Maximum Net Income Research Articles

Thermodynamic and economic analyses of a parabolic trough concentrating solar power plant under off-design conditions

As concentrating solar power technologies progressively move to maturity, large-scale concentrating solar power plants have elicited increasing attention. The thermodynamic simulation and economic analyses of a 50 MW parabolic trough concentrating solar power plant in northwest China were conducted in the present work. The effects of meteorological conditions, including direct normal irradiance and ambient temperature, on the off-design performances were investigated by simulation calculations. Furthermore, economic and sensitive analyses were conducted based on the annual simulation. Results show that the back-pressure of air-cooled condenser fluctuated with both ambient temperature and power generation. The power generation of summer and autumn days would decrease by 0.53–1.38 MW for the rise of condenser back-pressure. The clouds mainly affected the molten salt level of hot tank in thermal energy storage. In the economic analysis, with the decrease of the feed-in tariff from 16.6 ₵/kWh to 8.6 ₵/kWh, the maximum total net income dropped from 6.65 M$ to 2.43 M$. The optimal design condenser back-pressure rose from 5.0 kPa to 5.5 kPa. Moreover, the optimal design back-pressure of air-cooled condenser was not sensitive to the cloud effect in certain range, but the total net income had a sharp drop from 7.37 M$ to 4.95 M$.

Planning and Overall Economic Evaluation of Photovoltaic-Energy Storage Station Based on Game Theory and Analytic Hierarchy Process

With the application of energy storage systems in photovoltaic power generation, the selection and optimal capacity configuration of energy storage batteries at photovoltaic-energy storage stations (PESS) are becoming more and more important. Aiming at the overall economics of the PESS in the scenario of tracking the planning output, a capacity configuration and economic evaluation method of the PESS based on game theory and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed. Taking the minimum discarded photovoltaic power and the maximum net income of the PESS as objective functions, a comprehensive model of the PESS is built according to the historical data of the PESS. Combined with the characteristics of different electrochemical energy storage batteries, the relationships among the net income of the PESS, the depths of discharge (DODs) and the capacity of the energy storage batteries are analyzed. When the amount of the discarded photovoltaic power is zero, a selection and capacity configuration model of the energy storage batteries based on game theory is established, and the firefly algorithm (FA) is adopted to solve the model. Starting from the comprehensive evaluation indexes of the PESS, the hierarchical analysis structure under different energy storage schemes is discussed, and the AHP is employed to realize the overall economic evaluation of the PESS, in which the weight of the evaluation indexes in different energy storage schemes is calculated by the entropy weight method. The effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method are verified through the simulation analysis of the actual operation data of a certain PESS in China. The simulation results show that the selection and optimal capacity configuration of the energy storage batteries have an important impact on the overall economics of the PESS, and the overall economics of the PESS obtained by three types of electrochemical energy storage batteries is the highest income of 249.5 Million $, which can provide a theoretical basis for the planning of the PESS and has certain engineering application prospects.

Economic evaluation of a PV combined energy storage charging station based on cost estimation of second-use batteries

Recycling of a large number of retired electric vehicle batteries has caused a certain impact on the environmental problems in China. In term of the necessity of the re-use of retired electric vehicle battery and the capacity allocation of photovoltaic (PV) combined energy storage stations, this paper presents a method of economic estimation for a PV charging station based on the utilization of retired electric vehicle batteries. According to the second-use battery technology, a capacity allocation model of a PV combined energy storage charging station based on the cost estimation is established, taking the maximum net income of the PV combined energy storage charging station as the objective function, the real-time power balance of the PV combined energy storage charging station and the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage system as constraint conditions. As the economy of the second-use battery energy storage system is related to the purchase, operation and maintenance costs of the energy storage system, the capacity cost of the retired electric vehicle batteries is estimated by the double declining balance method. In order to facilitate comparative analysis, the optimal capacity configuration of the PV combined energy storage charging station is given by the teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms respectively. The net present value (NPV) is adopted to evaluate the cost and benefit of the PV charging station with the second-use battery energy storage during the lifecycle. Combined with the actual operation data of the PV combined energy storage charging station in Beijing, the economy of the PV combined energy storage charging station is evaluated according to the conventional batteries and the second-use batteries. The simulation results show that the optimal capacity configuration obtained by the TLBO algorithm is better than that of the conventional batteries obtained by the PSO algorithm, which provides a theory basic for the re-use of the retired electric vehicle batteries and has a certain practical value of the project.

