objective of the research work was to investigate the best sowing time for tomato in combination with suitable dose of P fertilizer in order to get maximum yield of tomato in the climatic conditions of Peshawar. RCB Design with split plot arrangements was used in the trail. The main factor (phosphorous levels of 0, 90, 110, 130) was allotted to main plots while sowing dates in sub plots. A total twelve treatment were replicated thrice. Maximum days to flowering (39.583 days) and fruiting (46.167 days) obtained in the late sowing. Minimum days to flowering (39), minimum days to fruiting (38.778 days) were taken by the early sowing. Maximum number of branches (27.778), maximum fruit length (6.0222), maximum fruit with (6.1667), maximum fruit yield (24.653 tons ha−1) was produced when the plot fertilize with 130 kg P ha−1. Maximum number of fruit plant−1 (29.778) were produced with application of 130 kg P ha−1, minimum number of fruits (23.667 cm), fruit width (3.778 cm), fruit length (4.3667 cm), plant height (56.300 cm) were obtained from the controlled treatment. Among the various treatment studied in experiment, it is concluded that early planting of the tomato in the summer season i.e. in the start of March and the use of higher dose of P (130 kg P ha−1) is very beneficial for the excellent growth, development and yield of tomato crop.

On the multiple zeros of a real analytic function with applications to the averaging theory of differential equations

In this work we consider real analytic functions , where , Ω is a bounded open subset of , is an interval containing the origin, are parameters, and ε is a small parameter. We study the branching of the zero-set of at multiple points when the parameter ε varies.We apply the obtained results to improve the classical averaging theory for computing T-periodic solutions of λ-families of analytic T-periodic ordinary differential equations defined on , using the displacement functions defined by these equations.We call the coefficients in the Taylor expansion of in powers of ε the averaged functions. The main contribution consists in analyzing the role that have the multiple zeros of the first non-zero averaged function. The outcome is that these multiple zeros can be of two different classes depending on whether the zeros belong or not to the analytic set defined by the real variety associated to the ideal generated by the averaged functions in the Noetheriang ring of all the real analytic functions at . We bound the maximum number of branches of isolated zeros that can bifurcate from each multiple zero z0. Sometimes these bounds depend on the cardinalities of minimal bases of the former ideal. Several examples illustrate our results and they are compared with the classical theory, branching theory and also under the light of singularity theory of smooth maps. The examples range from polynomial vector fields to Abel differential equations and perturbed linear centers.

Comparative effects of compost and NPK fertilizer on vegetative growth, protein, and carbohydrate of Moringa oleifera lam hybrid PKM-1

ABSTRACTA field study evaluated the effects of NPK (21:17:17) and compost on vegetative growth, proteins, and carbohydrates of Moringa oleifera. The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments replicated three times. Compost and NPK fertilizers were applied together which include control (without fertilizer) 5 t ha−1 (Compost), 120 kg ha−1 (NPK), 50 + 50% ha−1 (NPK + Compost), 10 + 50% ha−1 (NPK + Compost), and 50 + 10% ha−1 (NPK + Compost) per plot. For NPK fertilizer, the rate was 10 and 50% of 120 kg ha−1 and for compost it was 10 and 50% of 5 t ha−1. The measured growth parameters were plant height (cm), stem girth (mm), number of leaves, and number of branches per plant. Results showed that 120 kg ha−1 (NPK) treatment produced plants of more height, stem girth, more number of leaves, maximum number of branches as compared to other treatments at week 8 with higher protein. Carbohydrate content was high in 50 + 50% (NPK + Compost) compared to others.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, herb yield and quality of alfalfa duringRabi season under central dry zone of Karnataka

