Maximum Load Values Research Articles

Limit load evaluation for healthy elbows and elbows with notch at intrados under in-plane bending moment

Elbows are critical parts of any piping system used in nuclear power plant industry. These elbows experience internal pressure and also undergoes in-plane bending due to external loading. In the present study, limit load for two types of elbows, viz., healthy elbow and elbow having circumferential through-wall notch at intrados, with and without internal pressure subjected to in-plane bending moment is determined. Limit load is dependent on the parameters, namely, thickness, mean radius, bent radius, internal pressure, yield stress, notch size and deformed diameter of the elbow. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, the expressions for limit load evaluation were proposed by various researchers. In the present study, the limit load evaluation expressions proposed by Chattopadhyay and Tomar (2006), Chang-Sik and Kim (2006) and Hong et al. (2010) are considered. The general approach followed is to arrive at a weakening factor for considering the effects of bend geometry, internal pressure and presence of notch. Limit load obtained by using the above expressions have been compared with the twice elastic slope (TES) method and experimental measured maximum load (EMML) values. For elbows without any defect, limit load of TES method are about one-third approximately compared to EMML values. But for elbows with defect, it is lesser than EMML values by 20%. Predicted limit load for healthy elbows with and without internal pressure using the different expressions, found to vary less than 10% compared to TES method. For the elbows with circumferential through-wall crack at intrados without internal pressure, limit load obtained using TES method is around 15% more compared to the values obtained using the expressions.

Bearing Capacity of Soft Clay Reinforced by Geotextile and Woven Bamboo

Bearing capacity is a value used to determine the ability of soil to withstand the pressure and load of a construction. One of the methods to increase bearing capacity of soft clay soil is use geotextile material as reinforcement material. The use of geotextile requires high operational costs, so it needs alternative replacement materials with lower prices and easily available, one of which is woven bamboo. The soft clay soil came from Purwosuman Village, Sidoharjo District, Sragen Regency, Central Java with a planned water content of 60.00% and was saturated. The parameters studied were the effect of depth variation using a footing width ratio of 100 mm (B) there are 0.5B, 1B, 1.5B, and 2B accompanied by the width of reinforcement at each depth variation based on the theory of pressure distribution in the soil 2 Vertical: 1 Horizontal. This study conducted physical properties of soil and loading frame testing. Based on the test, the maximum load retained by the soil with reinforcement is greater than the soil without reinforcement by 2455.71%. From the results of the analyses reviewed, the greater the dimension of the reinforcement width, the greater the maximum load value that will be able to withstand.

Effects of Mode Mixity and Loading Rate on Fracture Behavior of Cracked Thin-Walled 304L Stainless Steel Sheets with Large Non-Linear Plastic Deformation.

This study investigates the mixed-mode I/II fracture behavior of O-notched diagonally loaded square plate (DLSP) samples containing an edge crack within the O-notch. This investigation aims to explore the combined effects of loading rate and mode mixity on the fracture properties of steel 304L, utilizing DLSP samples. The DLSP samples, made from strain-hardening steel 304L, were tested at three different loading rates: 1, 50, and 400 mm/min, covering five mode mixities from pure mode I to pure mode II. Additionally, tensile tests were performed on dumbbell-shaped specimens at the same loading rates to examine their influence on the material's mechanical properties. The findings revealed that stress and strain diagrams derived from the dumbbell-shaped samples were largely independent of the tested loading rates (i.e., 1-400 mm/min). Furthermore, experimental results from DLSP samples showed no significant impact of the loading rates on the maximum load values, but did indicate an increase in the ultimate displacement. In contrast to the loading rate, mode mixity exhibited a notable effect on the fracture behavior of DLSP samples. Ultimately, it was observed that the loading rate had an insignificant effect on the fracture path or trajectory of the tested DLSP samples.

Analysis of Resistance to Wind Suction of Flat Roof Coverings Glued with Polyurethane Adhesives.