Effect of stocking density and feeding rate on growth performance and total production of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus reared in earthen ponds

The present study aimed to analyze the effect of stocking densities and feeding rates on growth performance and fish production of O. niloticus reared in earthen ponds. This experiment was conducted for 7 months extended from May to November, 2016 in 12 earthen ponds at Parsik Culture, Idko, Behira Governorate, Egypt. Each pond has 2 feddan with an average depth of 1.0 m. Monosex fries of Oreochromis niloticus were divided into 4 treatments {T1: stocking density of 6 fish/m3 with a feeding rate of 2.5%; T2: 6 fish/m3 with a feeding rate of 3.5%; T3: 8 fish/ m3 with a feeding rate of 2.5% and T4: 8 fish/ m3 with a feeding rate of 3.5%}, each treatment had 3 replicates. Results showed that the highest values of growth performance (growth in length, length gain, daily length gain, growth in weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain and specific growth rate) of O. niloticus were recorded in T3(high stocking density and low feeding rate). On the other hand, the lowest values of these parameters were recorded in T1 (low stocking rate with low feeding rate). The best average of food conversion ratio (1.37± 0.025) was recorded in T3 and its a bad average (1.56±0.034) was recorded in T2. Also, the highest average values of protein efficiency, feed efficiency ratio was recorded in T3, and their lowest values were recorded in T2. The maximum total costs were calculated for T4 and its minimum values were calculated for T1. But, the maximum net income value was obtained from T3 and the minimum net income value was obtained from T1. Conclusion: The growth performance, the best food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency ratio of O. niloticus reared in earthen ponds was positively correlated with high stocking density (8 fish/ m3) and not correlated with feeding rates (2.5 or 3.5%). The net income of O. niloticus cultured in earthen ponds was positively correlated with high stocking density and low feeding rate (8 fish/ m3 with a feeding rate of 2.5%).

Effect of water stress at different phenological stages of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L)

Field experiments were carried out at Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki in 2011 and 2012 dry seasons to study the effect of water stress at different phenological stages of muskmelon. Results revealed that watering intervals of every six days significantly influenced number of leaves, number of branches and days to 50% flowering.During flowering phase, the plots that were watered in every six and nine days flowered late while early flowering were recorded by plots that were watered once a day and every three days. The higest yield of muskmelon was observed in irrigation intervals of six days.Also watering frequency of six days intervals had maximum net income, closely followed by nine days intervals. It can be inferred that watering frequency of every six days intervals significantly affected both growth and yield characters of the crop studied at different phenological stages and it could be recommended for growing the crop in the study area.

Erratum to: Efficiency of Modified Phosphatic Fertilizer in Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Partially Reclaimed Salt Affected Soil of Uttar Pradesh

The present investigations was conducted at the instructional farm of the Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad to evaluate the response of single super phosphate (SSP) modified with different organic and inorganic materials to rice. The application of modified and split doses of phosphatic fertilizer increased the yield, yield attributes, and nutrient uptake over the control. The maximum yield of rice was obtained in gypsum coated SSP (49.50 q ha−1) than 50 % Basal + 50 % Top dressing in two split 25 % tillering stage + 25 % PI stage (44.70 q ha−1) and Cow dung coated SSP (1:5) (38.80 q ha−1) treatment. The SSP with gypsum coated recorded higher N, P, and K uptake response by 65.64, 168.23 and 89.06 % respectively as compared to other treatment. The maximum net income and cost benefit ratio was obtained with gypsum coated SSP followed by 50 % Basal + 50 % Top dressing in two split 25 % tillering stage + 25 % PI stage.