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, herb yield and quality of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) at the farm field of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Konehalli, Tiptur, Tumkuru district under Central dry zone (Zone-4) of Karnataka state during Rabi seasons. The results revealed that the maximum plant height at 30 DAS (43.12 cm), first (85.63 cm), second (86.00 cm), third (92.10 cm), fourth (95.45 cm), fifth (92.30 cm), sixth (88.90 cm) and seventh harvest (86.79 cm) during Rabi season was recorded, when plants were supplied with 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM. The least plant height was recorded with the application of 10 t/ha FYM + 100 % N through FYM at 30 DAS and all the harvests. The similar results were recorded the maximum number of branches and leaves per plant with application of the 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM. The maximum fresh and dry herb yield per hectarewas recorded at first (178.70 q and 26.30 q), second (213.89 q and 31.44 q), third (217.13 q and 31.94 q), fourth (218.98 q and 33.08 q), fifth (216.20 q and 31.81 q), sixth (208.33 q and 30.65 q) and seventh harvest (200.00 q and 29.40 q), respectively during Rabi season with the application of 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM. Whereas, the lowest fresh and dry herb yield per hectare was recorded, when plants supplied with 10 t/ha FYM + 100 % N through FYM at all the harvests. The pants received with 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM has resulted maximum nitrogen content of plant at first (1.15 %), second (1.14 %), third (1.15 %), fourth (1.12 %), fifth (1.09 %), sixth (1.06 %) and seventh harvest (1.05 %) during Rabi season, which was at par with the application of 50 % RDF + 25 % N through poultry manure + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM at first and third harvests. The application of 10 t/ha FYM + 100 % N through FYM recorded lowest nitrogen content of plant in at all the harvests. Therefore, 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM may be recommended for commercial cultivation of alfalfa during Rabi season under central dry zone of Karnataka.

Response of fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield parameter of different variety of tomato under poplar based agroforestry system

Poplar ( Populus deltoides ) known as a best tree used in alley cropping system for the production of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) under agroforestry system. The objective of the study was to see the impact of Organic (FYM) and Inorganic fertilizers (UREA, SSP and MOP) on the the growth yield of tomato of a ‘Tomato P.K.M-1’ and ‘Tomato F 1 Ferline’ at the Nursery area of a College of Forestry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Different level of organic and inorganic fertilizers combination was taken F 1 (control), F 2 (100% NPK), F 3 (100%FYM), F 4 (75% NPK + 25% FYM), F 5 (50%NPK + 50% FYM), and F 6 (25%NPK+ 75%FYM) were used for Tomato plants. The highest plant height, the maximum number of branches, number of flowers and fruits/plant as well as the greatest fruit size, fruit yield/plant and fruit yield/ha were obtained best in F 2 (100%NPK) application of the recommended dose of nutrients. The results revealed that significantly the highest plant height higher yield and yield attributing characters were recorded with the application of 100% NPK.

Effects of water and irrigation intervals on the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes in Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle, vinca)

In order to study the effect of magnetic water on growth and quality of periwinkle a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was carried out. First factor was four types of water (magnetic tap water, tap water, magnetic well water and well water) and second factor was four irrigation intervals (2, 4, 6 and 8 d). The least time to flowering (45 d), the highest number of flower (18), the highest number of leaves (166), the maximum number of branches (17), maximum height (22 cm), maximum diameter of the stem (7 mm) and lowest ionic leakage (56%) was observed in irrigation intervals 2 d combined with magnetic tap water. The minimum malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed in 2 d intervals with magnetic well water and magnetic tap water (6.19 and 6.35 nmol g-1 F.W., respectively). The maximum MDA was observed in irrigation intervals 8 d with tap and well water (9.7 and 9.45 nmol g-1 F.W., respectively. The highest and lowest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found in irrigation intervals 8 d with magnetic well water (59.75 IU. g-1 F.W.) and irrigation intervals 2 d with well water (10.86 IU. g-1 F.W.), respectively. Maximum peroxidase (POD) activity (6.04 nmol g-1 F.W.) was observed in 6 d intervals with well water. Due to the low cost of magnetic water, irrigation as 2 d interval with magnetic water is recommended for periwinkle cultivation.