The article analyses the impact of wind suction on roof coverings glued with polyurethane adhesives to flat roofs, i.e., roofs with an up to 20% slope. The impact of the cyclical wind was simulated in fatigue tests, gradually increasing the test pressure in repeated sequences until the first delamination occurred. The tests were carried out for eight test sets, with concrete and trapezoidal sheets used as a construction substrate, on whose surface thermal insulation layers were glued with polyurethane adhesive; the thermal insulation layers were EPS (expanded polystyrene) and PIR (polymer mainly of polyisocyanurate groups), respectively, followed by flexible sheets, i.e., a laminated PVC membrane (polyvinylchloride) and an EPDM (terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a diene with a residual unsaturated portion of diene in the side chain)-type rubber-based membrane. The test results were compared with the functional requirements determined with computational simulation methods for the maximum wind load values on the example of wind loads for Poland. The tests confirmed that some polyurethane adhesives could ensure the operation of flexible sheets used as flat roof coverings that are failure-free from the point of view of resistance to wind suction.

Impact of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel/Biodiesel Blend

Biodiesel produced from waste cooked oil (WCO) resources mixed with various nanoparticle additives and used as a fuel blend in diesel engine combustion is a hopeful research trend. All previous studies indicate that alternative fuels can provide better fuel properties with enhanced engine combustion, performance, and lower emissions than fossil diesel fuel. This study uses three fuel blends to compare the diesel engine’s combustion, performance, and emissions attributes at different loading values. Pure diesel fuel, B40, which is a blend of 40% WCO biodiesel and 60% diesel fuel, and mixtures of 40% WCO biodiesel, 56% diesel, and 4% toluene with carbon nanotubes (B40-CNTs) or graphene oxide nano-additive (B40-GO) at three concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 ppm were used. The results show enhancements in the diesel engine attribute values using B40-CNTs and B40-GO blends at different concentrations and engine load values better than the diesel engine attribute result values using B0 or B40 without nanoparticle additives. The combustion, performance, and emission attribute showed improvements using nanoparticles due to the increase in the evaporation rate, the oxygen rate, the surface area to volume ratio, and the thermal properties of the mixture. The highest in-cylinder peak pressure is recorded at 61 bar in B40 with 150 PPM of GO nanoparticles. The brake thermal efficiency records 43.6%, with the highest percentage found using B40-150GO at the maximum engine load value. The NOx emissions are dropped from 1240 PPM using pure diesel fuel to 884 PPM using B40 with 150 PPM of GO nanoparticles at the maximum engine load due to the lower combustion temperatures and duration.

A comparative study on adhesive properties of nanoparticle reinforced epoxy bonded single-strap repaired composites

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nanoparticle inclusion and patch size on the bonding performance of single-strap repaired glass-reinforced composite plates through experimental investigations. Epoxy adhesive was modified with three different nanoparticles: nano-silica (NS), nano-graphene (NG), and nano-clay (NC) at varying weight contents. The patch repair performance of the test samples was evaluated using two patch ratios (Patch diameter (D)/Hole diameter (d) = 2 and 3) to explore the influence of patch size on repair effectiveness. GFRP composite base plates having a 10 mm diameter hole in the middle were patch repaired by using patches with the same material. Tensile tests were conducted to compare the tensile performance of the repaired composite samples, and the results were compared with the samples with and without holes. Based on the findings, it was noted that samples with a larger patch ratio (D/d = 3) can withstand higher tensile loads compared to those with a patch ratio of 2. Moreover, it was found that the specimen repaired with 3 % by weight NC-filled epoxy adhesive showed the greatest increase in tensile load value. This increase was recorded at both patch rates, with a percentage improvement of 2.8 and 19.54 % compared to pure epoxy adhesive. Also, it was observed that when the patch ratio was 3, the 3 % NS-filled adhesive showed an increase of 3.3 %. On the other hand, all combinations of NG-filled adhesive showed a decrease in maximum tensile load values.