THE ROLE OF BIOGENIC MATTER IN INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CORN AND SORGO IN THE TERSKO-SULAK SUBPROVINCE CONDITIONS OF IRRIGATION

Aim. The aim of the research is to substantiate the role of nutrients in increasing soil fertility which contribute to the growth of economic efficiency of the main spring corn crops for grain and grain sorghum in the linkages of crop rotation under conditions of irrigation of the Tersko-Sulak subprovince. Methods. Sampling of the soil and plants was carried out according to standard methods; statistical processing of yield data was carried out by the method of variance analysis using a standard method and computer program, thus based on the data obtained, the economic efficiency of the main spring corn crops for corn and grain sorghum was determined. Results. Studies (2015 - 2016) showed that the maximum net income was received during the growing season of corn for grain on options using a green mass of planting peas, amaranth, spring rapeseed, and winter wheat straw at the rate of 2 tons per hectare as well as mineral fertilizers of N150P75K75 treatment level, thus the net income amounted to 46.0 - 37.5 thousand rubles, respectively. While, with the cultivation of grain sorghum, the maximum net income was obtained on the variants of the green mass of amaranth, sowing peas, straw of winter wheat at the rate of 2 tons / ha, mineral fertilizers of N150P75K75 treatment level, thus the net income amounted to 58.9 - 44.1 thousand. rub. respectively. Conclusion. The cultivation of the main spring corn crops for grain and grain sorghum after the plowing of nutrients in the soil in the linkages of crop rotation under conditions of irrigation of the Tersko-Sulak subprovince proved to be profitable.

Yield response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to different fertigation levels

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, to study effect of different fertigation levels on cucumber (var. Gypsy) production under shade net house with 35, 50 and 75 per cent shading with open field trial. Amongst growth attributes, days to 50 per cent flowering, average diameter of the fruit, average length of fruit, average weight of fruit, length of vine were recorded and were significantly influenced by fertigation. Application of 125 per cent NPK through drip irrigation recorded maximum yield of 21.87 t ha-1 also showed maximum net income followed by application of 125 per cent N through drip irrigation and soil application P and K as basal dose of a 21.61 t ha-1. The maximum FUE was observed with 100 per cent NPK through drip irrigation system (68.73 kg/kg).

Response of red pepper to deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertigation

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the response of red pepper grown in a subhumid climate to different irrigation and nitrogen levels. Open-field trials were conducted in the Marmara Region, Turkey. Plants were subjected to three water levels [full irrigation (FI) = 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and two deficit irrigations (DIs)= 66 and 33% ETc restoration] and four levels of N (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg N ha−1) during the 2012, 2013, and 2014 growing seasons. A split-plot experimental design was used. The highest values of biomass and marketable yield (MY) were observed under FI. DI significantly increased the fruit soluble solids content. The biomass yield, MY, and fruit weight significantly improved with increasing nitrogen levels. The 240 kg N ha−1 treatment under FI provided the maximum net income. Increasing N supply under DI conditions enhanced the water-use efficiency based on both biomass yield and MY. These results indicate that with respect to the yield, the net income, and the water productivity of red pepper, the FI with a nitrogen supply of 160–240 kg ha−1 is recommended for drip irrigated and N-fertigated red pepper under subhumid climate conditions.

Estimation of optimum slaughter age in broiler chicks

In this study, optimum slaughter age of the commercial broilers was estimated regarding maximum net income. Study materials were average target performance (live weight gain and feed consumption) of Cobb 500 and Ross 308 commercial hybrids, prices of feed, chicks and broiler meat. The optimum slaughter age was estimated by a mathematical function (y = f (x) = a+bx-cx2) that reflects the quadratic (parabolic) relationship. According to this function, the optimum slaughter age was calculated as 5.62 weeks (39.34 days). As a result, it can be said that genetic improvement positively affects the correlation between live weight gain and feed consumption of broilers. However, prices of feed, chicks, and broiler meat have more decisive role on slaughter age.