Effect of IBA concentration on the production of coratina olive plant

The effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) at 4g/L and 0.12/31.2 ml hardwood and semi hardwood cuttings of coratina olive was observed. Cuttings were taken in the month of February from coratina plant and dipped for 10 seconds in the required IBA solutions. The highest survival percentage, shoot formation, number of roots formation was maximum in 4g/L treated hardwood cuttings. The maximum number of branches were observed in hardwood cuttings as compared to softwood cuttings. It was concluded that either type of olive cutting treated with IBA solution 4g/L showed best results to propagate coratina olive.

Influence of zypmite on productivity and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop under rainfed condition Chhattisgarh plain region

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zypmite fertilizer along with di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) in study. The application of Zypmite exhibited in growth, yield, nutrients uptake and availability of nutrient in soil. Zypmite response, the maximum number of branches (25.8 p-1), test weight (18.5 gm) and grain yield (17.10 q ha-1) was observed with 50 kg P2O5 through DAP + 40 kg S through Zypmite (T6). The nitrogen (69.52 kg ha-1) and phosphorous (7.89 kg ha-1) uptake was also found maximum under T6 and minimum in control (T1). The potassium (39.27 kg ha-1) and sulphur (7.85 kg ha-1) uptake was observed maximum under 50 kg P2O5 through DAP + 20 kg S through Zypmite (T5). After harvesting of crop, available nutrient status was observed higher available nitrogen (243.0 kg ha-1) under T6 and available phosphorous was significantly higher in T2 and T9 (18.0 kg ha-1) as compared to control. Availability of potassium in all treatments was significantly not influenced during both years. The sulphur availability in soil was significantly influenced among treatment and found maximum (23.0 kg ha-1) under 40 kg sulphur through Zypmite (T7). It was observed that Zypmite and chemical fertilizers, enhanced yield and higher uptake of nutrient as well as improved soil fertility.

Growth and Development of Potted Ornamental Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) with Different Types of Fertilizer and Growing Media

Chilli has great potential to be marketed as ornamental potted plants due to their diversity in colours and shape of the fruits. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum growing media and types of fertilizer to improve the performance of three varieties of potted ornamental chilli, ”Syakira”, “Lembayung”, and “Ayesha”. This research was conducted in Cikabayan greenhouse, Bogor Agricultural University, from December 2016 until May 2017. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with fertilizer as the main factor (without fertilizer, P0; AB mix; P1, and NPK + Gandasil D, P2) and growing media as sub plots, i.e. charcoal husk : soil : manure (M1), perlite: soil : manure (M1), and cocopeat : soil: manure (M3) with proportion of 2:1:1 (v/v). NPK fertilizer and foliar fertilizer Gandasil D showed the maximum plant height, number of branches, number of flowers and fruits. “Ayesha” treated with AB mix fertilizer had the largest fruit diameter whereas “Syakira” and “Ayesha” had the longest fruit under the same treatment. Ornamental chilli grown on charcoal husk and cocopeat had the maximum number of branches and flowers per plant. “Syakira” grown on charcoal husk with AB mix and NPK + Gandasil D, “Lembayung” using cocopeat with AB mix fertilizer, and “Ayesha” varieties using charcoal husk with AB mix fertilizer were the most preferred by the consumers.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in an ecological cropping system: A study on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil production

The use of biofertilizers containing beneficial soil microorganisms as alternative for chemical fertilizers is an effective way to improve plant growth, environment health and soil productivity. According to the importance of the production of medicinal plants in sustainable agricultural systems, an experiment was conducted during growing seasons of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 at the Agricultural Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Trial was done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and four treatments. The treatments were seed inoculation with biofertilizers including: 1- Nitroxin® biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. bacteria), 2- Biophosphorus® biofertilizer (containing Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. bacteria), 3- Mixture of Nitroxin® & Biophosphorus® and 4- The Control (no inoculation). The results showed the most amounts of plant height, number of branches, plant dry matter and leaf area index were obtained from the plants treated with Nitroxin®. The maximum number of branches (11.2) was obtained from the plants treated with mixture of Nitroxin® and Biophosphorus®. Seed production was at the most in plants under Biophosphorus® treatment. Biological fertilizers increased dry shoot yield compared with the control.The highest percentage of essential oil (0.83%) was observed in control. The traits associated with the yield were higher in the second cut compared with the first and the third cuts. There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.60**) between the plant height and the leaf yield. In general, the results suggest that biofertilizers especially Nitroxin® could improve growth characteristics and the yield of basil promising possibility of ecological production of this valuable medicinal plant indicating biofertilizers may be feasible in places with few resources.