Comparison of the effect of basalt and glass fibers on the fracture energy of asphalt mixes using semi-circular bending test

This paper has focused on the effect of basalt and glass fibers in HMA in terms of crack formation and damage mechanisms. The experimental study was carried out under two stages; i) defining optimum fiber lengths and rates based on Marshall Stability performances using three different fiber lengths (4 mm, 12.5 mm, 22.5 mm) and three different fiber rates (0.75%, 1.00% and 1.5% by weight), ii) examining of fracture tests by using the optimum fiber values (4 mm fiber length and 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% fiber content by weight) obtained from the first stage. Fracture energy characteristics of HMA mixtures were examined via Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test. A total of 24 SCB test specimens from 6 different series, B-0.50, B-0.75, B-1.00, G-0.50, G-0.75, and G-1.00, were used in the experiments. Experimental results were discussed based on some basic physical properties, fracture energy (Gf), dissipated energy (DE), flexibility index (FI), and crack resistance index (CRI) values of HMA mixtures. When 0.50% basalt fiber is utilized in asphalt mixtures, the maximum peak load and Gf value are achieved. Moreover, using 1.00% basalt and 0.75% glass fiber in asphalt mixtures yielded the highest values of FI and CRI, respectively. Nevertheless, when 1.00% glass and 0.75% basalt fiber were added to asphalt mixtures, the minimum values of FI and CRI were obtained, respectively.

Impact of Manufacturing Errors on Tooth Surface Forces in RV Reducer Cycloid Pinwheels

The mechanical calculation model of rotary-vertical (RV) reducer is established on the basis of considering displacement and stiffness. Without considering the manufacturing error, the parameters of the RV reducer are input into the model and solved by MATLAB calculation software. Comparing the solution results with the analysis results based on Hertz contact theory, the error is within a reasonable range, which verifies the reliability of the mechanical calculation model. The manufacturing errors of the RV reducer based on the high-precision measuring instrument were imported into the mechanical calculation model for solving, the results of the force analysis of the tooth surface of the cycloidal pinwheel considering the manufacturing errors were obtained. The maximum value of the load was 1713N, and the number of meshing teeth was 17 pairs. Compared with the case without manufacturing error, the maximum value of load increased by 89% and the number of meshed teeth decreased by two pairs. Based on the existing experimental data, the force on the tooth surface of the cycloid pinwheel after considering the manufacturing error is closer to the actual situation.

Design of a CPU Heat Sink with Minichannel-Fins & its Thermal Analysis

Abstract In this paper, the design and the thermal analysis of a tribled microprocessor cooler combining the advantages of strong swirl flow and minichannel-fins and CuO nanofluid, have been presented. It is thought that the results will contribute to the understanding of the effects of parameters on the cooling flux of the heat sink and the decline at the microprocessor temperature, as Reynolds number in the minichannels and CuO % volume fraction. The results have exhibited that the total performance of the heat sink cooled with the mixture of water–CuO-EG nanofluids increases with the increase of Re number and the %load of nanoparticles in the coolant. It has been determined that the energy withdrawn from the microprocessor was 241 times higher than the energy generated for maximum CuO load and Re number conditions. Besides, the highest temperature decrease has been measured at the maximum CuO load value and maximum Re number.

Engine Sonic Load Prediction of Blended Wing Body Aircraft

The sonic load of the engine is the input for cabin noise design and acoustic fatigue verification in civil aircraft. Based on the engine static noise database, an engineering prediction method for blended wing body aircraft engine sonic load in flight is developed. In the process of sonic load prediction, the sound source position correction, geometric diffusion, flight effect and airframe scattering effect of engine component noise are considered. The flight effect and air-frame scattering effect of engine component level noise are simulated and analyzed. The overall sound pressure level distribution and sound load spectrum at typical positions of blended wing body aircraft engine are given. The results show that fan inlet noise is the most important component of the engine sonic load on the BWB aircraft surface, and the maximum value of engine sonic load on the upper surface of blended wing body aircraft is 134 dB, which is higher than that of conventional wing crane aircraft.

Modified Arrhenius constitutive model and simulation verification of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy during hot compression

An accurate constitutive model is imperative to describe the deformation behavior of aluminum alloy in numerical simulation of thermal plastic forming process. In this study, isothermal uniaxial compressions of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy were conducted by Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator under the temperature of 300–450 °C and strain rate of 0.01–10 s−1. Three different Arrhenius constitutive models, including strain compensation (SC), genetic algorithm (GA) and K-function modification (KM), were established basing on the double correction of the true stress–strain curve by considering the effect of temperature variation and interfacial friction. The prediction accuracy of three models were assessed by the correlation coefficient (R), average absolute relative error (AARE) and the logarithm of the mean square error (ln (MSE)). The results show that the newly KM constitutive model considering the coupling effect of temperature and strain rate showed excellent agreement with the experimental data and best prediction capability with lowest error. Hot processing map based on the Murty-Rao criterion shows that high temperature and low strain rate is suitable for stable forming. In order to verify the reliability of the proposed model in numerical simulation, the established KM Arrhenius constitutive equation is secondarily developed in DEFORM 3D software and used in the hot compression process under the stable forming conditions obtained from hot processing map. The simulated force–displacement curves and maximum load values under forming conditions were well match with the experiment trends, which proved the reliability of the KM constitutive equation in the finite element numerical simulation.