Economics analysis of phosphorus and zinc nutrition in fodder cowpea (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic>)

An experiment consisting of four phosphorus levels (0, 40, 60 and 80 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/ha) and five zinc levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg/ha ZnSO<sub>4</sub>) was laid out in factorial RBD to find out the economics of fodder cowpea (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> (L.)Walp) production. Application of 60 kg/ha phosphorus recorded maximum net income (Rs. 28187.33) and B: C ratio (2.12) were recorded with application of 60 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/ha. Highest net income (Rs. 26333.75) was recorded with 30 kg ZnSO<sub>4</sub>/ha and B: C ratio (2.06) were recorded with application of with 20 kg ZnSO<sub>4</sub>/ha. At mean physical (78.20 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/ha) and economic (69.78 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/ha) optimum dose of phosphorus the responses were 282.65 and 280.84 q/ha green fodder, respectively. At mean physical (30.20 kg ZnSO<sub>4</sub>/ha) and economic (28.06 kg ZnSO<sub>4</sub>/ha) optimum dose of ZnSO<sub>4</sub> the responses were 272.01 and 264.55 q/ha green fodder, respectively.

Productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and soil health as influenced by establishment methods and nutrient management practices in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) under hill ecosystem of North East India

To evaluate the effect of different crop establishment methods and nutrient management practices in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) under hill ecosystem, a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Jharnapani, Medziphema during kharif season of 2011 and 2012.Three crop establishment methods, viz. SRI (system of rice intensification), ICM (integrated crop management) and CTR (conventionally transplanted rice) were kept in main plots and five nutrient management practices, viz. control, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF + 5 tonnes rice straw/ha, 100% RDN through FYM and 100% RDN through FYM + 5 tonnes rice straw/ha were allotted to sub-plots in a split-plot design and replicated thrice. The result showed that number of panicles/m2, panicle length and test weight were recorded significantly higher under SRI followed by ICM and CTR, whereas, grain yield was recorded higher with ICM followed by SRI than CTR. Among the nutrient management practices, application of 100% RDF + 5 tonnes rice straw/ha recorded significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield of 4.61 and 4.73 tonnes/ha in year 2011 and 2012, respectively and which was followed by 100% RDN through FYM + 5 tonnes rice straw/ha. Higher nutrient uptake (NPK) by grain and straw as well as total uptake were recorded under ICM followed by SRI and CTR. Similarly, higher nutrient uptake by grain and straw was recorded with 100% RDF + 5 tonnes rice straw/ha. The Maximum gross income, net income, benefit: cost ratio were significantly higher in ICM followed by SRI and CTR. Similarly, the maximum gross income, net income and benefit: cost ratio was fetched with 100% RDF + 5 tonnes rice straw/ha followed by 100% RDF.

English

The field experiment was conducted at the research farm College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Rewa M.P. during kharif season 2011 to study the performance of rice varieties and relation to nitrogen level under irrigated conditions. Twenty one treatment combinations, comprising three nitrogen levels (40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) allotted to the main plots and seven varieties (IET 21288, Jaldidhan, Varalu, IET 21296, IET 21278, Aditaya and Dantensavari) to the subplots, were tested in split-plot design with three replications. Application of 120 N kg ha-1 proved significantly superior to 40 kg N and produced maximum grain yield (49.88 q ha-1), straw yield (93.10 q ha-1) and net income (Rs. 30836 ha-1) over 80 N kg ha-1. Among different rice varieties, Dantensavari produced significantly higher grain yield (45.56 q ha-1), straw yield, fetched highest net return (Rs. 32037.46 ha-1) and B: C ratio during the study; While, the rest of the varieties remained differed for different traits. The other promising varieties for the region were IET 21278, Varalu, and IET 21278. The treatment combination of Dantensavari with 120 N kg ha-1 was found to be best in producing grain yield (58.39q ha-1), followed by IET 21278 (56.78 q ha-1) and obtained net income Rs. 40871 ha-1 and Rs. 38983 ha-1, respectively. Key words: Nitrogen, varieties, rice, grain yield, straw yield.