English

Okra is one of the most important crops next to maize and sorghum production in Gambella Regional States. Okra production and yield maximization has not been attained due to lack of appropriate production practices such as optimum plant spacing and fertilizer use. Therefore, the research was conducted to assess the effect of plant population, and nitrogen rate on growth and yield components of Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus (L). Moench). The treatments were factorial combinations of five spacings (45 cm × 20 cm, 45 cm × 30 cm, 60 cm × 20 cm, 60 cm × 30 cm and 60 cm × 40 cm, and four nitrogen rates (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design factorial arrangement with three replications. Farmers’ local variety of okra, ‘Amula’, was obtained from the same institute was used as a test crop. Results indicated that, plant population and nitrogen rate had significance influence on growth and yield components of okra. Maximum number of branches (2.93), number of leaves (15.95) and pod length (29.01 cm) was obtained from the interaction of 60 cm × 30 cm spacing, 60 cm × 40 cm and at 46 kg N ha-1. The highest fresh pod yield (46.14 t ha-1)  and above ground biomass yield (119.34 t ha-1) was obtained from 45 cm × 30 cm spacing and at rate of 46 kg N ha-1. Similarly, maximum dry pod yield (16.65 and 16.31 t ha-1) was obtained at 45 cm × 30 cm and at 46 and 69 kg N ha-1 respectively. Spacing of 45 cm × 30 cm and nitrogen rate of 46 kg N ha-1 appears to be optimum practice for higher yield of the local cultivar okra in Gambella area.   Key words: Growth, nitrogen, okra, plant population, yield.

Effects of planting geometry and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of hybrid brinjal

An experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2013-14 to know the effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and available soil nutrients in hybrid brinjal. The plants grown with wider spacing (90 cm x 90 cm) (S 5 ) recorded maximum number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, canopy spread, total dry matter production, yield and nutrient uptake. While, maximum plant height and available soil nutrient status of crop were recorded in closer spacing (75 cm x 60 cm) (S 1 ). Application of higher fertilizer levels (F 3 ) improved the vegetative characters, yield and nutrient uptake significantly. Among interaction effects of spacing and higher fertilizer levels S 5 F 3 (90 cm x 90 cm + 187.5:150:75 kg N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O/ha) recorded significantly maximum plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, canopy spread, total dry matter production, yield and nutrient uptake.

Response of Various Nitrogen Levels on the Growth and Yield Performance of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.)

Nitrogen (N) fertilization at optimum quantity to cultivated plants is essential for sustainable crop productivity. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of nitrogen fertilizers on the growth and yield traits of tomato during 2016, at the experimental field of Orchard, | department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. Six nitrogen treatment doses were tested (T1 =control (untreated), T2 = 30 N kg ha-1, T3 = 60 N kg ha-1, T4 = 90 N kg ha-1, T5 = 120 N kg ha-1 and T6 = 150 N kg ha-1.). The data were recorded on the number of branches plant-1, days to flowering, days to fruiting, number of fruits plant-1, weight of single fruit (g), yield plot-1 and yield ha-1 (tons). The results demonstrated that N fertilization showed significant influence on both vegetative and reproductive traits of tomato. On the contrary, plants which were not fertilized with N displayed minimum values for all investigated traits. The highest N level (150 kg ha-1) showed maximum number of branches (5.51) plant-1, minimum day to flowering (42.43) less days to fruiting (46.00), more fruits plant-1 (31.00) maximum weight of single fruit (46.50 g) and highest fruit yield plot-1 (21.01 kg) and per hectare (14008 tons), respectively. It was concluded that the crop growth and productivity was significantly influenced by various levels of nitrogen. However, 150 N kg ha-1 as compared to 120 N and other concentrations considerably displayed better performance in terms of vegetative and reproductive traits of tomato. Hence for optimum growth and economically higher yield, the tomato crop may be fertilized with 150 N kg ha-1.