Pengaruh Tingkat Infill Filament dan Printing Speed Terhadap Sifat Mekanis dan Struktur Hasil 3D Printing

3D printing is one of the uses of additive manufacturing in the industrial and academic fields. Along with 3D printing, many printing results have changed from the initial size. This causes the product to be unsuitable and can affect the level of use of the 3D printing results. This study aimed to test the results of 3D printing with different print speed times to find the degree of difference in the filaments making up the 3D printing results. The significant difference in volume (infill) in the 3D printing result will affect the final 3D printing result. After testing, the result is that the greater the printing speed, the higher the filament size and surface roughness level. The mechanical properties of the 3D Printing results have increased in yield strength, maximum load, and elongation. The highest value obtained from the average size of the filament is 600.13 µm at 50% infill with a print speed of 50%. The highest yield strength, maximum load, and elongation values were obtained at 100% infill with a print speed of 50% of 2,534 N/mm2, 8,136%, 96,059 N.

Influence of Woven Glass-Fibre Prepreg Orientation on the Flexural Properties of a Sustainable Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Panel for Structural Applications.

Owing to the high potential application need in the aerospace and structural industry for honeycomb sandwich composite, the study on the flexural behaviour of sandwich composite structure has attracted attention in recent decades. The excellent bending behaviour of sandwich composite structures is based on their facesheet (FS) and core materials. This research studied the effect of woven glass-fibre prepreg orientation on the honeycomb sandwich panel. A three-point bending flexural test was done as per ASTM C393 standard by applying a 5 kN load on different orientation angles of woven glass-fibre prepreg honeycomb sandwich panel: α = 0°, 45° and 90°. The results show that most of the sandwich panel has almost the same failure mode during the three-point bending test. Additionally, the α = 0° orientation angle shows a higher maximum load prior to the first failure occurrence compared to others due to higher flexibility but lower stiffness. In addition, the woven glass-fibre prepreg orientation angle, α = 0°, has the maximum stress and flexural modulus, which directly depend upon the maximum load value obtained during the flexural test. In addition, the experimental results and analytical prediction for honeycomb sandwich deflection show good agreement. According to the result obtained, it is revealed that woven glass-fibre honeycomb sandwich panels with an α = 0° orientation is a good alternative compared to 45° and 90°, especially when better bending application is the main purpose. The final result of this research can be applied to enhance the properties of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer composite (GFRPC) cross-arm and enhance the existing cross-arm used in high transmission towers.

The Study Bolted Joints Strength in Bamboo-Concrete Composite

Bamboo ropes assembled in parallel and filled with mortar to create a composite structure. This study uses fixed loads and uses the EYM method. The purpose of this study is to investigate how connection strength, maximum load and stiffness values in normal weight concrete. The concrete design 25MPa used for threaded connections with diameters of 6 mm, 8 mm, and length of 40 cm. This study provides a maximum stress analysis of bolted joint strength and joint behavior. In this test, the study yielded a P-max value of 88.25kN at 6 mm diameter and a P min value of 16.87kN at 6 mm diameter for each variation of the sample. The P-Max value for 8 mm diameter is 29.71kN and the P-Min value for 8 mm diameter is 10.1kN. The stiffness values for each variant with a K-Max value of 41.53kN for diameter six and a K-Min value of 0.96kN for diameter six are 1.98kN K-Max value and 1.98kN K-Min value for diameter 8 mm, 0.21kN for diameter eight. The lateral resistance gives the same result of 8.8kN as for the ones melting point model. The maximum value of the pivot strength at 6 mm diameter and 40% load is 41.53kN/mm2. The highest value of the 40% load test with a diameter of 8 mm is 1.98kN/mm2. Two angle variations used in the test: 45° and 60°. The angular change of the sample damaged during the test was 60°, and the sample damage was 8 mm in diameter.