Nitrogênio e densidade de plantio na avaliação econômica e qualidade de frutos de abacaxizeiro

A utilização adequada da adubação nitrogenada e o aumento da densidade populacional incrementam a produtividade do abacaxizeiro e podem aumentar o retorno econômico. Objetivou-se avaliar a rentabilidade econômica e as características de qualidade pós-colheita do abacaxizeiro Vitória irrigado, sob diferentes fontes e doses de nitrogênio (N), bem como o aumento da densidade populacional. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 x 4, correspondendo a duas fontes de N (ureia e esterco bovino), cinco doses de N (0 g planta-1, 5 g planta-1, 10 g planta-1, 15 g planta-1 e 20 g planta-1) e quatro densidades (51.282 plantas ha-1, 76.923 plantas ha-1, 90.909 plantas ha-1 e 126.984 plantas ha-1). As fontes de N não interferiram no pH, acidez total titulável e relação sólidos solúveis totais/acidez total titulável (SST/ATT). Entretanto, o teor de SST foi superior nas plantas adubadas com esterco bovino. A densidade de plantas não interferiu na qualidade de pós-colheita dos frutos. O aumento das doses de N fornecidas via ureia e esterco bovino influenciou somente a acidez total titulável dos frutos. Com a adição de 20 g planta-1 de N-esterco e população de 126.984 plantas ha-1obteve-se o máximo rendimento líquido parcial de R$ 132.096,48. No entanto, a dose de 19,75 g planta-1 de N-ureia, na população de 119.686,00 plantas ha-1, resultou em rendimento líquido parcial de R$ 154.997,15.

Evaluation of Split Doses of Nitrogen at Different Growth Stages of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) for Improving Flowering and Vase-life

A study was carried out to standardize nitrogen application at different stages of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) (cv. Double) for improving growth, flowering and vase life in a farmer’s field at Gunjanagar VDC, Chitwan, Nepal, during May to September, 2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 10 treatments of nitrogen in split doses and replicating thrice. The cut flower and vase life characteristics of tuberose were studied and the economics of production was also analysed. Significant difference was found between treatments of split doses of nitrogen in flowering and post-harvest characteristics of this flower. Three equal split doses of nitrogen, 33% N basal + 33% N at 30 days after planting + 33% N at 50 days after planting resulted in the earliest spike initiation (60 days) and the first flower opening (95.17 days). The same treatments recorded longest vase life (16.47 days). The longest (91.69 cm), heaviest (87.97g) and thickest (0.89 cm) spikes with longest rachis (38.77 cm) were produced by three equal split doses of nitrogen, 33% N basal + 33% N at 50 days after planting + 33% N at 70 days after planting. The same treatments produced maximum net income (NRs. 214,250/-) and benefit-cost (B:C) ratio (1.29) per hectare. Thus, three equal split doses of nitrogen, 33% N basal + 33% N at 50 days after planting + 33% N at 70 days after planting are appropriate for commercial cultivation of tuberose in Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12006 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 23-30

Effect of phosphorus and potash on yield, quality and economics of oat fodder (Avena sativaL.).

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2007–2008 at the Experimental field of College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and potash on the yield and quality of oat fodder. On the basis of results, the highest green and dry fodder yield, protein content and protein yield was attained with the application of 40 kg P2O5/ha. Maximum gross and net income and benefit cost ratio were achieved with the application of 40 kg P2O5/ha and 20 kg K2O.

Effect of organic manures and microbial inoculants superimposed over inorganic fertilizers on production and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

An experiment was conducted during two consecutive winter seasons (rabi) of 2011–12 and 2012–13 to assess the response of superimposed nutritional levels consisting vermicompost @ 5 t ha−1, FYM @ 10 t ha−1, seed inoculation with Azotobacter and PSB, individually and in combination over recommended dose of fertilizers in wheat crop under irrigated condition. The response of fertility levels was analysed on growth characters, yield attributes and yield as well as economic parameters of normal sown wheat variety ‘PBW-502’. The integration of vermicompost, FYM, Azotobacter and PSB along with inorganic fertilizers dose in different treatments exhibited significant response in terms of increasing grain yield of wheat from 12.66 to 18.36 per cent and 16.21 to 27.90 per cent compared to the control, which recorded lowest 4.63 and 4.13 t ha−1 grain yield during 2011–12 and 2012–13, respectively. Plots receiving recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + vermicompost 5 t ha−1 + Azotobacter and PSB as seed treatment and spraying at I and II irrigation recorded maximum grain yield (5.67 and 5.73 tha−1), straw yield (7.29 and 8.87t ha−1), gross income (87443 and97127 ha−1) and net income (37001 and 45462 ha−1) during 2011–12 and 2012–13, respectively