Performance of elite genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum mill) for yield and quality traits under hisar conditions of Haryana

The experiment was carried out at research farm of the department of vegetable science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during spring summer season of 2014–15 to study performance twenty-three tomato genotypes for yield and quality traits. Among all the genotypes, AVT-1-2 had highest plant height (140.33cm) and maximum number of branches per plant was observed in AVT-2-4 (7.60). The highest values for number of flowers per cluster were recorded in genotype AVT-2-2 (6.67). The genotype Hisar Arun had the highest number of fruits per plant (38.33) and AVT-2-7 had maximum number of fruits per truss (4.23). The maximum fruit yield per plant was recorded in genotype DVRT-3 (1540.00 g). The maximum polar and equatorial diameter of fruit was recorded in genotype AVT-2-6 (5.10 cm) and Punjab Kesari (6.24 cm), respectively. The maximum number of locules was registered with genotype DVRT-3 (6.20) and fruit weight with H-86 (64.03 g). The genotype PKM-1 had highest TSS (8.43°Brix) and highest acidity was recorded in H-86 (0.90). The minimum days was taken to ripening in genotypes Hisar Arun (79.00).

Algebraic techniques on searching linear diffusion layers in block cipher

AbstractMaximum branch number permutation plays an efficacious role in providing resistance against the most well‐known attacks on block ciphers, such as differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis. In this paper, we propose algebraic techniques in searching permutations with maximal branch number, which can be employed as the linear diffusion layers in block ciphers. We focus on permutations composed of simple operations such as word‐level XORs and rotations. Some necessary conditions are proposed to filter out linear permutations that cannot achieve the maximal branch number. With these conditions, the searching process of maximum permutation on 32‐bit word can be finished in 1 s, contrast to the previous searching method which spent several days on two computers. What is the most important is that it can be generalized to 64‐bit word and show that there is no 8‐byte word permutation, which is XOR of 9 right‐rotations or 11 right‐rotations with maximum branch number. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Standardization of organic module for sustainable productionof fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)

A field experiment on the standardization of organic module for production of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 to 2012-13 (four years). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of three organic modules (M1, M2 and M3) and two fenugreek varieties (AFg-1 and RMt-305) with four replications. Findings of present study showed significant differences among the performance of different organic modules tested for two fenugreek varieties. Organic module-1 (M1)comprising of soil application of vermi-compost @5 t/ha+ foliar spray of 5% garlic extract @ 2.0 kg/ha + 2% neem oil @ 5 litre/ha+ soil application of neem cake @150 kg/ha and Trichoderma @ 2.5 kg/ha, seed treatment with Rhizobium @100 ml/kg seed, PSB @ 100 ml/kg seed and Trichoderma @10 g/kg seed exhibited earliest seed germination and maximum plant height (5.78, 19.69, 43.39 and 50.97 cm) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, respectively with maximum number of branches (6.76/ plant), number of pods (42/ plant), number of seeds (16.01/ pod), highest grain yield (1515.21 kg/ha), gross return (100004) and net returns (66741) in fenugreek crop. Similarly significant differences were recorded in the performance of fenugreek varieties under different organic modules and the highest plant height, maximum number of branches and pods per plant, highest number of seeds per pod with maximum grain yield (1568.36 kg/ha), gross returns (103512), net returns (71399) with higher B:C ratio (2.22) were recorded in fenugreek variety AFg-1 than variety RMt-305. Cultivation of fenugreek variety AFg-1 with the application of Module-1 exhibited maximum values for all the growth parameters, yield attributing characters, maximum grain yield, net returns with improvement in soil organic carbon % (OC) and soil fertility (available N, P and K) after 4 crop cycles. Hence, variety AFg-1 is recommended to grow organically with the application of Module-1 (M1) under semi-arid environmental conditions