The effect of aging on the mechanical properties of 3-dimensional printed biocompatible resin materials used in dental applications: An in vitro study

The mechanical properties of biocompatible printable resin materials in an intraoral environment is still being investigated. This study aimed to assess the effect of the aging process on the mechanical properties of resin samples produced by stereolithography appearance (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) 3-dimensional printer systems. The cylindrical sample (4.00 × 20.00 mm) was designed by software, and the data were transformed into digital format. A DLP printer (n= 40) and an SLA printer (n= 40) carried out the printing process. The aging procedure was applied to 20 samples from each group using a thermocycling device. After the aging procedure, the samples were placed in the universal testing device for the 3-point bending test. This study showed that the aging procedure decreased maximum load, bending stress, and Young's modulus values and increased maximum deflection values of the DLP group (P<0.01). However, no statistical difference was detected in the parameters compared with the SLA group except for the maximum deflection values. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between maximum deflection and Young's module values of SLA and DLP control and study groups (P<0.05). This invitro study revealed that the biocompatible printable resin materials produced by DLP and SLA printers had the mechanical strength to resist the values resembling the physiological occlusal forces even after the aging procedure and could produce intraoral appliances.

Retreatment of oval-shaped root canals filled with TotalFill bioceramic or AH plus sealer

This study investigated retreatment of oval canals filled with gutta-percha and different sealers using WaveOne Gold (WOG). Single oval canals were prepared to size 30, 0.04 and obturated with gutta percha and AH Plus (AHP) or TotalFill bioceramic (TFBC) sealer. After 6-month incubation, the canals were retreated with WOG Primary (25, 0.07) under simulated body temperature, and the developed load and torque were simultaneously measured. The time and regaining the apical patency were checked. Micro-computed tomography scanning was performed to calculate the remaining obturating materials. An independent t-test and chi-square test were performed at a 95% confidence level. A shorter retreatment time was needed in TFBC than in AHP (P = 0.003). However, a higher maximum apical load was reported with AHP (P = 0.000). Meanwhile, comparable maximum coronal load and maximum torque values were observed. Apical patency was regained in all TFBC roots and only 75% of the AHP samples (P = 0.217). The remaining obturating materials were comparable in TFBC (13.02 ± 8.12%) and AHP (10.11 ± 8.46%) (P = 0.398). WOG was able to remove 89.89% and 86.98% of obturating materials in TFBC and AHP, respectively. The TFBC presented lower apical loads and faster retreatment compared to AHP.

Research on flexible allocation strategy of power grid interactive buildings based on multiple optimization objectives

The imbalance between power supply and demand is increasing around the world. As an important basis for the coordination between supply side and demand side to solve the problem of supply and demand balance, the rational formulation of demand response strategy is very important. Aiming at the shortcomings of current demand response strategies in optimizing power flexible allocation, this paper establishes a flexible allocation strategy model under three different objectives of flexible optimization, economic benefit, and energy conservation to realize energy scheduling and flexible optimization under different objectives. The accuracy and rationality of the flexible allocation strategy are verified through experimental comparison. The maximum fluctuation value of the electricity load is 115 W in all electricity parity periods of the experimental days, accounting for 4.9% of the building electricity load, avoiding the occurrence of secondary peak electricity consumption. The power flexibility value provided by the strategy can reach 143% of the building electricity load before the demand response, making the building can be more flexible to face the power supply and demand balance problem of the grid.