Effect of different doses of nitrogen and sulphur on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa)

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2009-10 at research farm, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the effect of different dose of nitrogen and sulphur on growth, yield and quality of onion. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen, viz. N1 - 80 kg N/ ha, N2 -100 kg N/ha and N3- 120 kg N/ha and four levels of sulphur, viz. S1-15 kg S/ha, S2- 30 kg S/ha, S3- 45 kg S/ha and S4 - 60 kg S/ha. Application of nitrogen and sulphur had significant influence on the growth, yield and quality attributes of onion. Maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of bulb, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, bulb yield, neck diameter, total soluble solid content and pyruvic acid content were recorded with application of nitrogen 120 kg/ha. Similarly application of 60 kg S/ha resulted in highest values of growth, yield and quality attributes of onion. Combined effect of nitrogen and sulphur showed significant effect on fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of bulb, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, bulb yield and pyruvic acid content with maximum values under 120 kg N + 60 kg S/ha. Maximum gross income, net income and cost: benefit ratio was also found with 120 kg N + 60 kg S/ha.

Weed dynamics and productivity of wheat in conventional and conservation rice-based cropping systems

There exist edaphic and time conflicts between rice and following wheat crop in the conventional rice–wheat system. Conservation agriculture offers a pragmatic option to resolve these conflicts in the conventional rice–wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. In this two-year field study; wheat was raised through zero tillage, deep tillage, conventional tillage and on raised beds after harvesting rice grown in aerobic, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and flooded systems. Various wheat tillage systems after different rice production systems significantly affected weed dynamics, stand establishment, morphological and yield-related traits of wheat during both year of study. Soil physical environment was better in the field occupied by aerobic rice followed by AWD-sown rice while it was poor after flooded rice. Density of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) was lowest after flooded rice while densities of toothed dock (Rumex dentatus L.) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) were lowest after aerobic rice. Broad leaf weeds like lambsquarters and toothed dock dominated in deep tillage, conventional tillage and bed sowing; whereas narrow leaf weeds like littleseed canarygrass dominated in zero tillage. Better stand establishment, water use efficiency, resource use efficiency and grain yield were recorded from wheat following aerobic rice culture, which was followed by AWD. Amongst the wheat tillage systems, stand establishment, morphological and yield related traits and water use efficiency were better in deep tillage; whereas resource use efficiency was the maximum in zero tillage wheat. Performance of bed-sown wheat was poor in term of yield related traits and grain yield. However, bed-sown wheat completed the phenological stages more rapidly than other wheat tillage systems. Maximum net income was observed in zero tillage wheat following aerobic rice culture. In crux, zero tilled wheat after aerobic rice culture is the best resource conservation technology; whereas deep tillage in rice–wheat cropping system may ameliorate the puddling-induced edaphic problems.

EFFECTS OF FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT MANGANESE FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND NET RETURN OF BEAN

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of various manganese fertilizers [manganese sulfate (MnSO4.3H2O) (MS), 27% manganese (Mn) and manganese ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Mn-EDTA) (ME), 12% Mn], their doses (0, 6, 9, 12 mg Mn kg−1 for the soil and 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4% for the leaf) on yield and net return of dwarf bean. Field experiments were conducted in the randomized blocks split plot design with four replications under Konya ecological conditions in Turkey. Soil applications were made on bands as a single application at sowing whereas foliar applications (FA) were made at two times. Results of the field experiments showed the highest bean yields were significantly obtained by the fertilizer of ME-FA sprayed (243.80 and 257.74 kg da−1). For both years, the lowest yields were obtained by the MS-SA applications (166.97 and 180.60 kg da−1). The maximum net income was US $104.16 da−1 and US $156.06 da−1 by years.