Optimal Overall Dimensions of a Surface Acoustic Waves Ring Resonator

Introduction . In previous works, the authors considered the frequency characteristics of sensitive elements made of various materials in the form of a ring resonator on surface acoustic waves (SAW), along with their fixing methods in the housing, the influence of external factors, and an optimal topology of the interdigital transducer of the ring resonator. Further, the need arose to study the dependence of the sensitivity of the sensitive element and the maximum acceleration load on its dimensions, as well as to analyze the characteristics of the manufactured experimental samples in comparison with the simulated values. Aim . To determine optimal dimensions of the sensitive element of a ring resonator and to confirm the adequacy of the constructed models by comparing the characteristics of experimental samples with those obtained by computer simulation. Materials and methods . The theoretical part of the research was carried out using the finite element method. Mathematical processing was implemented in AutoCAD and COMSOL Multiphysics. Results . Three overall dimensions of the sensitive element of a ring resonator were proposed: 1500, 3000 and 4500 µm. The characteristics of sensitive elements made of lithium niobate with the above dimensions were studied. Thus, the resonance frequency for 1500, 3000 and 4500 µm samples comprised 207.99, 104.10 and 68.99 MHz, respectively. The maximum acceleration experienced by a cantilever with a radius of 1500, 3000 and 4500 µm was found to be 191 132, 84 958 and 37 514g, respectively. Dependence graphs of the maximum acceleration and sensitivity on the ratio of the radius of the console to its height are presented. The adequacy of the constructed model was confirmed, i. e., the resonance frequency for 1500, 3000 and 4500 µm experimental samples comprised 218.17 MHz (4.67 % discrepancy with computer simulation), 109.23 MHz (4.69 %) and 72.88 MHz (5.34 %), respectively. Conclusion . The sensitivity and maximum acceleration load of the sensitive element of a SAW ring resonator directly depends on the ratio of the cantilever radius to its height, with higher sensitivity values correlating to lower values of maximum acceleration load. For each material, these dependencies are unique. The interdigital transducer bus size has little effect on the frequency response. The previously presented simulations were confirmed by experimental samples with a difference in resonance frequencies of less than 5.5 %.

Effect of operating conditions of mine monorail locomotives on the durability of drive wheel polymeric rims

An increase in the rate of coal mining and a reduction of its prime cost can be ensured by comprehensive mechanization and automation of the system of mine auxiliary transport through the widespread introduction of overhead monorail tracks. The potential use of mine monorail tracks are conditioned by the following factors: low payload ratio of the train; reduction of the mine workings cross-section area due to transfer of auxiliary transport to the upper part of the workings; high operational safety; as well as the possibility of dismantling the track in the unused sections and subsequently installing it in new mine workings. The use of rubberized rollers in the drives of mine monorail locomotives enables the coefficient of adhesion of the wheel with the monorail to be increased. It also reduces dynamic loads and the noise level during operation. The purpose of this research is to assess the durability of polymeric rims of drive wheels for mine monorail locomotives, taking into account their operating conditions. Stress distribution over the contact area of the wheel rim with the monorail was determined, enabling the development of measures to increase the service life of drive wheels of mine monorail locomotives to be developed. It was established that the effect of the monorail track deformation has no significant impact on the durability of drive wheel rims of mine monorail locomotives. A mathematical model was obtained to determine the durability of drive wheel polymeric rims, taking into account the maximum dynamic forces arising during the contact of drive wheels with the monorail. The durability of wheel polymeric rims of mine monorail locomotives was assessed in accordance with the Bailey criterion with regard to the maximum values of dynamic contact loads arising during the monorail train movement. It was also established that an increase in the carriage mass from 20 to 47 kN leads to 32 % less durability of a monorail locomotive drive wheel rim (from 8700 to 5900 hours).

Numerical estimation of the influence of pre-induced micro-cracks in the stress concentration zone on the SIFs of a lower suspension arm

Structural steel is ductile in nature, this is the reason it is used in most of the Sectors in the manufacturing industry. Despite its structural strength, it faces compelling and challenging failures due to unstable, fatigue, dynamic and shock loads. &#x0D; This research study evaluates the structural response on one of these loading conditions using the finite element method. The design of a lower suspension arm of an automobile is modelled in Solidworks 2020 and is solved for static elastic conditions in Ansys 2021 R1. A set of pre-induced fractures are then integrated into the computational model in the Stress concentration zones in different parts of the body and solved independently. A total of five micro-cracks are induced with each crack consisting of six contours. For the numerical simulation of lower suspension arm, real-time loading conditions must be attained to resemble real-world loading scenario. Hence, 4 modes of solving were chosen which would depict the real-world failure scenario where the suspension lower arm can attain maximum loads. The maximum load values are estimated in each mode and is integrated into the model with predefined boundary conditions for the computational approach. &#x0D; A detailed numerical comparative conclusion is drawn regarding the SIFs of every mode and the crack that pertains maximum crack propagation rate.